外文翻译--施工质量控制、安全和成本控制

外文翻译施工质量控制、安全和成本控制工程管理专业毕业外文翻译（房地产）QUALITYCONTROL、SAFETYDURINGCONSTRUCTIONANDCOSTCONTROLQUALITYANDSAFETYCONCERNSINCONSTRUCTIONQUALITYCONTROLANDSAFETYREPRESENTINCREASINGLYIMPORTANTCONCERNSFORPROJECTMANAGERSDEFECTSORFAILURESINCONSTRUCTEDFACILITIESCANRESULTINVERYLARGECOSTSEVENWITHMINORDEFECTS,RECONSTRUCTIONMAYBEREQUIREDANDFACILITYOPERATIONSIMPAIREDINCREASEDCOSTSANDDELAYSARETHERESULTINTHEWORSECASE,FAILURESMAYCAUSEPERSONALINJURIESORFATALITIESACCIDENTSDURINGTHECONSTRUCTIONPROCESSCANSIMILARLYRESULTINPERSONALINJURIESANDLARGECOSTSINDIRECTCOSTSOFINSURANCE,INSPECTIONANDREGULATIONAREINCREASINGRAPIDLYDUETOTHESEINCREASEDDIRECTCOSTSGOODPROJECTMANAGERSTRYTOENSURETHATTHEJOBISDONERIGHTTHEFIRSTTIMEANDTHATNOMAJORACCIDENTSOCCURSONTHEPROJECTASWITHCOSTCONTROL,THEMOSTIMPORTANTDECISIONSREGARDINGTHEQUALITYOFACOMPLETEDFACILITYAREMADEDURINGTHEDESIGNANDPLANNINGSTAGESRATHERTHANDURINGCONSTRUCTIONITISDURINGTHESEPRELIMINARYSTAGESTHATCOMPONENTCONFIGURATIONS,MATERIALSPECIFICATIONSANDFUNCTIONALPERFORMANCEAREDECIDEDQUALITYCONTROLDURINGCONSTRUCTIONCONSISTSLARGELYOFINSURINGCONFORMANCETOTHESEORIGINALDESIGNANDPLANNINGDECISIONSWHILECONFORMANCETOEXISTINGDESIGNDECISIONSISTHEPRIMARYFOCUSOFQUALITYCONTROL,THESEAREEXCEPTIONSTOTHISRULEFIRST,UNFORESEENCIRCUMSTANCES,INCORRECTDESIGNDECISIONSORCHANGESDESIREDBYANOWNERINTHEFACILITYFUNCTIONMAYREQUIREREEVALUATIONOFDESIGNDECISIONSDURINGTHECOURSEOFCONSTRUCTIONWHILETHESECHANGESMAYBEMOTIVATEDBYTHECONCERNFORQUALITY,THEYREPRESENTOCCASIONSFORREDESIGNWITHALLTHEATTENDANTOBJECTIVESANDCONSTRAINTSASASECONDCASE,SOMEDESIGNSRELYUPONINFORMEDANDAPPROPRIATEDECISIONMAKINGDURINGTHECONSTRUCTIONPROCESSITSELFFOREXAMPLE,SOMETUNNELINGMETHODSMAKEDECISIONSABOUTTHEAMOUNTOFSHORINGREQUIREDATDIFFERENTLOCATIONSBASEDUPONOBSERVATIONOFSOILCONDITIONSDURINGTHETUNNELINGPROCESSSINCESUCHDECISIONSAREBASEDONBETTERINFORMATIONCONCERNINGACTUALSITECONDITIONS,THEFACILITYDESIGNMAYBEMORECOSTEFFECTIVEASARESULTANYSPECIALCASEOFREDESIGNDURINGCONSTRUCTIONREQUIRESTHEVARIOUSCONSIDERATIONSDISCUSSEDWITHTHEATTENTIONTOCONFORMANCEASTHEMEASUREOFQUALITYDURINGTHECONSTRUCTIONPROCESS,THESPECIFICATIONOFQUALITYREQUIREMENTSINTHEDESIGNANDCONTRACTDOCUMENTATIONBECOMESEXTREMELYIMPORTANTQUALITYREQUIREMENTSSHOULDBECLEARANDVERIFIABLE,SOTHATALLPARTIESINTHEPROJECTCANUNDERSTANDTHEREQUIREMENTSFORCONFORMANCESAFETYDURINGTHECONSTRUCTIONPROJECTISALSOINFLUENCEDINLARGEPARTBYDECISIONSMADEDURINGTHEPLANNINGANDDESIGNPROCESSSOMEDESIGNSORCONSTRUCTIONPLANSAREINHERENTLYDIFFICULTANDDANGEROUSTOIMPLEMENT,WHEREASOTHER,COMPARABLEPLANSMAYCONSIDERABLYREDUCETHEPOSSIBILITYOFACCIDENTSFOREXAMPLE,CLEARSEPARATIONOFTRAFFICFROMCONSTRUCTIONZONESDURINGROADWAYREHABILITATIONCANGREATLYREDUCETHEPOSSIBILITYOFACCIDENTALCOLLISIONSBEYONDTHESEDESIGNDECISIONS,SAFETYLARGELYDEPENDSUPONEDUCATION,VIGILANCEANDCOOPERATIONDURINGTHECONSTRUCTIONPROCESSWORKERSSHOULDBECONSTANTLYALERTTOTHEPOSSIBILITIESOFACCIDENTSANDAVOIDTAKENUNNECESSARYRISKSTOTALQUALITYCONTROLQUALITYCONTROLINCONSTRUCTIONTYPICALLYINVOLVESINSURINGCOMPLIANCEWITHMINIMUMSTANDARDSOFMATERIALANDWORKMANSHIPINORDERTOINSURETHEPERFORMANCEOFTHEFACILITYACCORDINGTOTHEDESIGNTHESEMINIMUMSTANDARDSARECONTAINEDINTHESPECIFICATIONSFORTHEPURPOSEOFINSURINGCOMPLIANCE,RANDOMSAMPLESANDSTATISTICALMETHODSARECOMMONLYUSEDASTHEBASISFORACCEPTINGORREJECTINGWORKCOMPLETEDANDBATCHESOFMATERIALSREJECTIONOFABATCHISBASEDONNONCONFORMANCEORVIOLATIONOFTHERELEVANTDESIGNSPECIFICATIONSANIMPLICITASSUMPTIONINTHESETRADITIONALQUALITYCONTROLPRACTICESISTHENOTIONOFANACCEPTABLEQUALITYLEVELWHICHISAALLOWABLEFRACTIONOFDEFECTIVEITEMSMATERIALSOBTAINEDFROMSUPPLIERSORWORKPERFORMEDBYANORGANIZATIONISINSPECTEDANDPASSEDASACCEPTABLEIFTHEESTIMATEDDEFECTIVEPERCENTAGEISWITHINTHEACCEPTABLEQUALITYLEVELPROBLEMSWITHMATERIALSORGOODSARECORRECTEDAFTERDELIVERYOFTHEPRODUCTINCONTRASTTOTHISTRADITIONALAPPROACHOFQUALITYCONTROLISTHEGOALOFTOTALQUALITYCONTROLINTHISSYSTEM,NODEFECTIVEITEMSAREALLOWEDANYWHEREINTHECONSTRUCTIONPROCESSWHILETHEZERODEFECTSGOALCANNEVERBEPERMANENTLYOBTAINED,ITPROVIDESAGOALSOTHATANORGANIZATIONISNEVERSATISFIEDWITHITSQUALITYCONTROLPROGRAMEVENIFDEFECTSAREREDUCEDBYSUBSTANTIALAMOUNTSYEARAFTERYEARTHISCONCEPTANDAPPROACHTOQUALITYCONTROLWASFIRSTDEVELOPEDINMANUFACTURINGFIRMSINJAPANANDEUROPE,BUTHASSINCESPREADTOMANYCONSTRUCTIONCOMPANIESTOTALQUALITYCONTROLISACOMMITMENTTOQUALITYEXPRESSEDINALLPARTSOFANORGANIZATIONANDTYPICALLYINVOLVESMANYELEMENTSDESIGNREVIEWSTOINSURESAFEANDEFFECTIVECONSTRUCTIONPROCEDURESAREAMAJORELEMENTOTHERELEMENTSINCLUDEEXTENSIVETRAININGFORPERSONNEL,SHIFTINGTHERESPONSIBILITYFORDETECTINGDEFECTSFROMQUALITYCONTROLINSPECTORSTOWORKERS,ANDCONTINUALLYMAINTAININGEQUIPMENTWORKERSINVOLVEMENTINIMPROVEDQUALITYCONTROLISOFTENFORMALIZEDINQUALITYCIRCLESINWHICHGROUPSOFWORKERSMEETREGULARLYTOMAKESUGGESTIONSFORQUALITYIMPROVEMENTMATERIALSUPPLIERSAREALSOREQUIREDTOINSUREZERODEFECTSINDELIVEREDGOODSINITIALLY,ALLMATERIALSFROMASUPPLIERAREINSPECTEDANDBATCHESOFGOODSWITHANYDEFECTIVEITEMSARERETURNEDSUPPLIERSWITHGOODRECORDSCANBECERTIFIEDANDNOTSUBJECTTOCOMPLETEINSPECTIONSUBSEQUENTLYTHETRADITIONALMICROECONOMICVIEWOFQUALITYCONTROLISTHATTHEREISAN“OPTIMUM”PROPORTIONOFDEFECTIVEITEMSTRYINGTOACHIEVEGREATERQUALITYTHANTHISOPTIMUMWOULDSUBSTANTIALLYINCREASECOSTSOFINSPECTIONANDREDUCEWORKERPRODUCTIVITYHOWEVER,MANYCOMPANIESHAVEFOUNDTHATCOMMITMENTTOTOTALQUALITYCONTROLHASSUBSTANTIALECONOMICBENEFITSTHATHADBEENUNAPPRECIATEDINTRADITIONALAPPROACHESEXPENSESASSOCIATEDWITHINVENTORY,REWORK,SCRAPANDWARRANTIESWEREREDUCEDWORKERENTHUSIASMANDCOMMITMENTIMPROVEDCUSTOMERSOFTENAPPRECIATEDHIGHERQUALITYWORKANDWOULDPAYAPREMIUMFORGOODQUALITYASARESULT,IMPROVEDQUALITYCONTROLBECAMEACOMPETITIVEADVANTAGESOFCOURSE,TOTALQUALITYCONTROLISDIFFICULTTOAPPLY,PARTICULARINCONSTRUCTIONTHEUNIQUENATUREOFEACHFACILITY,THEVARIABILITYINTHEWORKFORCE,THEMULTITUDEOFSUBCONTRACTORSANDTHECOSTOFMARKINGNECESSARYINVESTMENTSINEDUCATIONANDPROCEDURESMAKEPROGRAMSOFTOTALQUALITYCONTROLINCONSTRUCTIONDIFFICULTNEVERTHELESS,ACOMMITMENTTOIMPROVEDQUALITYEVENWITHOUTENDORSINGTHEGOALOFZERODEFECTSCANPAYREALDIVIDENDSTOORGANIZATIONSSAFETYCONSTRUCTIONISARELATIVELYHAZARDOUSUNDERTAKINGTHESEARESIGNIFICANTLYMOREINJURIESANDLOSTWORKDAYSDUETOINJURIESORILLNESSESINCONSTRUCTIONTHANINVIRTUALLYANYOTHERINDUSTRYTHESEWORKRELATEDINJURIESANDILLNESSESAREEXCEEDINGLYCOSTLYTHECONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYCOSTEFFECTIVENESSPROJECTESTIMATEDTHATACCIDENTSCOST89BILLIONORNEARLYSEVENPERCENTOFTHE137BILLIONIN1979DOLLARSSPENTANNUALLYFORINDUSTRIAL,UTILITYANDCOMMERCIALCONSTRUCTIONINTHEUNITEDSTATESINCLUDEDINTHISTOTALAREDIRECTCOSTSMEDICALCOSTS,PREMIUMSFORWORKERSCOMPENSATIONBENEFITS,LIABILITYANDPROPERTYLOSSESASWELLASINDIRECTCOSTSREDUCEDWORKERPRODUCTIVITY,DELAYSINPROJECTS,ADMINISTRATIVETIME,ANDDAMAGETOEQUIPMENTANDTHEFACILITYINCONTRASTTOMOSTINDUSTRIALACCIDENTS,INNOCENTBYSTANDERSMAYALSOBEINJUREDBYCONSTRUCTIONHAVERESULTEDINFATALITIESTOPASSERBYSPRUDENTPROJECTMANAGERSANDOWNERSWOULDLIKETOREDUCEACCIDENTS,INJURIESANDILLNESSESASMUCHASPOSSIBLEASWITHALLTHEOTHERCOSTSOFCONSTRUCTION,ITISAMISTAKEFOROWNERSTOIGNOREASIGNIFICANTCATEGORYOFCOSTSSUCHASINJURYANDILLNESSWHILECONTRACTORSMAYPAYINSURANCEPREMIUMSDIRECTLY,THESECOSTSAREREFLECTEDINBIDPRICESORCONTRACTAMOUNTSDELAYSCAUSEDBYINJURIESANDILLNESSESCANPRESENTSIGNIFICANTOPPORTUNITYCOSTSTOOWNERSINTHELONGRUN,THEOWNERSOFCONSTRUCTEDFACILITIESMUSTPAYALLTHECOSTSOFCONSTRUCTIONFORTHECASEOFINJURIESANDILLNESSES,THISGENERALPRINCIPLEMIGHTBESLIGHTLYQUALIFIEDSINCESIGNIFICANTCOSTSAREBORNEBYWORKERSTHEMSELVESORSOCIETYATLARGEHOWEVER,COURTJUDGMENTSANDINSURANCEPAYMENTSCOMPENSATEFORINDIVIDUALLOSSESANDULTIMATELYBORNEBYTHEOWNERSVARIOUSMEASURESAREAVAILABLETOIMPROVEJOBSITESAFETYINCONSTRUCTIONSEVERALOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTOCCURBEFORECONSTRUCTIONISUNDERTAKENTHESEINCLUDEDESIGN,CHOICEOFTECHNOLOGYANDEDUCATIONBYALTERINGFACILITYDESIGNS,PARTICULARSTRUCTURESCANBESAFERORMOREHAZARDOUSTOCONSTRUCTFOREXAMPLE,PARAPETSCANBEDESIGNEDTOAPPROPRIATEHEIGHTSFORCONSTRUCTIONWORKERSAFETY,RATHERTHANTHEMINIMUMHEIGHTREQUIREDBYBUILDINGCODESCHOICEOFTECHNOLOGYCANALSOBECRITICALINDETERMININGTHESAFETYOFAJOBSITESAFEGUARDSBUILTINTOMACHINERYCANNOTIFYOPERATORSOFPROBLEMSORPREVENTINJURIESFOREXAMPLE,SIMPLESWITCHESCANPREVENTEQUIPMENTFROMBEINGOPERATINGWHENPROTECTIVESHIELDSARENOTINPLACEWITHTHEAVAILABILITYOFONBOARDELECTRONICSINCLUDINGCOMPUTERCHIPSANDSENSORS,THEPOSSIBILITIESFORSOPHISTICATEDMACHINECONTROLLERSANDMONITORSHASGREATLYEXPANDEDFORCONSTRUCTIONEQUIPMENTANDTOOLSMATERIALANDWORKPROCESSCHOICESALSOINFLUENCETHESAFETYOFCONSTRUCTIONFOREXAMPLE,SUBSTITUTIONOFALTERNATIVEMATERIALFORASBESTOSCANREDUCEORELIMINATETHEPROSPECTSOFLONGTERMILLNESSESSUCHASASBESTOSISEDUCATINGWORKERSANDMANAGERSINPROPERPROCEDURESANDHAZARDSCANHAVEADIRECTIMPACTONJOBSITESAFETYTHEREALIZATIONOFTHELARGECOSTSINVOLVEDINCONSTRUCTIONINJURIESANDILLNESSESPROVIDESACONSIDERABLEMOTIVATIONFORAWARENESSANDEDUCATIONREGULARSAFETYINSPECTIONSANDSAFETYMEETINGSHAVEBECOMESTANDARDPRACTICESONMOSTJOBSITESPREQUALIFICATIONOFCONTRACTORSANDSUBCONTRACTORSWITHREGARDTOSAFETYISANOTHERIMPORTANTAVENUEFORSAFETYIMPROVEMENTIFCONTRACTORSAREONLYINVITEDTOBIDORENTERNEGOTIATIONSIFTHEYHAVEANACCEPTABLERECORDOFSAFETYASWELLASQUALITYPERFORMANCE,THENADIRECTINCENTIVEISPROVIDEDTOINSUREADEQUATESAFETYONTHEPARTOFCONTRACTORSDURINGTHECONSTRUCTIONPROCESSITSELF,THEMOSTIMPORTANTSAFETYRELATEDMEASURESARETOINSUREVIGILANCEANDCOOPERATIONONTHEPARTOFMANAGERS,INSPECTORSANDWORKERSVIGILANCEINVOLVESCONSIDERINGTHERISKSOFDIFFERENTWORKINGPRACTICESINALSOINVOLVESMAINTAININGTEMPORARYPHYSICALSAFEGUARDSSUCHASBARRICADERS,BRACES,GUILTINESS,RAILINGS,TOEBOARDSANDTHELIKESETSOFSTANDARDPRACTICESAREALSOIMPORTANT,SUCHASREQUIRINGHARDHATSONSITEREQUIRINGEYEPROTECTIONONSITEREQUIRINGHEARINGPROTECTIONNEARLOUDEQUIPMENTINSURINGSAFETYSHOESFORWORKERSPROVIDINGFIRSTAIDSUPPLIESANDTRAINEDPERSONNELONSITEWHILEELIMINATINGACCIDENTSANDWORKRELATEDILLNESSESISAWORTHWHILEGOAL,ITWILLNEVERBEATTAINEDCONSTRUCTIONHASANUMBEROFCHARACTERISTICSMAKINGITINHERENTLYHAZARDOUSLARGEFORCESAREINVOLVEDINMANYOPERATIONSTHEJOBSITEISCONTINUALLYCHANGINGASCONSTRUCTIONPROCEEDSWORKERSDONOTHAVEFIXEDWORKSITESANDMUSTMOVEAROUNDASTRUCTUREUNDERCONSTRUCTIONTHETENUREOFAWORKERONASITEISSHORT,SOTHEWORKERSFAMILIARITYANDTHEEMPLOYEREMPLOYEESRELATIONSHIPARELESSSETTLEDTHANINMANUFACTURINGSETTINGSDESPITETHESEPECULIARITIESANDASARESULTOFEXACTL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ODUCINGALIMITEDRANGEOFPRODUCTSORATLEASTALIMITEDRANGEOFBASICCOMPONENTSSTANDARDMINUTEVALUESAREASSOCIATEDWITHTHEPRODUCTIONOFEACHCOMPONENTANDASSEMBLYANDCONVERTEDTOMONEYVALUESBYREFERENCETOTHEHOURLYRATESOFTHEAPPROPRIATEGRADESOFOPERATIVESVARIANCESARECALCULATED,BASICALLYBYCOMPARINGTHEVALUEOFTHEOUTPUTWITHTHECOSTOFPRODUCINGITAVARIANCEISTHEAMOUNTBYWHICHTHEACHIEVEDPROFITDIFFERSFROMTHEBUDGETEDPROFITWITHAPPROPRIATERECORDSITISPOSSIBLETOANALYZETHETOTALVARIANCEINTOSUBVARIANCES,EGMATERIALPRICEMATERIALUSAGELABORRATELABOREFFICIENCYFIXEDANDVARIABLEOVERHEADEXPENDITUREVOLUMEOFPRODUCTIONSALESSTANDARDCOSTINGISSELDOMDIRECTLYAPPLICABLEINCONSTRUCTIONOWINGTOTHEVARIETYOFTHEPRODUCTTHISMAKESTHEUSEOFSTANDARDMINUTEVALUESDIFFICULTIFNOTIMPOSSIBLEHOWEVER,ASANALTERNATIVE,THEVALUEOFWORKDONECANBEASSESSEDINRELATIONTOTHECONTRACTBUDGET,WHICH,INTURNMUSTREFLECTTHEAMOUNTTHATTHECONTRACTORCANEXPECTTOBEPAIDONEOFTHEIMPORTANTFEATURESISTHECALCULATIONOFASALESVARIANCETHISENCOURAGESTHECOMPANYTODEFINESALESMARKETING,PUBLICRELATIONS,NEGOTIATIONS,ESTIMATINGANDBIDSTRATEGYASTHERESPONSIBILITYOFONEDEPARTMENTANADVERSEVARIANCEINDICATESIMMEDIATELYTHATTHELEVELOFACQUIRINGNEWCONTRACTSISINADEQUATEALTOGETHER,QUITESUBSTANTIALDEPARTURESFROMTHEMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMARENECESSARYANDTHISACCOUNTSFORTHEFACTTHATSTANDARDCOSTINGISNOTINCOMMONUSEINCONSTRUCTIONHOWEVER,THESYSTEMISBASICALLYVERYSOUNDANDPROVIDESCOMPREHENSIVECONTROLOFTHECOMPANYFROMBOARDROOMDOWNTOWORKFORCEPERT/COSTTHISSYSTEMREQUIRESEACHCONTRACTTOBENETWORKEDWITHPERTPERFORMANCEEVALUATIONANDREVIEWTECHNIQUETHEVALUESOFWORKPACKAGES,WHICHINESSENCEAREGROUPSOFACTIVITIES,AREASSESSEDINADVANCETHETIMEUPDATEOFTHENETWORKPROVIDESTHEVALUEOFWORKDONEASABYPRODUCTOFTHECALCULATIONTHEVALUECANBEDIVIDEDBYCOSTCODE,PROVIDEDTHATTHEWORKPACKAGEINFORMATIONISSIMILARLYDIVIDEDTHUS,WHENINCURREDCOSTSARERECORDEDAGAINSTTHESAMECODES,VARIANCESCANBECALCULATEDFORMANAGEMENTINFORMATION施工质量控制、安全和成本控制施工中的质量和安全问题对项目经理来说，质量控制和安全越来越成为受关注的重要问题。对拟建设施中出现的缺陷或疏忽，可能要付出高昂的代价。即使是小缺陷，也可能因重新施工或修复受损设施而导致成本增加和时间延误。在极坏情况下。工作疏忽可能造成人员伤亡或死亡。施工过程中遇到突发事故同样会造成人员伤亡和重大经济损失。由于直接成本的不断增加，保险、检查、管理等间接成本也会迅速增加。优秀的项目经理应尽力保证工程质量优良并如期完成，以及项目上没有重大事故发生。如同成本控制那样，有关整个设施质量的重要决策是在设计和计划阶段，而不是在施工阶段作出的。至于建筑构件结构、材料规格、功能性能更是在准备阶段就决定的。施工期间的质量控制主要是保证工程与原设计和计划决策的一致性。尽管与原设计决策保持一致是质量控制的重点，但在执行中对此规则也可能有例外。首先，在施工过程中，由于未预见到的环境变化，发现原设计决定的错误以及业主对工程设计功能提出的修改，都可能要求重新评估设计决定。虽然这些改变都出于一种对工程质量的关注，但它们构成了与所有相应目标和制约因素一起进行重新设计的理由。其次，某些设计本身就取决于施工过程本身提供的成熟的并且适用于特定问题的决策。例如，对一些开挖隧道方法做决策时，是要根据开挖隧道过程中调查到的土壤情况来确定不同地点所需支撑的数量。因为这些决策建立在取得现场实际土壤条件的充分信息的基础上，结果是设施设计可能更符合成本效率。根据以上所述，对施工期间重新设计的任何特殊个例应作出多方面的考虑。当把一致性看作是施工期间质量措施的时候，设计和合同文件中的质量要求说明非常重要。质量要求应明确和可查证，以便项目参与各方面都能了解一致性所提出的要求。建设项目安全同样也在很大程度上受到计划和设计过程中所做决策的影响。某些设计或施工计划本身实施起来就是困难和危险的，这时如改用其他可替代的方案，则可极大地减少事故发生的可能性。例如，在公路养护中，把施工区与车行道明显地隔开就能极大地减少发生撞车事故的可能性。除这些决策外，安全在很大程度上取决于施工过程中的教育、警惕性和协作精神。对工人应经常提醒发生事故的可能性和避免不必要的冒险。全面质量控制施工质量控制的一般含义是保证符合材料和工艺的最低标准，目的是确保设施达到设计要求的性能标准。这些最低标准都包括在说明书中。为了保证符合最低标准的目的，一般应用随机抽样和统计法作为接受或否决已完成工作和批量材料的依据。否决一批材料的依据就是不符合或违反相关设计说明书。在传统质量控制实践中有一个隐含的假设是所谓的可接受质量水平的概念，也就是有缺陷物品的允许比例。只要估计缺陷率在可接受质量水平范围以内，就认为供应