College English Grammar and Writing 6 Modifiers：Conjunctions.ppt

CollegeEnglishGrammar:GrammarandWriting,Unit6,Modifiers：ConjunctionsGrammar:ConjunctionsWriting:Correcting:AntecedentProblemsRewriting:Howtocombineintocompoundsentences,Conjunctions,Conjunctionsarewordsthatjoinsinglewordsorgroupsofwords.Theycanbesubdividedintocoordinatingconjunctions,correlativeconjunctionsandsubordinatingconjunctions.1.CoordinatingconjunctionsCoordinatingconjunctionsjoinwordsorgroupsofwordsthathaveequalgrammaticalimportanceinasentence.Basically,thereareonlysevencoordinatingconjunctions:and,but,or,so,nor,forandyet.Newspapersprovidetheirreaderswithalotofimportantfacts.Newspapersprovidetheirreaderswithalotofimportantstatistics.Newspapersprovidetheirreaderswithalotofimportantfactsandstatistics.Hesentthejournalisttwomorefaxes.Hereceivednoreply.Hesentthejournalisttwomorefaxes,butreceivednoreply.,Becarefulofthewordsthenandnow;neitherisacoordinatingconjunction,sodontusethemtojointwoclausesorsentences.Hesatdownnexttome,thensaidslowly,“Kid,areyouOK?”Hesatdownnexttomeandthensaidslowly,“Kid,areyouOK?”Iwaitedforyourpermissionpatiently,nowitfinallycomes.Iwaitedforyourpermissionpatientlyandnowitfinallycomes.,Inaddition,ascoordinatingconjunctionsjointwogroupsofwords,theyareessentiallyplacedinthemiddleofasentence,rarelyasopeners.Foritisrainy,heiscarryinganumbrella.Heiscarryinganumbrella,foritisrainy.,2.CorrelativeconjunctionsCorrelativeconjunctionsalwaysworkinpairstojoinbalancedwords,phrasesandclauses.bothandeitherorneithernornotonlybut(also)whetherorifthennosoonerthanhardlywhenscarcelywhenwouldratherthansoasThedirectorswantedtowinrecognitionfortheirwork.Thedirectorswantedtoreceiverecognitionfortheirwork.Thedirectorswantedbothtowinandtoreceiverecognitionfortheirwork.Heavyrainwouldwashawaythesoil.Heavyrainwouldcauseseriousfloodsaswell.Heavyrainwouldnotonlywashawaythesoilbutalsocauseseriousfloodsaswell.,3.SubordinatingconjunctionsSubordinatingconjunctionsjointwoclauses,orthoughts,insuchawayastomakeonegrammaticallydependentontheother.Thetwopartsareofdifferentimportance.Themoreimportantoneisalwaysamainclause.Theotherisasubordinateclause.Belowisalistofthemostfamiliarsubordinateconjunctions:afteralthoughasasifaslongasasthoughbecausebeforeifoncesincethanthoughthatinorderthatprovidedthatso(that)tilluntilwhowhenwherewhilewhetherhowwhateverwheneverwhoever,Mr.Thompsonisgoingtosellthehouse.Thehouseishaunted.Mr.Thompsonisgoingtosellthehousebecauseitishaunted.Hemanagedtoclimbintothemouthofthevolcano.Hecouldtakephotographs.HecouldmeasuretemperaturesHemanagedtoclimbintothemouthofthevolcanosothathecouldtakephotographsandmeasuretemperatures.Apainterhadbeenworkingonthetower.Hehungapotofpaintononeofthehands.Heslowedtheclockdown.Apainterwhohadbeenworkingonthetowerhungapotofpaintononeofthehandsandslowedtheclockdown.,4.ConjunctiveadverbsConjunctiveadverbsareusedtoclarifytherelationshipbetweenclausesofequalgrammaticalimportanceinasentence.Unlikestandardadverbsthatmodifyonlyasinglewordorphrase,conjunctiveadverbsmodifytheentireclauseandjoinmainclausestogether.Thepossiblemeaningsofconjunctiveadverbsnumbersix.Time:afterwards,then,finally,eventually,laterAddition:also,furthermore,moreover,besides,inadditionCause:asaresult,accordingly,consequently,hence,therefore,thusManner:inshort,likewise,equally,similarlyContrast:however,nevertheless,nonetheless,still,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