高级英语Lesson6 Disappearing Through the Skylightppt课件

.,Lesson6,DisappearingThroughtheSkylightByOsborneBennetHardisonJr.,.,Aims,Toknowthefeaturesofscientificwriting.Toanalysethestructureofthetext.Tounderstandthedeepermeaningofthetext.Toappreciatethelanguagefeatures,.,TeachingContents,1.Scientificwriting2.Structuralismandthemainideaofthetext.3.Detailedstudyofthetext4.Organizationalpattern5.Languagefeatures6.Exercises,.,O.B.Hardison,Jr.(1928-1990),.,O.B.Hardison,Jr.,O.B.Hardison,Jr.(1928-1990)BorninSanDiego,Californiain1928.,hereceivedB.A.andM.A.degreesfromtheUniversityofNorthCarolinaatChapelHillin1949and1950,respectively,andaPh.D.fromtheUniversityofWisconsinin1956.HetaughtatschoolsthatincludedPrincetonandtheUniversityofNorthCarolina,andhebecameUniversityProfessorofEnglishatGeorgetownin1984.,.,Hardison,Englishprofessor(Georgetown),Shakespeareanscholar,andamateurphysicist,isalwaysentertainingandoftenthought-provokingAScholarlyWriterMr.Hardisonwrotenumerousbooksandarticles,aswellaspoetryandbookreviews.HisscholarlyconcernsrangedfromRenaissanceliteraturetotechnologyandchangeinmodernsociety.,.,HeistheauthorofLyricsandElegies(1958),TheEnduringMonument(1962),EnglishLiteraryCriticism:TheRenaissance(1964),TowardFreedomandDignity:TheHumanitiesandtheIdeaofHumanity(1973),EnteringtheMaze:IdentityandChangeinModernCulture(1981)andDisappearingThroughtheSkylight(1989/1990).,.,EnteringtheMaze:IdentityandChangeinModernCulture,Inthisbook,Hardisonbeginstoreviewthewaysinwhichthecentralconceptsinnature,history,language,art,andhumanevolutionshavechangedundertheimpactofmodernscienceandtechnology.,.,C.B.Hardison,Jr.,Well-knownforhisprofoundinsightsintothechangeinmodernculturebroughtaboutbymodernscienceandtechnology.Hisprovocativeviewsarestimulatingandinformative.,.,Questions,Howdoyouthinkofscienceandtechnology?Whatadvantagesdotheyhave?Whatdisadvantagesdotheyhave?Whatisculture?,.,Culture,Cultureismostcommonlyusedinthreebasicsenses:Excellenceoftasteinthefineartsandhumanities,alsoknownashighculture;Anintegratedpatternofhumanknowledge,belief,andbehaviorthatdependsuponthecapacityforsymbolicthoughtandsociallearning;Thesetofsharedattitudes,values,goals,andpracticesthatcharacterizesaninstitution,organizationorgroup.,.,Culture,Thesumofattitudes,customs,andbeliefsthatdistinguishesonegroupofpeoplefromanother.Cultureistransmitted,throughlanguage,materialobjects,ritual,institutions,andart,fromonegenerationtothenext.CulturalDictionary,.,Lowculture,HighCultureisusuallyassociatedwiththosethatarerefined,educated,and/orwealthy.Theelite.LowCultureisassociatedwiththecommonpeople,thoselesseducatedandpoor.Themasses.,.,Lowculture,Lowcultureisatermforsomeformsofpopularculture.Itsoppositeishighculture.Ithasbeensaidbyculturetheoriststhatbothhighcultureandlowculturearesubcultures.Realitytelevision,popularmusic,escapistfiction,Kitsch,slapstick,camp,toilethumor,yellowjournalism,pornography,andexploitationfilmsareoftencitedexamplesoflowculture.Ithasoftenbeenstatedthatinpostmoderntimes,theboundarybetweenhighcultureandlowculturehasblurred.,.,DisappearingThroughtheSkylight:CultureandTechnologyintheTwentiethCentury,.,DisappearingThroughtheSkylightisnotonlythetitleofthischapterbutalsothetitleofthebook.Thebookhasasub-title,“CultureandTechnologyintheTwentiethCentury”,.,TheBook,Asforthecentralthemeofthisbook,thewritersays,“Thisbookisaboutthewaysculturehaschangedinthepastcentury,changingtheidentitiesofallthosebornintoit.Itsmetaphorfortheeffectofchangeoncultureis“disappearance”.,.,TheBook,Asforthe“disappearance”,Hardisonsays,“Inthenineteenthcentury,sciencepresentednatureasagroupofobjectssetcomfortablyandsolidlyinthemiddledistancebeforetheeyesofthebeholder.IntheworkofDArcyThompson,publishedaroundtheturnofthecentury,naturehasdisappeared.Ithasbecomeasetofgeometricandmathematicalrelationsthatlieunderthesurfaceofthevisible.Today,naturehasslipped,perhapsfinally,beyondourfieldofvision.”,.,Alogicalconclusioncanbefoundinthefinalparagraphofthiskeychapterthat“Assurelyasnatureisbeingswallowedupbythemind,thebanks,youmightsay,aredisappearingthroughtheirownskylights”.,.,DisappearingThroughtheSkylight,Themetaphoricalphrase“DisappearingThroughtheSkylight”isusedtodescribethechangedappearanceofmodernbankswhichseemtobedisappearing.,.,Mainviewsinthiskeychapter,Thewriterputsforwardthecentralthemeof“disappearance”naturedisappears,historydisappearsandeventhesolidbanksdisappears.(CentralTheme)Heputsforwardtheideaoftheuniversalizingtendencyofscienceandtechnology.(Theuniversalizingeffectandreflectionisworldstyles.),.,Mainviewsinthiskeychapter,3.Themodernmanisnolongerauniqueindividual,theproductofaspecialenvironmentandculture.Thehomogeneousworldhenowlivesinuniversalizeshim.Hebecomesacosmopolitan,acitizenoftheworld.,.,Mainviewsinthiskeychapter,4.Thedisappearanceofhistoryisaformofliberationandthisfeelingofliberationisoftenexpressedthroughplay.Theplayfulnessofsciencehasproducedgametheoryandvirtualparticles,inartithasproducedthepaintingsofPicassoandJoanMiroandsoon.,.,Scientificwriting(Englishforscienceandtechnology),1.technicaltermscylinderblock;carburettor;thermodynamics;etc.2.objective:relyingonfacts,notinvolveemotion,seldomusefiguresofspeech,exclamationtheuseofpresenttensetheuseofpassivevoice,.,Scientificwriting,3.sentences:a)completenocontractions(dept-department)b)long1)compoundsentences2)appositions3)parenthesis4)logicalconnectorssuchas:however;but;also;yet;finally;while;as;notonly;justas.so;etc.,.,Scientificwriting,Generallythistechnicalwritingtendstobeveryformal.Yetthecharacteristicsofanykindoflanguagestyleisnotabsolute.Inordertomeettheneedsoftheworkforpopularscience,manyscientificworkerstrytoadoptamorepopularstyle.Thentherecomesapopularscientificandtechnicalwritingstyle.,.,Characteristics,limittheuseoftechnicaltermsexamples-tomakethewritingmorevividandappealingtothereaders,.,Characteristics,3.figuresofspeech-tomakethesentencesfigurativesothatthereaderscaneasilyunderstandandassociatethemwithwhattheyarefamiliarwith4.nounpre-modifiersgametheory;humangrowthgenes;themepark;museumvillages;worldcar;etc,.,Rhetoricaldevices,MetaphorAnalogyRhetoricalquestionRepetitionBalancedstructureTask:Trytofindexamplesofeachrhetoricaldeviceusedinthetext.,.,Organizationalpattern,Thechapterisclearlyandlogicallyorganized.Theauthorsviewsarepresentedatthebeginningofaparagraph:scienceiscommittedtotheuniversalanddevelopedorillustratedintheparagraphitselforbysucceedingparagraphs.Majorexamples1)automobileindustry(para28)2)modernart(para913)3)modernculture(para.14-15)4)architectofbanks(1619),.,Detailedstudyofthetext,.,Findandcommentontheuseoftopicsentences.,Thewritersviewsaregenerallyclearlyandsuccinctlypresentedasatopicsentenceatthebeginningofeachparagraphandthendevelopedorillustratedintheparagraphitselforbysucceedingparagraphs.,.,Commit:vt.犯(错误),干(坏事),把.交托给,提交,答应负责,1)topromiseorgiveyourloyalty,timeormoneytoaparticularprinciple,personorplanofaction;giveentirelytoaspecificperson,activity,orcause.Thegovernmentmustcommititselftoimprovinghealthcare.Sheisknownchieflyforhercommitmenttonucleardisarmament.2)todosomethingwrongorillegalcommitcrimes/murder/rape/arson/suicide/adultery/error/offence,etc3)Toconsignforfutureuseorreferenceorforpreservation:commitsomethingtopaper;commitsomethingtomemory,.,Scienceiscommittedto,Scienceisengagedinthetaskofmakingitsbasicconceptsunderstoodandacceptedbyscientistsallovertheworld.Thisconceptofuniversalityanduniformityisoneofthebasicviewsoftheauthor.Universal:relatingto,extendingto,oraffectingtheentireworldorallwithintheworld;worldwide:,.,Assciencebecomessuccessful,moreandmorepeopleacceptitsbasicconcepts.Thisprovestheuniversality.thermodynamics-(sing)热力学,.,mutationchange,alternation,achangeinthegeneticstructureofananimalorplantthatmakesitdifferentfromothersofthesamekind(转变;突变;变异)Aseriesofmutationshasresultedinlargegrainsofwheat.amutationthatcausesmicetobebornblindtechnicalachangeinaspeechsound,especiallyavowel,becauseofthesoundoftheonenexttoit,.,Formanyyearsthereweretwoschoolsofgenetics-aWesterngeneticsandaSovietgeneticsputforwardbyLysenko.Lysenkoputforwardthetheorythatenvironmentalstressproducesgeneticchangesandthesearetransmitted.,.,discredit,discredit:tomakesthstopbelievingthatsthistrue-discreditable:badandunacceptable,causingpeopletoloserespectCf.Creditbelief;trust;confidencetobelieveoradmitthatsomeonehasaquality,orhasdonesomethinggoodcreditable:deservingpraiseorapproval,.,Para2.,science:(universalized)universalitytechnology:universalizingtendency:worldhomogeneous(uniform;same;alike*diversity)world/internationalstylediminishmentofidentitiesanddifferencesdisappearanceofhistory.,.,Corollary,corollary:corollariescountableformalsomethingthatisthedirectresultofsomethingelsecorollaryof/toIssocialinequalitytheinevitablecorollaryofeconomicfreedom?Technologynaturallyfollowsseience.Italsodisplaysthetendencytowarduniversalizing.,.,homogeneous,homogeneous:consistingofpeopleorthingsthatareallofthesametype;havingsimilarityinstructurebecauseofcommondescent.