有机化合物中英文命名PPT演示课件

有机化合物的命名,系统命名IUPACnames(systematicnames)俗名法trivialnames(popularnames)国际纯粹化学和应用化学联合会IUPAC:InternationalUnionofPureandAppliedChemistry,NomenclatureofOrganicCompounds,1,不含官能团化合物NonfunctionalCompounds1烃类-（烷烃Alkane烯烃Alkene炔烃Alkyne）2单环化合物（Monocycliccompounds）官能团化合物Functionalcompounds,有机化合物的命名,2,1烃类,Alkane烷烃，链烷Alkene烯烃，链烯Alkyne炔烃,3,烷烃命名,Alkane,前缀prefix,4,链烷烃命名(Thenamesoflinearalkanes),Namesofcontinuous-chainalkanes(C1-C20),后缀Suffix-ane,5,烯烃的命名（Alkene）,-ene（Suffix）IUPACnames：EthenepropenebuteneTrivialname:ethylenepropylenebutylene如果不是端烯烃则需要给出双键在碳链中的位置givepositionofC=C,6,烯烃的命名（Alkene）,Namesofcontinuous-chainalkenes(C1-C20),7,炔烃的命名（Alkyne）,-yne（Suffix）IUPACnames：EthynepropynebutyneTrivialname:acetylene如果不是端烯烃则需要给出叁键的位置givepositionofCC,8,直链烃基取代基(substituents)的命名,烷基alkyl-alkaneRule:omitthesuffix“ane”andadd“yl”totheendofthename(去掉后缀“ane”,加上“yl”)methylnonadecylicosyl,9,直链烃基取代基的命名,烯基alkenyl-alkeneRule:omitthelastletter“e”andadd“yl”totheendofthename(去掉最后一个字母“e”，加上后缀“yl”)ethenyl(乙烯基）1-propenyl(丙烯基),10,直链烃基取代基的命名,炔基alkynylalkyneRule:omitthelastletter“e”andadd“yl”totheendofthename(去掉最后一个字母“e”，加上后缀“yl”)1-propynyl（丙炔基）,1-pentynyl（戊炔基）苯基benzene=phenephenyl（苯基）-benzyl（苯甲基，苄基）,11,如果相同的烷基（简单的烷基）在一个分子中超过一个，用前缀来表示：di-,tri-,tetra-如果相同的烷基（复杂的烷基）在一个分子中超过一个，用前缀来表示：bis-,tris-,tetrakis-,pentakis-bi-:biphenyl（联苯）,binuclear-（双核）,烃基取代基的命名,12,支链烃的命名（Branched-alkylgroup）,Rulei.Choosethelongestcontinuouschainwiththegreatestnumberofsubstituentsastheparentbody.规则1.选择最长、取代基最多的碳链作为主链.,13,支链烃的命名,3-methylheptane（3-甲基庚烷）,2,3,5-trimethyl-4-propylheptane,Ruleii.Givethelowestpositionnumbersforsubstituents.规则2.取代基的位置数目总和最小。,14,支链烃的命名,2,3,3-trimethylpentane,2,2,4-trimethylpentane,2,3,5-trimethylhexane,15,Ruleiii.Givethefirstlistedsubstituentalowerpositionnumber;thesumofthepositionnumbersforallsbustituentsshouldbeaslowaspossible.规则3.数字较小的取代基排在前面，表示取代基位置的数字总和尽可能小。,支链烃的命名,16,支链烃的命名（Branched-alkylgroup）,Thenamesofthesubstituentsaregiveninalphabeticalorderinthesystematicnamesoforganiccompounds.Excepttheprefixesiso-andneo-,theotherprefixes,suchasdi-,tri-arenotinvolvedinalphabeticallisting.,17,支链烃的命名,2,3,5-trichlorohexaneNot2,4,5-trichlorohexane,2,7,8-trimethyldecaneNot3,4,9-trimethyldecane,18,烃基取代基的命名,如果是枝状的烷基，用前缀iso-,neo-,tert-表示,n-normal(正）iso-isomeric(异）tert-tertiary(叔）,19,2单环化合物（Monocycliccompounds）的命名,命名规则：环烷烃cyclo+alkanecyclo+alkyl环烯烃cyclo+alkenecyclo+alkenyl环炔烃cyclo+alkynecyclo+alkynyl,cyclohexane,cyclohexene,20,monocycliccompounds,cyclo+thenameofalkanecyclopropanecyclopentanecyclohexanemonosubstituted:chlorocyclohexanemethylcyclopentane,21,multisubstituted:Givethefunctionalgroupthelowestpositionnumber.Thesumofpositionnumbersforallsubstituentsshouldbeaslowaspossible.,22,cyclopentylcyclohexane,trans-1-ethyl-4-methylcyclohexane,5-cyclopentyl-2-methylheptane,环烷烃,23,环烯烃,1,3cyclohexadiene,3-ethyl-1,4,5-trimethylcyclohexene,24,benzene,toluene,芳香化合物Arometiccompounds,25,单取代苯Monosubstitutedbenzenes,nitrobenzene,ethylbenzene,chlorobenzene,26,aniline,cyanobenz