,insteadExample:forinstance,forexample,namely,thatis,Afterbreakfast,Isentthechildrentoschool.ThenIwenttotheshops.Afterbreakfast,Isentthechildrentoschool;then,Iwenttotheshops.Peoplesentagreatmanygoodstotheexhibition.Theycamefromvariouspartsoftheworld.Inaddition,therewasagreatdealofmachinery.Theyareondisplay.Agreatmanygoodsweresenttotheexhibitionfromvariouspartsoftheworld;inaddition,therewasagreatdealofmachineryondisplay.Mostoftheevidencewasdestroyedinthefire.Asaresult,itwouldbealmostimpossibletoprovehisguilty.Mostoftheevidencewasdestroyedinthefire;asaresult,itwouldbealmostimpossibletoprovehisguilty.,AntecedentProblems,Apronounisawordusedinplaceofanoun.“he”,“she”,“it”,“we”,“they”and“us”,“who”,“whom”,“that”,“which”areallpronouns.Anantecedentisaword,phrase,orclausetowhichafollowingpronounrefers.Example:Frankhasalwaysbeenfat,butthingsgotsobadrecentlythathedecidedtogoonadiet.,1.MismatchedAntecedentApronounmustagreewithitsantecedentinthreeways:person(first,secondorthird),number(singularorplural)andgender(masculineorfeminine).Ifapersonismissingforsevenyears,youarepresumeddead.Ifapersonismissingforsevenyears,heorsheispresumeddead.Ifanybodycomes,lethimwait.Ifanybodycomes,lethimorherwait.(Nogenderagreement:thelanguageappearstofavoronesexovertheother.),2.UnclearantecedentApronounsantecedentmustbeclear.Ilovetogotothatplacebecausetheyhaveaniceviewofthelake.Ilovetogotothatplacebecauseithasaniceviewofthelake.IdontlikePolitics.Theyarealwaysarguingamongthemselves.IdontlikePolitics.Politiciansarealwaysarguingamongthemselves.SheoughttospeakChinesewell.Shelivedtherefortwoyears.SheoughttospeakChinesewell.ShelivedinChinafortwoyears.,3.AmbiguousAntecedentSometimestheremaybemorethanonewordthepronouncouldreferto.Inacaselikethat,itmaybebetternottousethepronoun.Thetreewasplantednearthechurchfiftyyearsago,butonlyinrecentyearsithasgainedanevilreputation.Thetreewasplantednearthechurchfiftyyearsago,butonlyinrecentyearsthetreehasgainedanevilreputation.Thetreewasplantednearthechurchfiftyyearsago,butonlyinrecentyearsthechurchhasgainedanevilreputation.,4.FarawayAntecedentThepronounmustbecloseenoughtotheworditisreplacingsothatyourreaderknowswhomorwhatyouaretalkingabout.In1964,anexplorerwenttoMountainKivuintheCongotoobserveanewvolcano.Hemanagedtoclimbatitstopsothathecouldtakephotographs.In1964,anexplorerwenttoMountainKivuintheCongotoobserveanewvolcano.Hemanagedtoclimbatthetopofthemountainsothathecouldtakephotographs.,Exercises:Correctthefollowingantecedentproblems.,Everycitizenhastheirrightsandobligations.Eachandeveryoneoftheflowershastheirowncolorsandsmells.Itisimperativethateveryoneofusremoldourworldoutlooks.Playingamusicalinstrumentisavaluableexperienceforachild.Theyteachthemmanyimportantthings.IfanyoneyouknowlivedduringWorldWarII,askthemiftheyremembertheLend-LeaseAct.Itissaidthatifanyonetouchesthetree,youwillhavebadluck.Ifthepersonwantunsafecars,theywillgetit.Thereisnodoubtthateachofushasourownopinions.Seemingly,neitherofthemrememberedhisinstruction.Eitheroftheboysmaytaketheirbagsinthefrontofthetable.,Correcting:,1.theirhisorher2.theirits3.ourhisorher4.Theyit5.askthemiftheyrememberaskhimorherifheorsheremembers6.youheorshe7.theyheorshe8.ourhisorher9.hishisorher10.theirhis,Theexerciseinthissectionistocreateeffectivepassagesbycombiningtheshortsentenceswhichyouthinkisrelatedintolonger,morecomplexones.Iftherearesomemistakes,correctthem.,Passage1(AdaptedfromLesson78,