英汉翻译-炼钢自动配料系统

太原科技大学本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译姓名郭俊华学号200815010307班级电气081503专业电气工程及其自动化指导教师齐向东所在学院电子信息工程学院二零一二年六月AUTOMATICCONTROLAUTOMATICCONTROLISRELATIVELYARTIFICIALCONTROLTERMS，WHICHREFERSTOCORRELATEWITHNOPEOPLEDIRECTLYINVOLVEDINCONDITIONS,THEADDITIONALEQUIPMENTSORDEVICESTOMAKETHEMACHINE,EQUIPMENTORTHEPRODUCTIONPROCESSOFACERTAINJOBOFSTATEORPARAMETERSAUTOMATICALLYSETTORUNTHERULEAUTOMATICCONTROLTECHNOLOGYRESEARCHWILLBENEFITMANKINDFROMCOMPLICATED,RISKY,TEDIOUSWORKENVIRONMENTFREEOFCONTROLANDGREATLYIMPROVETHEEFFICIENCYAUTOMATICCONTROLISABRANCHOFENGINEERINGSCIENCEITINVOLVESUSINGAFEEDBACKOFDYNAMICSYSTEMOFTHEPRINCIPLEOFAUTOMATICINFLUENCE,INORDERTOMAKETHEOUTPUTVALUECLOSEWITHTHATWESETVALUEFROMTHETHEORYOFMETHODS,THEMATHEMATICALTHEORYISAFOUNDATIONOFAUTOMATICCONTROLASWEKNOWNTODAY,ASAUTOMATICCONTROLISINTHEMIDDLEOFTHETWENTIETHCENTURYFROMTHECONTROLOFABRANCHTHECONCLUSIONISBASEDBYNORBERTWIENER,RUDOLFKALMANPROPOSES1THEFIRSTGENERATIONPROCESSCONTROLSYSTEMPCSTHEFIRSTGENERATIONPROCESSCONTROLSYSTEMISBASEDON513PSIPNEUMATICREBEFOSIGNALSTANDARDPNEUMATICCONTROLSYSTEMPCSBEFORE150YEARS,WHICHINCLUDESSIMPLEONSITEOPERATIONMODE,CONTROLTHEORYPRELIMINARYFORMTHEREDOESNOTHASBEENTHECONCEPTOFTHECONTROLROOM2THESECONDGENERATIONPROCESSCONTROLSYSTEMACSTHESECONDGENERATIONPROCESSCONTROLSYSTEMACSORANALOGCONTROLSYSTEMANALOGTOPRODUCESTATSAREBASEDON010MAOR420MASCURRENTANALOGSIGNALS,THEOBVIOUSPROGRESSOFTHECONTROLSYSTEMISTHATTORULETHEWHOLEFIRMLYAUTOMATICCONTROLFIELDINTHEWHOLE25YEARSITREPRESENTSTHEARRIVALOFTHEERAOFELECTRICALAUTOMATICCONTROLCONTROLTHEORYHASTHESIGNIFICANTDEVELOPMENT,THEESTABLISHMENTOFTHETHREEBIGCYBERNETICSLAIDTHEFOUNDATIONOFMODERNCONTROLTHEESTABLISHMENTOFCONTROLFUNCTION,CONTROLROOMSEPARATEMODELHASBEENUSEDTODAY3THETHIRDGENERATIONOFPROCESSCONTROLSYSTEMCCSTHETHIRDGENERATIONOFPROCESSCONTROLSYSTEM,COMPUTERCONTROLSYSTEMCCSBEGANINTHE70S,THEAPPLICATIONOFDIGITALCOMPUTERHASAGREATTECHNICALADVANTAGE,PEOPLEINMEASUREMENT,SIMULATIONANDLOGICCONTROLFIELD,WHICHPIONEEREDTHEUSEOFTHETHIRDGENERATIONPROCESSCONTROLSYSTEM,COMPUTERCONTROLSYSTEMCCSTHISISCALLEDTHETHIRDGENERATIONPROCESSCONTROLSYSTEMISAUTOMATICCONTROLAREVOLUTIONINTHEFIELD,ITGIVEFULLPLAYTOTHECOMPUTERSPECIALTY,SOITISWIDELYACKNOWLEDGEDTHATCOMPUTERCANDOALLTHINGS,NATURALLYPRODUCEDISCALLED“THECENTRALIZEDCONTROL“OFTHECENTRALCONTROLCOMPUTERSYSTEM,ITSHOULDBEPOINTEDOUTTHATTHESIGNALTRANSMISSIONSYSTEMISSTILLTHEMOSTUSEDWITH420MAANALOGSIGNALS,BUTSOONAFTERTHAT,ASPEOPLEFOCUSANDRELIABILITYOFTHECONTROLASPECTSOFTHEPROBLEM,THEOUTOFCONTROLRISKALSOFOCUSEDON,ALITTLEWRONGWILLMAKETHEWHOLESYSTEMTOPARALYSISSOITWASQUICKLYDEVELOPEDINTOTHEDISTRIBUTEDCONTROLSYSTEMDCS4THEFOURTHGENERATIONPROCESSCONTROLSYSTEMDCSWITHTHERAPIDDEVELOPMENTOFSEMICONDUCTORMANUFACTURINGTECHNOLOGY,THEMICROPROCESSORTOTHEWIDESPREADUSEOFCOMPUTERTECHNOLOGYGREATLYINCREASED,THERELIABILITYOFTHECURRENTLYUSEDISTHEFOURTHGENERATIONPROCESSCONTROLSYSTEMDCS,ORDISTRIBUTEDDIGITALCONTROLSYSTEM,ITISTHEMAINFEATURESOFTHEWHOLECONTROLSYSTEMTHATTHEREISNOLONGERONLYACOMPUTER,ITISACONTROLSYSTEMBYACOMPUTERANDSOMEINTELLIGENTINSTRUMENTSANDINTELLIGENTCOMPONENTSCOMPRISESOTHEWAYOFDISTRIBUTEDCONTROLBECAMETHEMOSTIMPORTANTCHARACTERISTICANOTHERIMPORTANTDEVELOPMENTEXCEPTIONISTHESIGNALTRANSMISSIONAMONGOFTHEMARENOTBASEDON420MAANALOGSIGNALS,ANDGRADUALLYDIGITALSIGNALTOREPLACEANALOGSIGNALS5THEFIFTHGENERATIONPROCESSCONTROLSYSTEMFCSTHEDEVELOPMENTOFFCSFROMTHEDCS,LIKEDCSFROMCCSOVERTHEDEVELOPMENTAS,THEREISAQUALITATIVELEAP,THATIS“DISTRIBUTEDCONTROL“DEVELOPEDTO“FOCUSEDCONTROL“THEWAYOFDATATRANSMISSIONIS“BUS“WAYTHESOCALLEDFIELDBUSISINTELLIGENTMEASUREMENTANDCONTROLEQUIPMENTCONECTALLTHEDIGITAL,TWOWAYTRANSMISSION,WITHMANYNODEOFTHESTRUCTUREOFTHEBRANCHCOMMUNICATIONSLINKSAYSIMPLYTRADITIONALCONTROLISALOOP,ANDFCSTECHNOLOGYISMODULESSUCHASCONTROLLER,ACTUATORS,DETECTORETCONABUSTOHANGUPREALIZECOMMUNICATION,OFCOURSE,TRANSMISSIONISTHEDIGITALSIGNALTHEMAINBUSHASPROFIBUS,LONWORKS,ETCBUTTHEREALWITHDCSFCSDIFFERENCEISTOHAVEAMOREFCSWIDEDEVELOPMENTSPACEBECAUSETHETRADITIONALDCSTECHNICALLEVELWHILECONTINUOUSLYIMPROVED,BUTTHEMOSTLOWENDONLYCOMMUNICATIONNETWORKTOTHECONTROLSTATIONLEVEL,THECONTROLSTATIONANDTHEFIELDMEASUREMENTINSTRUMENT,THECONTACTBETWEENTHEACTUATORSARESTILLUSEDONETOONETRANSMISSIONOF420MAANALOGSIGNALS,HIGHCOST,LOWEFFICIENCY,MAINTENANCEDIFFICULTIES,CANTPLAYTHEFIELDINSTRUMENTS,TOREALIZETHEPOTENTIALOFTHEINTELLIGENTFIELDDEVICETHEWORKSTATEOFCOMPREHENSIVEMONITORINGANDDEEPMANAGEMENTINTHEMODERNSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYINMANYFIELDS,AUTOMATICCONTROLTECHNOLOGYISPLAYINGAMOREANDMOREIMPORTANTROLEAUTOMATICCONTROLTHEORYISTHESTUDYOFTHEAUTOMATICCONTROLOFCOMMONLAWSTECHNOLOGYSCIENCEITSINITIALDEVELOPMENTSTAGE,ISBASEDONTHETHEORYOFTHEFEEDBACKOFAUTOMATICADJUSTMENTPRINCIPLE,MAINLYFORINDUSTRIALCONTROL,DURINGWORLDWARTWO,INORDERTODESIGNANDMANUFACTURETHEPLANEANDMARINEAUTOPILOT,GUNPOSITIONINGSYSTEM,RADARTRACKINGSYSTEMBASEDONFEEDBACKANDOTHERMILITARYEQUIPMENT,THEPRINCIPLEOFFURTHERPROMOTEANDPERFECTTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHETHEORYOFAUTOMATICCONTROLAFTERTHEWAR,INORDERTOFORMTHEFULLAUTOMATICCONTROLTHEORYSYSTEM,WHICHISTHETRANSFERFUNCTIONISTHEFOUNDATIONOFCLASSICALCONTROLTHEORY,ITMAINLYSTUDIESSINGLEINPUTANDSINGLEOUTPUT,THELINEARSYSTEMANALYSISANDSETCONSTANTDESIGNPROBLEMAUTOMATICCONTROLOFTHEDEVELOPMENT,FROMTHESTARTOFTHEHAPPENTOFORMACONTROLTHEORY,THEWHOLETHATPROCESSSPEAKAUTOMATICCONTROLISREFERSTOSUCHFEEDBACKCONTROLSYSTEM,THISISACONTROLLEROBJECTWITHACONTROLOFTHECONTROLOBJECT,THEOUTPUTSIGNALGETITBACK,AFTERCOMEBACKFORMEASURINGWITHTHESIGNALARECOMPAREDACCORDINGTOTHEERRORTELLCONTROLLER,WHICHISWITHINTHEMACHINEWORKLETTHECONTROLLERTOCOMPLETETHECONTROLEFFECT,MAKETHEDEVIATIONELIMINATEORMAKETHECONTROLLEDOBJECTSOUTPUTTRACKINGWHATINEEDTOBEREQUIREMENTSOFTHESIGNALTHECONTROLLEDOBJECTSOUTPUTINGENERALISAPHYSICALQUANTITIES,FOREXAMPLESAYMETOCONTROLAMACHINESPEED,ISNEEDTOCOMEOUT,TOMEASURETHESPEEDCONTROLSAYINGTOHEARIHAVETOMENTIONISTHE“ENGINEERINGCYBERNETICSQIANXUESEN“QIANXUESEN,WRITTENIN1954,WHENHISBOOKINTHEUNITEDSTATES,WEWROTETHEBOOKHEREALSOCANTGETINENGLISH,BUTTHEFORMERSOVIETUNIONVERYSERIOUSLY,THEFORMERSOVIETUNIONIMMEDIATELYTRANSLATEITINTORUSSIANWESEEOFTHEFORMERSOVIETUNIONWASIN1956PUTHISRUSSIAN,TRANSLATIONCOMEOUT,WESEEATTHATTIMEISTHERUSSIANVERSIONOF,THISISINABOUTTWENTYSTHEFORMATIONPROCESSOFTHEMAINPROCESS,THEEXPERIENCEISCONCLUDEDTHEROBUSTLEAVESLURIEINTHEFORMERSOVIETUNIONIN1944ABOUTHIMOUTTOEVERYBODYNOWMAKENONLINEARMAYKNOW,OUTTOAROBUSTLEAVESINQUESTION,THISPROBLEMHASBEENNOTSOLVE,HELATERTOWRITEABOOK,ISTOKEEPTHEPROBLEMTHEPROBLEM,STARTTOWHENISAIDSOMETHINGABOUTTHISHERETWOSTYLE,BRITISHANDAMERICANOFJUSTEVERYBODYHASTOCOMEOUT,MAKETHEPERSONISENGINEERINGINMAKECONTROL,THEFORMERSOVIETUNIONISTHEAPPLICATIONWITHMECHANICSINMAKEHOMEMATHEMATICIANCONTROL,SOTWOPLAYEDTHEROLEISNOTTHESAMEHIS1951BOOKATTHATTIMEISVERYHARDTOUNDERSTAND,HARDTOREADTHISWORK,HEBROUGHTOUTTHEROBUST,LURIE,UNTIL1960,SOMEONEOUTTOSOLVEASOLUTION,WEMAYKNOW,ISTHATTHEABSOLUTEPOPOVPOPOVSTABILITYTHENOUTOFTHESTABILITYANDISROBUSTTOSOLVETHISPROBLEM,LURIEINTHATISTHEBOOKWAS20S,TWENTYCENTURYINTHELATE40S,50S,SOMEOFTHEWORKHASBEENINFLUENCEOFTHETWENTIETHCENTURY,BUTALSOAFFECTSTHE60STOPRESENTSOMENONLINEARTHEORY,ISHISWORKFORTHEFOUNDATIONTHETWENTIETHCENTURYISINTHE40S,FRONTOFTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHETECHNOLOGYISAPROCESS,SLOWLYFORMSATHEORYIMUSEDTOINSUCHASCHEDULETOSAID50S,MOSTOFTHETIME,CALLCLASSICALCONTROLTHEORY60SCALLTHESTATESPACEMETHOD,ISACTUALLYSTATESPACEMETHOD,BUTYOUKNOW,ATTHATTIME,THENAMEOFTHECALLEDITTHEMODERNCONTROLTHEORYTHENINTHE70SISTHEMODERNTHEFREQUENCYDOMAINMETHOD,SUCHAPROCESSTHENEXTNOWISTOEXPLAINTHESTATESPACEMETHOD,FINISHEDTHATMODERNCONTROLTHEORYTHESTATESPACEMETHODWHOFIRSTBROUGHTOUTTHETHIRDBOOKISJUSTOFTHEFORMERSOVIETUNION,THESESCHOLARSTHEYMAKEAPPLIEDMATHEMATICSANDMECHANICS,THEYNEVERGETTHEISUSEDISTHESTATESPACEMETHODIN1960,ITINTRODUCEDTOKALMANENGLISHWORLD,SOTHEWORLDITISSPENDINGINENGLISH,THATMEANSTHECOUNTRYWANTENGLISHCOUNTRY,BECAUSEITWASALLDONTKNOW,KALMANISASLAVICNAMEIN1960,HE,HEPUTTHESTATESPACEMETHODINTRODUCEDTOTHEUNITEDSTATESBUTADDPEOPLETOTHISHYPE,MODERNCONTROLTHEORYTOHYPESEEMVERYMUCHASGODS,WASALSOSOMEPEOPLEEXPECTEDISRELATIVELYLARGETHISISTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHETENYEARSLATER,HEFOUNDTOO,LIKETHEEXPECTEDONLYSOSOMEPROBLEMYOUDIDNTALSOSOLVEDSOTHETIME,ANDSOMEPEOPLEBACKTOTHEFREQUENCYDOMAINMETHOD,ISTHEEARLIEST50SISTHEFREQUENCYDOMAINMETHOD,60S,70SSTATESPACEANDBACKTOTHEFREQUENCYDOMAINMETHODOFCOURSE,THISISTHESPIRAL,THISTIMETHEFREQUENCYDOMAINMETHODANDTHENADDANAME,SOTHATTHEMODERNTHEFREQUENCYDOMAINMETHODTHINKFREQUENCYDOMAINTOCONSIDERTHEDESIGNPROBLEMSORMOREAPPROPRIATE,CONSIDERSOMEOFTHEDESIGNREQUIREMENTS,IJUSTHAVETHISFREQUENCYDOMAINMETHODJUSTINTHEMODERNTHEFREQUENCYDOMAINMETHODDEVELOPMENTONTHISMOMENTUM,1981,ANDWROTEYOUTHISNOSAIDROBUST,WENOWEVERYONEMAKECONTROLTHEORYKNOWTOROBUSTDESIGNSAYYOUTHISMODERNTHEFREQUENCYDOMAINMETHODNOTROBUSTNESS,WHENPEOPLEDONOTBELIEVE,AFTERTHE80S,THEARGUMENTSTHATDISPUTESLOWLYFORMSBY1991,ISNOWOFCOURSEISTHATYOUMAYBESOMEONETHETERMDOESNOTNECESSARILYUNIFICATION,SOMEONECALLEDITTHEMODERNCONTROLTHEORY,POSTMODERNAFTERKEEPCONTROLWENOWHAVETOGOBACKTOSEE,WHYDOYOUSAYTHATNOROBUSTNESSONEWILLSAY,WEFROMTHEMANYVARIABLESYSTEM,ITISACTUALLYMUCHMOREVARIABLESYSTEMINTOTHESYSTEMMANYVARIABLESDONTAPPROPRIATE,THEREISALOTOFINPUT,OUTPUTAMANYAVARIABLEAPROBLEM,CALLEDTHECOUPLING,ISBETWEENINPUTANDOUTPUTCOUPLINGEACHOTHERCONTROL,INTUITIVEREQUESTWASFORDECOUPLINGCONTROL,DECOUPLINGCONTROLLATERISTHISTHE1TO1CANFORMOUTPUTFEEDBACKSYSTEM,THE2WITHTHE2OFOUTPUTCANFORMFEEDBACKSYSTEMS,ANDTHEDESIGNWILLBEEASIER自动控制自动控制（AUTOMATICCONTROL）是相对人工控制概念而言的，指的是在没有人直接参与的情况下，利用外加的设备或装置，使机器、设备或生产过程的某个工作状态或参数自动地按照预定的规律运行。自动控制技术的研究有利于将人类从复杂、危险、繁琐的劳动环境中解放出来并大大提高控制效率。自动控制是工程科学的一个分支。它涉及利用反馈原理的对动态系统的自动影响，以使得输出值接近我们想要的值。