=uniform;similaroridenticalTheworkingclassisnotquitesohomogeneousinitspoliticalpreference.Cf.heterogeneous;instantaneous,.,Thespreadoftechnologywithitsuniversalizingtendencyiswhatmakesdifferentcountriesandpeoplelookmoresimilaroridentical.Aschildrensthoughtsandfeelingsareshapedbythissameness,theirsenseofdifferencesamongculturesandpeoplebecomesweak.Diversity:difference;variety,.,varietyvariation,.,Para3,Theautomobileshowsveryclearlythisuniversalizinginfluenceofscienceandtechnology.Clarity:clearnessofappearance;clearnessofthoughtorstyle;lucidityNB:Thewriterusesfourpara.stodeveloptheideasinthisshorttopicsentence.,.,streamline流线型的,1.toformsomethingintoasmoothshape,sothatitmoveseasilythroughtheairorwater.Allthesenewcarshavebeenstreamlined.effortstostreamlinetheproductionprocess2.tomakesomethingsuchasabusiness,organizationetcworkmoresimplyandeffectively.StreamlinedEconomics:thingsrelatedtotheecnomyofautomobilemanufacturing,suchasproductioncosts,consumerappeal,saleprice,etc.Asset:avaluableordesirablething,.,innovation-makingchangeintroducingnewthingstechnicalinnovationsinindustry,.,Atechnologicalbreakthroughlikestreamliningorall-weldedbodyconstructionmaynotbeacceptedatfirstbyallcarmakersbutifitprovesitselftobeimportantinraisingtheefficiencyorimprovingtheeconomicsofthecaritwillreappear,maybeindifferentforms,andwillnotonlybeacceptedbutregardedasavaluablethingbyallcarmanufacturers.,.,Todaysautomobiledonotdisplayanyuniquefeaturestoshowtheyaremanufacturedbyacertaincompanyorcountry.cylinder-汽缸block-mainpartofapetrolengine,consistingofthecylinderandvalves汽缸与阀,.,carburetor-thatpartofaninternalcombustionengineinwhichpetrolandairaremixedtomakeanexplosivemixture(内燃机中的)汽化器,.,Para5,Thecarmodel,calledFiesta,seemstohavedisappearedcompletely.Metaphor.Thecariscomparedtoship.Aworldcar:becausemanypartsofthecarweremanufacturedbydifferentcountries.Thiscar,however,soondisappearedcompletelyfromthemarket.inevitable-thatcantbeavoided,thatissuretohappen,.,ItwastheautomotiveequivalentoftheInternationalStyle.,Theideaofaworldcarissimilartotheideaofhavingaworldstyleforarchitecture.Or:AsarchitecturewasmovingtowardacommonInternationalStyle,itwasnaturalfortheautomobiletodothesame.,.,equivalentn.sththathasthesameuse,functionassthelseAgoodquiltcanbetheequivalentofatleastthreeblankets.behardputtoit(todosth)-finditdifficultHewashardputtoexplainwhathadhappened.,.,Para.6:Asinautomaking,Thisisanellipticalbalancedsentence.Thefullsentencemayread:“Thingsthatarehappeninginautomakingaresimilartothosehappeninginarchitecture.”,.,.,1962LincolnContinentalConvertible,.,1969LincolnContinentalMarkIII,.,Cadillac,.,1932VolkswagenBeetleType12,.,VolkswagenBeetle,.,Today,atadistanceof500paces,onefindsitdifficulttoseeanydifferenceinthevariouscarmodelsthatareinthesamepricerange.TellonefromanotherMake:Thestyleormannerinwhichathingismade:制作样式：生产某事物的风格或方式：dislikedthemakeofhercoat.