外文翻译-明通汽车公司办公楼结构、施工设计

DESIGNINGAGAINSTFIREOFBUILDING建筑防火设计资料来源SPECIALSCI2008325设计题目明通汽车公司办公楼结构、施工设计学生姓名学院名称土木学院专业名称土木工程班级名称土木1043学号指导教师教师职称教授完成时间2014年3月12日2014年3月12日DESIGNINGAGAINSTFIREOFBULIDINGJOHNLYNCHABSTRACTTHISPAPERCONSIDERSTHEDESIGNOFBUILDINGSFORFIRESAFETYITISFOUNDTHATFIREANDTHEASSOCIATEDEFFECTSONBUILDINGSISSIGNIFICANTLYDIFFERENTTOOTHERFORMSOFLOADINGSUCHASGRAVITYLIVELOADS,WINDANDEARTHQUAKESANDTHEIRRESPECTIVEEFFECTSONTHEBUILDINGSTRUCTUREFIREEVENTSAREDERIVEDFROMTHEHUMANACTIVITIESWITHINBUILDINGSORFROMTHEMALFUNCTIONOFMECHANICALANDELECTRICALEQUIPMENTPROVIDEDWITHINBUILDINGSTOACHIEVEASERVICEABLEENVIRONMENTITISTHEREFOREPOSSIBLETODIRECTLYINFLUENCETHERATEOFFIRESTARTSWITHINBUILDINGSBYCHANGINGHUMANBEHAVIOUR,IMPROVEDMAINTENANCEANDIMPROVEDDESIGNOFMECHANICALANDELECTRICALSYSTEMSFURTHERMORE,SHOULDAFIREDEVELOPS,ITISPOSSIBLETODIRECTLYINFLUENCETHERESULTINGFIRESEVERITYBYTHEINCORPORATIONOFFIRESAFETYSYSTEMSSUCHASSPRINKLERSANDTOPROVIDEMEASURESWITHINTHEBUILDINGTOENABLESAFEREGRESSFROMTHEBUILDINGTHEABILITYTOINFLUENCETHERATEOFFIRESTARTSANDTHERESULTINGFIRESEVERITYISUNIQUETOTHECONSIDERATIONOFFIREWITHINBUILDINGSSINCEOTHERLOADSSUCHASWINDANDEARTHQUAKESAREDIRECTLYAFUNCTIONOFNATURETHEPOSSIBLEAPPROACHESFORDESIGNINGABUILDINGFORFIRESAFETYAREPRESENTEDUSINGANEXAMPLEOFAMULTISTOREYBUILDINGCONSTRUCTEDOVERARAILWAYLINETHEDESIGNOFBOTHTHETRANSFERSTRUCTURESUPPORTINGTHEBUILDINGOVERTHERAILWAYANDTHELEVELSABOVETHETRANSFERSTRUCTUREARECONSIDEREDINTHECONTEXTOFCURRENTREGULATORYREQUIREMENTSTHEPRINCIPLESANDASSUMPTIONSASSOCIATEDWITHVARIOUSAPPROACHESAREDISCUSSED1INTRODUCTIONOTHERPAPERSPRESENTEDINTHISSERIESCONSIDERTHEDESIGNOFBUILDINGSFORGRAVITYLOADS,WINDANDEARTHQUAKESTHEDESIGNOFBUILDINGSAGAINSTSUCHLOADEFFECTSISTOALARGEEXTENTCOVEREDBYENGINEERINGBASEDSTANDARDSREFERENCEDBYTHEBUILDINGREGULATIONSTHISISNOTTHECASE,TONEARLYTHESAMEEXTENT,INTHECASEOFFIRERATHER,ITISBUILDINGREGULATIONSSUCHASTHEBUILDINGCODEOFAUSTRALIABCATHATDIRECTLYSPECIFYMOSTOFTHEREQUIREMENTSFORFIRESAFETYOFBUILDINGSWITHREFERENCEBEINGMADETOSTANDARDSSUCHASAS3600ORAS4100FORMETHODSFORDETERMININGTHEFIRERESISTANCEOFSTRUCTURALELEMENTSTHEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTOCONSIDERTHEDESIGNOFBUILDINGSFORFIRESAFETYFROMANENGINEERINGPERSPECTIVEASISCURRENTLYDONEFOROTHERLOADSSUCHASWINDOREARTHQUAKES,WHILSTATTHESAMETIME,PUTTINGSUCHAPPROACHESINTHECONTEXTOFTHECURRENTREGULATORYREQUIREMENTSATTHEOUTSET,ITNEEDSTOBENOTEDTHATDESIGNINGABUILDINGFORFIRESAFETYISFARMORETHANSIMPLYCONSIDERINGTHEBUILDINGSTRUCTUREANDWHETHERITHASSUFFICIENTSTRUCTURALADEQUACYTHISISBECAUSEFIRESCANHAVEADIRECTINFLUENCEONOCCUPANTSVIASMOKEANDHEATANDCANGROWINSIZEANDSEVERITYUNLIKEOTHEREFFECTSIMPOSEDONTHEBUILDINGNOTWITHSTANDINGTHESECOMMENTS,THEFOCUSOFTHISPAPERWILLBELARGELYONDESIGNISSUESASSOCIATEDWITHTHEBUILDINGSTRUCTURETWOSITUATIONSASSOCIATEDWITHABUILDINGAREUSEDFORTHEPURPOSEOFDISCUSSIONTHEMULTISTOREYOFFICEBUILDINGSHOWNINFIGURE1ISSUPPORTEDBYATRANSFERSTRUCTURETHATSPANSOVERASETOFRAILWAYTRACKSITISASSUMEDTHATAWIDERANGEOFRAILTRAFFICUTILISESTHESETRACKSINCLUDINGFREIGHTANDDIESELLOCOMOTIVESTHEFIRSTSITUATIONTOBECONSIDEREDFROMAFIRESAFETYPERSPECTIVEISTHETRANSFERSTRUCTURETHISISTERMEDSITUATION1ANDTHEKEYQUESTIONSAREWHATLEVELOFFIRERESISTANCEISREQUIREDFORTHISTRANSFERSTRUCTUREANDHOWCANTHISBEDETERMINEDTHISSITUATIONHASBEENCHOSENSINCEITCLEARLYFALLSOUTSIDETHENORMALREGULATORYSCOPEOFMOSTBUILDINGREGULATIONSANENGINEERINGSOLUTION,RATHERTHANAPRESCRIPTIVEONEISREQUIREDTHESECONDFIRESITUATIONTERMEDSITUATION2CORRESPONDSTOAFIREWITHINTHEOFFICELEVELSOFTHEBUILDINGANDISCOVEREDBYBUILDINGREGULATIONSTHISSITUATIONISCHOSENBECAUSEITWILLENABLEADISCUSSIONOFENGINEERINGAPPROACHESANDHOWTHESEINTERFACEWITHTHEBUILDINGREGULATIONSSINCEBOTHENGINEERINGANDPRESCRIPTIVESOLUTIONSAREPOSSIBLE2UNIQUENESSOFFIRE21INTRODUCTIONWINDANDEARTHQUAKESCANBECONSIDEREDTOBE“NATURAL”PHENOMENAOVERWHICHDESIGNERSHAVENOCONTROLEXCEPTPERHAPSTOCHOOSETHELOCATIONOFBUILDINGSMORECAREFULLYONTHEBASISOFHISTORICALRECORDSANDTODESIGNBUILDINGTORESISTSUFFICIENTLYHIGHLOADSORACCELERATIONSFORTHEPARTICULARLOCATIONDEADANDLIVELOADSINBUILDINGSARETHERESULTOFGRAVITYALLOFTHESELOADSAREVARIABLEANDITISPOSSIBLEALTHOUGHGENERALLYUNLIKELYTHATTHELOADSMAYEXCEEDTHERESISTANCEOFTHECRITICALSTRUCTURALMEMBERSRESULTINGINSTRUCTURALFAILURETHENATUREANDINFLUENCEOFFIRESINBUILDINGSAREQUITEDIFFERENTTOTHOSEASSOCIATEDWITHOTHER“LOADS”TOWHICHABUILDINGMAYBESUBJECTEDTOTHEESSENTIALDIFFERENCESAREDESCRIBEDINTHEFOLLOWINGSECTIONS22ORIGINOFFIREINMOSTSITUATIONSIGNORINGBUSHFIRES,FIREORIGINATESFROMHUMANACTIVITIESWITHINTHEBUILDINGORTHEMALFUNCTIONOFEQUIPMENTPLACEDWITHINTHEBUILDINGTOPROVIDEASERVICEABLEENVIRONMENTITFOLLOWSTHEREFORETHATITISPOSSIBLETOINFLUENCETHERATEOFFIRESTARTSBYINFLUENCINGHUMANBEHAVIOUR,LIMITINGANDMONITORINGHUMANBEHAVIOURANDIMPROVINGTHEDESIGNOFEQUIPMENTANDITSMAINTENANCETHISISNOTTHECASEFORTHEUSUALLOADSAPPLIEDTOABUILDING23ABILITYTOINFLUENCESINCEWINDANDEARTHQUAKEAREDIRECTLYFUNCTIONSOFNATURE,ITISNOTPOSSIBLETOINFLUENCESUCHEVENTSTOANYEXTENTONEHASTOANTICIPATETHEMANDDESIGNACCORDINGLYITMAYBEPOSSIBLETOINFLUENCETHELEVELOFLIVELOADINABUILDINGBYCONDUCTINGAUDITSANDPLACINGRESTRICTIONSONCONTENTSHOWEVER,INTHECASEOFAFIRESTART,THEREAREMANYFACTORSTHATCANBEBROUGHTTOBEARTOINFLUENCETHEULTIMATESIZEOFTHEFIREANDITSEFFECTWITHINTHEBUILDINGITISKNOWNTHATOCCUPANTSWITHINABUILDINGWILLOFTENDETECTAFIREANDDEALWITHITBEFOREITREACHESASIGNIFICANTSIZEITISESTIMATEDTHATLESSTHANONEFIREINFIVEFAVRE,1996RESULTSINACALLTOTHEFIREBRIGADEANDFORFIRESREPORTEDTOTHEFIREBRIGADE,THEMAJORITYWILLBELIMITEDTOTHEROOMOFFIREORIGININOCCUPIEDSPACES,OLFACTORYCUESSMELLPROVIDEPOWERFULEVIDENCEOFTHEPRESENCEOFEVENASMALLFIRETHEADDITIONOFAFUNCTIONALSMOKEDETECTIONSYSTEMWILLFURTHERIMPROVETHELIKELIHOODOFDETECTIONANDOFACTIONBEINGTAKENBYTHEOCCUPANTSFIREFIGHTINGEQUIPMENT,SUCHASEXTINGUISHERSANDHOSEREELS,ISGENERALLYPROVIDEDWITHINBUILDINGSFORTHEUSEOFOCCUPANTSANDMANYORGANISATIONSPROVIDETRAININGFORSTAFFINRESPECTOFTHEUSEOFSUCHEQUIPMENTTHEGROWTHOFAFIRECANALSOBELIMITEDBYAUTOMATICEXTINGUISHINGSYSTEMSSUCHASSPRINKLERS,WHICHCANBEDESIGNEDTOHAVEHIGHLEVELSOFEFFECTIVENESSFIRESCANALSOBELIMITEDBYTHEFIREBRIGADEDEPENDINGONTHESIZEANDLOCATIONOFTHEFIREATTHETIMEOFARRIVAL24EFFECTSOFFIRETHESTRUCTURALELEMENTSINTHEVICINITYOFTHEFIREWILLEXPERIENCETHEEFFECTSOFHEATTHETEMPERATURESWITHINTHESTRUCTURALELEMENTSWILLINCREASEWITHTIMEOFEXPOSURETOTHEFIRE,THERATEOFTEMPERATURERISEBEINGDICTATEDBYTHETHERMALRESISTANCEOFTHESTRUCTURALELEMENTANDTHESEVERITYOFTHEFIRETHEINCREASEINTEMPERATURESWITHINAMEMBERWILLRESULTINBOTHTHERMALEXPANSIONAND,EVENTUALLY,AREDUCTIONINTHESTRUCTURALRESISTANCEOFTHEMEMBERDIFFERENTIALTHERMALEXPANSIONWILLLEADTOBOWINGOFAMEMBERSIGNIFICANTAXIALEXPANSIONWILLBEACCOMMODATEDINSTEELMEMBERSBYEITHEROVERALLORLOCALBUCKLINGORYIELDINGOFLOCALISEDREGIONSTHESEEFFECTSWILLBEDETRIMENTALFORCOLUMNSBUTFORBEAMSFORMINGPARTOFAFLOORSYSTEMMAYASSISTINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFOTHERLOADRESISTINGMECHANISMSSEESECTION435WITHTHEEXCEPTIONOFTHEDEVELOPMENTOFFORCESDUETORESTRAINTOFTHERMALEXPANSION,FIREDOESNOTIMPOSELOADSONTHESTRUCTUREBUTRATHERREDUCESSTIFFNESSANDSTRENGTHSUCHEFFECTSARENOTINSTANTANEOUSBUTAREAFUNCTIONOFTIMEANDTHISISDIFFERENTTOTHEEFFECTSOFLOADSSUCHASEARTHQUAKEANDWINDTHATAREMOREORLESSINSTANTANEOUSHEATINGEFFECTSASSOCIATEDWITHAFIREWILLNOTBESIGNIFICANTORTHERATEOFLOSSOFCAPACITYWILLBESLOWEDIFATHEFIREISEXTINGUISHEDEGANEFFECTIVESPRINKLERSYSTEMBTHEFIREISOFINSUFFICIENTSEVERITYINSUFFICIENTFUEL,AND/ORCTHESTRUCTURALELEMENTSHAVESUFFICIENTTHERMALMASSAND/ORINSULATIONTOSLOWTHERISEININTERNALTEMPERATUREFIREPROTECTIONMEASURESSUCHASPROVIDINGSUFFICIENTAXISDISTANCEANDDIMENSIONSFORCONCRETEELEMENTS,ANDSUFFICIENTINSULATIONTHICKNESSFORSTEELELEMENTSAREEXAMPLESOFCTHESEAREILLUSTRATEDINFIGURE2THETWOSITUATIONSDESCRIBEDINTHEINTRODUCTIONARENOWCONSIDERED3FIREWITHINBUILDINGS31FIRESAFETYCONSIDERATIONSTHEIMPLICATIONSOFFIREWITHINTHEOCCUPIEDPARTSOFTHEOFFICEBUILDINGFIGURE1SITUATION2ARENOWCONSIDEREDFIRESTATISTICSFOROFFICEBUILDINGSSHOWTHATABOUTONEFATALITYISEXPECTEDINANOFFICEBUILDINGFOREVERY1000FIRESREPORTEDTOTHEFIREBRIGADETHISISANORDEROFMAGNITUDELESSTHANTHEFATALITYRATEASSOCIATEDWITHAPARTMENTBUILDINGSMORETHANTWOTHIRDSOFFIRESOCCURDURINGOCCUPIEDHOURSANDTHISISDUETOTHEGREATERHUMANACTIVITYANDTHEGREATERUSEOFSERVICESWITHINTHEBUILDINGITISTWICEASLIKELYTHATAFIRETHATCOMMENCESOUTOFNORMALWORKINGHOURSWILLEXTENDBEYONDTHEENCLOSUREOFFIREORIGINARELATIVELYSMALLFIRECANGENERATELARGEQUANTITIESOFSMOKEWITHINTHEFLOOROFFIREORIGINIFTHEFLOORISOFOPENPLANCONSTRUCTIONWITHFEWPARTITIONS,THEPRESENCEOFAFIREDURINGNORMALOCCUPIEDHOURSISALMOSTCERTAINTOBEDETECTEDTHROUGHTHEOBSERVATIONOFSMOKEONTHEFLOORTHEPRESENCEOFFULLHEIGHTPARTITIONSACROSSTHEFLOORWILLSLOWTHESPREADOFSMOKEANDPOSSIBLYALSOTHESPEEDATWHICHTHEOCCUPANTSDETECTTHEFIREANYMEASURESAIMEDATIMPROVINGHOUSEKEEPING,FIREAWARENESSANDFIRERESPONSEWILLBEBENEFICIALINREDUCINGTHELIKELIHOODOFMAJORFIRESDURINGOCCUPIEDHOURSFORMULTISTOREYBUILDINGS,SMOKEDETECTIONSYSTEMSANDALARMSAREOFTENPROVIDEDTOGIVE“AUTOMATIC”DETECTIONANDWARNINGTOTHEOCCUPANTSANALARMSIGNALISALSOTRANSMITTEDTOTHEFIREBRIGADESHOULDTHEFIRENOTBEABLETOBECONTROLLEDBYTHEOCCUPANTSONTHEFIREFLOOR,THEYWILLNEEDTOLEAVETHEFLOOROFFIREORIGINVIATHESTAIRSSTAIRENCLOSURESMAYBEDESIGNEDTOBEFIRERESISTANTBUTTHISMAYNOTBESUFFICIENTTOKEEPTHESMOKEOUTOFTHESTAIRSMANYBUILDINGSINCORPORATESTAIRPRESSURISATIONSYSTEMSWHEREBYPOSITIVEAIRFLOWISINTRODUCEDINTOTHESTAIRSUPONDETECTIONOFSMOKEWITHINTHEBUILDINGHOWEVER,THISINCREASESTHEFORCESREQUIREDTOOPENTHESTAIRDOORSANDMAKESITINCREASINGLYDIFFICULTTOACCESSTHESTAIRSITISQUITELIKELYTHATEXCESSIVEDOOROPENINGFORCESWILLEXISTFAZIOETAL,2006FROMAFIREPERSPECTIVE,ITISCOMMONTOCONSIDERTHATABUILDINGCONSISTSOFENCLOSURESFORMEDBYTHEPRESENCEOFWALLSANDFLOORSANENCLOSURETHATHASSUFFICIENTLYFIRERESISTANTBOUNDARIESIEWALLSANDFLOORSISCONSIDEREDTOCONSTITUTEAFIRECOMPARTMENTANDTOBECAPABLEOFLIMITINGTHESPREADOFFIRETOANADJACENTCOMPARTMENTHOWEVER,THEABILITYOFSUCHBOUNDARIESTORESTRICTTHESPREADOFFIRECANBESEVERELYLIMITEDBYTHENEEDTOPROVIDENATURALLIGHTINGWINDOWSANDACCESSOPENINGSBETWEENTHEADJACENTCOMPARTMENTSDOORSANDSTAIRSFIRESPREADVIATHEEXTERNALOPENINGSWINDOWSISADISTINCTPOSSIBILITYGIVENAFULLYDEVELOPEDFIRELIMITINGTHEWINDOWSIZESANDGEOMETRYCANREDUCEBUTNOTELIMINATETHEPOSSIBILITYOFVERTICALFIRESPREADBYFARTHEMOSTEFFECTIVEMEASUREINLIMITINGFIRESPREAD,OTHERTHANTHEPRESENCEOFOCCUPANTS,ISANEFFECTIVESPRINKLERSYST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