外文翻译--太阳能.doc

SolarpowerSolarenergyforseveralbillionsofyears,solarenergyisthesolarradiationenergytotheEarth.Solarenergycanbedirectlyorindirectlyconvertedtootherformsofenergy,suchasheatandelectricity.Themaindisadvantage(question,orproblemtobeovercome)ofsolarenergyare:(1)intermittentmodeGettheEarthssurface,(2)alargeareatogatherinalargecontainer.Witheconomicdevelopment,socialprogress,peoplesenergytoever-increasingdemands,findnewsourcesofenergyhasbecomeanurgentissuefacinghumanity.Existingenergymajorhasthreekinds,namely,thermalpower,hydropowerandnuclearpower.Waterandelectricitytoalargenumberofsubmergedland,thatcouldleadtoecologicaldestructionandthecollapseoflargereservoirsoncethecollapse,theconsequenceswouldbedisastrous.Inaddition,acountryswaterresourcesisalsolimited,butalsobytheimpactoftheseason.Nuclearpowerundernormalcircumstancesisclean,butunlikelyeventofanuclearleak,theconsequencesareterriblesame.TheformerSovietUnion,theChernobylnuclearpowerplantaccident,hasninemillionpeoplehavebeenvaryingdegreesofdamage,andthisimpacthasnotbeenterminated.Thesearecompellingpeopletogolookingfornewenergy.Newenergytosimultaneouslysatisfytwoconditions:First,notdepletionofrich；IIaresafe,clean,notathreattohumansanddamagetheenvironment.Currentlyfoundinthemain,twonewenergy,solarenergyfirst,andsecond,thefuelcell.Inaddition,windpowercouldalsoberegardedassupportingthenewenergy.OneofthemostidealformofnewenergysourcesareabletoDayang.SolarpowergenerationarethebestnewenergyRadiationintheEarthssolarenergyisverystrong,about40minutesexposureintheEarthssolarenergy,wouldbesufficientfortheglobalhumanenergyconsumptionforoneyear.Itcanbesaidthatsolarenergyistrulyinexhaustiblesourceofenergy.Andsolarpowerisabsolutelyclean,nopollution.Solarpowergenerationarethereforeknownastheidealsourceofenergy.Obtainedfromsolarpower,sunthroughphotovoltaiccellstransformtoachieve.Itwithotherpowergenerationprincipleofthepast,entirelydifferent,withthefollowingcharacteristics:nodangerofdepletion；absolutelyclean(free)；notsubjecttogeographicaldistributionoftheresourcesconstraints；nearestDepartmentinelectricitygeneration；energy,high-quality；usersemotionallyreceptive；accesstoenergytospendashorttime.Inadequaciesare:exposureenergydistributiondensity,whichwastooccupyahugearea；energyobtainedwiththefourseasons,dayandnightandtheclearone,suchasmeteorologicalconditions.Overall,however,asanewenergy,solarenergyhasgreatadvantages,sotheimportanceattachedbycountriesintheworld.SolarpowerapplicationsAlthoughsolarpowerbydayandnight,barometer,seasonalimpact,butcanbedispersedmanner,soitissuitableforfamiliestocarryoutsub-excitongeneration,butalsotoconnecttotheelectricitynetwork,makingthefamilyrichinthepowermaybesoldtopowercompanies,canbelessthanwhenboughtfromthepowercompanies.Implementationofthistechnologyisnotdifficulttoresolve,thekeyistohavetheappropriatelegalprotection.NowtheUnitedStates,Japanandotherdevelopedcountrieshaveenactedappropriatelegislation,toensuretheconductofdomesticsolarpowergenerationbenefitstoencouragefamiliestocarryoutsolarpowergeneration.TheprospectsforsolarpowergenerationSolarpowergenerationhasmoreexcitingplans.First,JapanplanstoGenesis.Readyuseofthegroundareaofdesertandoceantogenerateelectricity,andthroughthesuperconductingcablewillbetheworldssolarpowerstationsintoaunifiedpowergridtotheglobalsupply.Itisestimatedthatby2000,2050,2100,evenifthewholesolarpowerwithglobalenergysupply,butalsoasanareaof651,100squarekm,1.8679millionsquarekilometers,8.2919millionsquarekilometers.8.2919millionsquarekilometersaccountedforonly2.3percentofallmarineareaorallofthedesert51.4%,andeventheSaharadesertis91.5%.Thereforethisprogramarepossible.Anothergenerationprogramsareinheaven.Asearlyas1980,NASAandtheDepartmentofEnergyhasproposedbuildingasolarpowerstationinspacetheideaofready-synchronousorbitinplacealong10kilometerswideand5kilometersoflargeflat-panel,thetopcoveredwithsolarcellssoastoprovidefivemillionkilowattsofelectricity.However,thisneedstobeaddressedtotheterrestrialwirelesstransmissionproblem.Havebeenproposedbymicrowavebeam,laserbeam,suchasavarietyofprograms.Modelplanewiththecurrentimplementationhasashort-range,short-term,low-powermicrowavewirelesspowertransmission,butthereisstillalongawayfromtherealutilityofthedistance.AsChinastechnologicaldevelopment,in2006,Chinahasthreecompaniesintotheglobaltopten,indicatesthatChinawillbecometheworldsnewenergytechnologycentersintheworld,theworldswiderangeofphotovoltaicapplications,hasledtothecurrentlackofarerawmaterialsupplyandprices,weneedtechnologytopromoteatthesametime,wemustadoptanewtechnologyinordertosubstantiallyreducecosts,forthisnewenergytoprovidethedrivingforcebehindthelong-termdevelopment!Theuseofsolarenergyisdividedintoseveralmainareas:familieswithsmallsolarpowerplants,large-scalegridandpowerplants,buildingintegratedphotovoltaiccurtainwalls,solarstreetlamps,streetlampscomplementaryscenery,beautifulcomplementarypowersupplysystemandsoon,nowthemainapplicationforbuildingcomplementarysystemsintegrationandscenery.Principlesofsolarpowergeneration:Solarcellsareonehastorespondtolightandcanconvertlightenergyintoelectricpowerdevices.Photovoltaiceffecttoproducethematerialhasmanytypessuchas:silicon,polysilicon,amorphoussilicon,galliumarsenide,copperindiumselenium.Theirpowerisbasicallythesameprinciple,itiscrystalasanexampletodescribetheprocessoflightgeneration.P-typecrystallinesilicondopedphosphorusavailablethroughN-typesilicon,theformationofP-Njunction.Whenthelightirradiationsurfaceofsolarcells,siliconmaterialwaspartofphotonabsorption；photonenergytransfertothesiliconatom,sothatelectrontransferoccurredinVietnam,afreeelectronintheP-Njunctionformedonbothsidesofagglomerationpotentialdifference,whentheexternalWhenconnectedtothecircuit,inwhichtheroleofvoltage,therewillbecurrentflowthroughexternalcircuitryproduceacertainoutputpower.Thesubstanceofthisprocessare:photonenergyintoelectricalenergyconversionprocess.Theapplicationofsolarcells:the60soflastcentury,scientistshaveappliedtothespacesolarcelltechnology-communicationsatellitepowersupply,theendoflastcentury,constantlyinthehumansoul-searchingprocess,thephotovoltaicpowergenerationsuchacleananddirectformsofenergyhavebeenmorecordial,notonlyinspaceapplications,inmanyareasisalsotoshowtheirtalents.Suchas:solarGardenlights,solarhouseholdpowersystem,theindependentvillagepowersupplysystems,photovoltaicpumping(drinkingwaterorirrigation),communicationspowersupply,theoilpipelinecathodicprotection,fiberopticcommunicationspowersupplypumpingstations,desalinationsystems,citiesandtownsinroadsigns,highwayroadsignsandsoon.AdvancedEuropeancountriesandAmericawillbeincorporatedintothecityofphotovoltaicpowersystemsandremoteareasofthenaturalworldintothevillagepowersupplysystemdevelopment.Solarcellswithacombinationofbuildingsystemshasbecomethetrendofindustrialization太阳能太阳产生能量已有数十亿年，太阳能是太阳辐射到地球的能量。太阳能可以直接或间接地转换为其他形式的能源，如热能和电能。主要缺点(问题，或者问题有待克服)太阳能是：(1)间歇方式到达地球表面，(2)大面积收集在一个大容器中。随着经济的发展、社会的进步，人们对能源提出越来越高的要求，寻找新能源成为当前人类面临的迫切课题。现有能源主要有3种，即火电、水电和核电。水电要淹没大量土地，有可能导致生态环境破坏，而且大型水库一旦塌崩，后果将不堪设想。另外，一个国家的水力资源也是有限的，而且还要受季节的影响。核电在正常情况下固然是干净的，但万一发生核泄漏，后果同样是可怕的。前苏联切尔诺贝利核电站事故，已使900万人受到了不同程度的损害，而且这一影响并未终止。这些都迫使人们去寻找新能源