不喜欢她衣服的样式,.,Traits.history:specialfeaturesinAmericancarsthatclearlydisplayedthespecialinfluenceofAmericanhistoryandcultureVisibleevidence.FerdinandPorshe:theobviousfeaturesinaVolkswagenBeetlecarclearlyshowedhowtheideaofsreamline,firstputforwardbyDArcyThompsonandthendevelopedbyCarlBreerandFerdinandPorsche,wasappliedinthemanufactureofautomobile.,.,Para7,Ifman.Creator:Thisshortbalancedtopicsentenceintroducesthesecondimportantviewofthewriter.Mancreatesmachinesandthemachinesthenturnaroundandchangethosewhocreatedthem.MancreatestheWorldCarandbydrivingthiskindofcarthemodernmanhimselfbecomesuniversalized.Heisbecomingacosmopolitan.,.,Nolongerquiteanindividual,nolongerquitetheproductofauniquegeographyandculture.,Themodernmannolongerhasverydistinctindividualtraitsshapedbyaspecialenvironmentandculture,.,Howhasmanbecomecosmopolitan?,Hedrivescarsthathavethesamebasicfeatures.Whenhegoesshopping,hefindstheclimateinalltheshopsisthesamebecausetheyareallsimilarlyair-conditioned.Whenhetravelshefindsalltheairportstobefamiliarbecausetheyareallconstructedalongsimilarlinesandthehotelstohavethesameamenities.Inaword,hefindshimselfathomeinallcountriesandplaces.,.,cosmopolitan-oforfromallormanydifferentpartsoftheworldthegatheringsattheUnitedNationsAssembly联合国各种世界性集会,.,Thepriceoftheword,thebenefitlimitations,Thedisadvantageofbeingacosmopolitanisthathelosesahomeintheoldsenseoftheword.Thebenefitofbeingacosmopolitanisthathebeginstothinktheoldkindofhomeprobablyrestrictshisdevelopmentandactivities.Suspect:tothinkitprobableorlikely;toguess;tosuppose,.,Para8,Theuniversalizingirresistible:Thecompellingforceoftechnologytouniversalizecannotberesisted.Imperative:Acommand;anorder.,.,Barring.culture,Exceptingagreatdisasterbroughtaboutbyanuclearwar,theuniversalizingpoweroftechnologywillcontinuetoinfluencemoderncultureandtheconsciousnessofpeoplewhoinhabitthatculture.barring:unlessthereshouldbe;exceptingprep.不包括,除非Hisbackisbrokenand,barringamiracle,hewontwalkagain.,.,Inhabit:Toliveorresidein.居住：住或居住在Tobepresentin;fill:在出现；填满：Oldchildhoodmemoriesinhabitedtheattic.旧日儿时的记忆充满了阁楼,.,Para.9,Fromthisparagraphonwardsthewriterputsforwardanddevelopsthemainthemeofthischapterandthecentralthemeofhisbook-theinsubstantialityoftheworld,thedisappearanceoftraditionalconcepts,ofthematerialobjectsweusedtoseewithourordinaryeyes.Thisisspeciallyandclearlyreflectedinmodernartandarchitecture.,.,FrancisPicabia(1879-1953)皮卡比亚,.,FrancisPicabia(1879-1953),AFrenchpainter,poet,andtypographist,associatedwithboththeDadaandSurrealistartmovements.FrenchDadaist/SurrealistPainter,.,达达主义是一场兴起于一战时期的苏黎世，波及视觉艺术、文学（主要是诗歌）、戏剧和美术设计等领域的文艺运动。达达主义是20世纪西方文艺发展历程中的一个重要流派，是第一次世界大战颠覆、摧毁旧有欧洲社会和文化秩序的产物。达达主义作为一场文艺运动持续的时间并不长，波及范围却很广，对20世纪的一切现代主义文艺流派都产生了影响。,.,MachineTurnQuickly,1916-1918,temperaonpaper,UnitedStatesNationalGalleryofArt,.,TheJoyinBlindness/Bonheurdelaveuglement.1947.Oilonwood.Privatecollection.,.,DadaorDadaism,ManyDadaistsbelievedthatthereasonandlogicofbourgeoiscapitalistsocietyhadledpeopleintowar.Theyexpressedtheirrejectionofthatideologyinartisticexpressionthatappearedtorejectlogicandembracechaosandirrationality.,.,Anti-art,Anti-artisaloosely-usedtermappliedtoanarrayofconceptsandattitudesthatrejectpriordefinitionsofartandquestionartingeneral.Anti-arttendstoconductthisquestioningandrejectionfromthevantagepointofart.ThetermisassociatedwiththeDadamovementandisgenerallyacceptedasattributabletoMarcelDuchamppre-WorldWarI,whenhebegantousefoundobjectsasart.,.,Anti-art,Anexpressionofanti-artcantaketheformofartornot.Ingeneral,anti-artrejectsonlysomeaspectsofart.Dependingonthecase,anti-artworksmayrejectconventionalartisticstandards.,.,MarcelDuchampL.H.O.O.Q.1919,.,Surrealism,SurrealismdevelopedoutoftheDadaactivitiesduringWorldWarIandthemostimportantcenterofthemovementwasParis.Fromthe1920sonward,themovementspreadaroundtheglobe,eventuallyaffectingthevisualarts,literature,filmandmusicofmanycountriesandlanguages,aswellaspoliticalthoughtandpractice,philosophyandsocialtheory.,.,Surrealism,A20thcenturystyleandmovementinartandliteratureinwhichimagesandeventsthatarenotconnectedareputtogetherinastrangeorimpossibleway,likeadream,totrytoexpresswhatishappeningdeepinthemind.Surrealistworksfeaturetheelementofsurprise,unexpectedjuxtapositionsandnonsequitur(前后不符;不合理的推论).emphasisoncontentandfreeform,.,Surrealism,ThemajorSurrealistpainterswereJeanArp;MaxErnst;AndrMasson;RenMagritte;YvesTanguy;SalvadorDal;PierreRoy;PaulDelvaux;JoanMir.,.,JoanMir,PortraitofJoanMiro,Barcelona1935.,.,JoanMirPaintingofRooster(left)JoanMiroPaintingDaybreak“right),.,JoanMir,TheTilledField,(19231924),SolomonR.GuggenheimMuseum.Thisearlypainting,acomplexarrangementofobjectsandfigures,wasMirsfirstSurrealistmasterpiece,.,MarcelDuchamp(18871968)FrenchartistwhoseworkismostoftenassociatedwiththeDadaistandSurrealistmovements.,NudeDescendingaStaircase,No.2(French:Nudescendantunescaliern2)isa1912paintingbyMarcelDuchamp.TheworkiswidelyregardedasaModernistclassicandhasbecomeoneofthemostfamousofitstime.InitsfirstpresentationattheParisianSalondesIndpendants,itwasrejectedbytheCubistsandcausedahugestirduringitsexhibitionatthe1913ArmoryShowinNewYorkfollowingapresscopyofanabusescandal.TheworkisnowfoundinpermanentexhibitionattheLouisandWalterArensbergCollectionofthePhiladelphiaMuseumofArtinPhiladelphia.,.,NudeDescendingaStaircase,No.2,ThepaintingcombineselementsofboththeCubistandFuturistmovements.Inthecomposition,Duchampdepictsmotionbysuccessivesuperimposed(叠加的)images,similartostroboscopic(频闪观测的)motionphotography.,.,TheoriginalFountainbyMarcelDuchamp,1917,Fountainisa1917workbyMarcelDuchamp.Itisoneofthepieceswhichhecalledreadymades(alsoknownasfoundart),becausehemadeuseofanalreadyexistingobjectinthiscaseaurinal,whichhetitledFountainandsignedR.Mutt.TheartshowtowhichDuchampsubmittedthepiecestatedthatallworkswouldbeaccepted,butFountainwasnotactuallydisplayed,andtheoriginalhasbeenlost.Theworkisregardedbysomeasamajorlandmarkin20thcenturyart.ReplicascommissionedbyDuchampinthe1960sarenowondisplayinanumberofdifferentmuseums.,.,theEiffelTower,Paris,.,theEiffelTower,Paris,animmensestructureofexposedlatticeworksupportsmadeofpuddleiron,waserectedfortheParisExpositionof1889.,.,theEiffelTower,Paris,However,thecontroversial