从方法的角度看，它以数学的系统理论为基础。我们今天称作自动控制的是二十世纪中叶产生的控制论的一个分支。基础的结论是由诺伯特维纳，鲁道夫卡尔曼提出的。1第一代过程控制体系（PCS）150多年前,第一代过程控制体系是基于513PSI的气动信号标准（气动控制系统PCS，PNEUMATICCONTROLSYSTEM）。简单的就地操作模式，控制理论初步形成，尚未有控制室的概念。2第二代过程控制体系ACS第二代过程控制体系（模拟式或ACS,ANALOGCONTROLSYSTEM）是基于010MA或420MA的电流模拟信号，这一明显的进步，在整整25年内牢牢地统治了整个自动控制领域。它表征了电气自动控制时代的到来。控制理论有了重大发展，三大控制论的确立奠定了现代控制的基础；控制室的设立，控制功能分离的模式一直沿用至今。3第三代过程控制体系CCS70年代开始了数字计算机的应用，产生了巨大的技术优势，人们在测量，模拟和逻辑控制领域率先使用，从而产生了第三代过程控制体系（CCS，COMPUTERCONTROLSYSTEM）。这个被称为第三代过程控制体系是自动控制领域的一次革命，它充分发挥了计算机的特长，于是人们普遍认为计算机能做好一切事情，自然而然地产生了被称为“集中控制”的中央控制计算机系统，需要指出的是系统的信号传输系统依然是大部分沿用420MA的模拟信号，但是时隔不久人们发现，随着控制的集中和可靠性方面的问题，失控的危险也集中了，稍有不慎就会使整个系统瘫痪。所以它很快被发展成分布式控制系统（DCS）。4第四代过程控制体系DCS随着半导体制造技术的飞速发展，微处理器的普遍使用，计算机技术可靠性的大幅度增加，目前普遍使用的是第四代过程控制体系（DCS，或分布式数字控制系统），它主要特点是整个控制系统不再是仅仅具有一台计算机，而是由几台计算机和一些智能仪表和智能部件构成一个了控制系统。于是分散控制成了最主要的特征。除外另一个重要的发展是它们之间的信号传递也不仅仅依赖于420MA的模拟信号，而逐渐地以数字信号来取代模拟信号。5第五代过程控制体系FCSFCS是从DCS发展而来，就像DCS从CCS发展过来一样，有了质的飞跃。“分散控制”发展到“现场控制”；数据的传输采用“总线”方式。所谓现场总线就是连接智能测量与控制设备的全数字式、双向传输、具有多节点分支结构的通信链路。简单地说传统的控制是一条回路，而FCS技术是各个模块如控制器、执行器、检测器等挂在一条总线上来实现通信，当然传输的也就是数字信号。主要的总线有PROFIBUS，LONWORKS等。但是FCS与DCS的真正的区别在于FCS有更广阔的发展空间。由于传统的DCS的技术水平虽然在不断提高，但通信网络最底端只达到现场控制站一级，现场控制站与现场检测仪表、执行器之间的联系仍采用一对一传输的420MA模拟信号，成本高，效率低，维护困难，无法发挥现场仪表智能化的潜力，实现对现场设备工作状态的全面监控和深层次管理。在现代科学技术的众多领域中，自动控制技术起着越来越重要的作用。自动控制理论是研究自动控制共同规律的技术科学。它的发展初期，是以反馈理论为基础的自动调节原理，主要用于工业控制，二战期间为了设计和制造飞机及船用自动驾驶仪，火炮定位系统，雷达跟踪系统以及其他基于反馈原理的军用设备，进一步促进并完善了自动控制理论的发展。到战后，以形成完整的自动控制理论体系，这就是以传递函数为基础的经典控制理论，它主要研究单输入单输出，线形定常数系统的分析和设计问题。从开始阶段的发生到形成一个控制理论，下面我们讲述自动控制系统的组成。自动控制系统就是指这样的反馈控制系统，系统由一个控制器一个控制对象组成，把这个控制对象的输出信号检测回来，检测所得的反馈信号跟所要求的信号进行比较。相比较后会产生一个误差，然后把这误差信号输入控制器，这就是机器内部的工作。让控制器根据相应的控制算法完成控制作用，使得这个偏差消除或者说使得控制对象的输出跟踪我们所设定的信号。控制对象的输出量一般来说都是一个物理量，比如说我控制一个机器的转速，就是需要把速度检测出来，从而才能进行控制。说起控制理论在这里我们不得不提的是钱学森的工程控制论。这本书是钱学森学者1954年在美国写的书，但当时我们没有把那本书翻译为英文版。然而前苏联很重视，前苏联马上把它翻译为俄文。我们看到的最初版本是前苏联在1956年翻译的俄文版。书中的理论主要是在大概二十世纪50年代自动控制理论形成过程里边的几个主要的过程，总结出了很多经验。还有一本书是鲁里叶（LURIE）的一个关于非线性的经典著作，这本著作是1951年出版的。1944年