热能与动力工程毕业论文外文翻译

热能与动力工程毕业论文外文翻译外文文献BIOMASSCOFIRINGOPTIONSONTHEEMISSIONREDUCTIONANDELECTRICITYGENERATIONCOSTSINCOALFIREDPOWERPLANTSABSTRACTCOFIRINGOFFERSANEARTERMSOLUTIONFORREDUCINGCO2EMISSIONSFROMCONVENTIONALFOSSILFUELPOWERPLANTSVIABLEALTERNATIVESTOLONGTERMCO2REDUCTIONTECHNOLOGIESSUCHASCO2SEQUESTRATION,OXYFIRINGANDCARBONLOOPCOMBUSTIONAREBEINGDISCUSSED,BUTALLOFTHEMREMAININTHEEARLYTOMIDSTAGESOFDEVELOPMENTCOFIRING,ONTHEOTHERHAND,ISAWELLPROVENTECHNOLOGYANDISINREGULARUSETHOUGHDOESNOTELIMINATECO2EMISSIONSENTIRELYANINCREMENTALGAININCO2REDUCTIONCANBEACHIEVEDBYIMMEDIATEIMPLEMENTATIONOFBIOMASSCOFIRINGINNEARLYALLCOALFIREDPOWERPLANTSWITHMINIMUMMODIFICATIONSANDMODERATEINVESTMENT,MAKINGCOFIRINGANEARTERMSOLUTIONFORTHEGREENHOUSEGASEMISSIONPROBLEMIFAMAJORITYOFCOALFIREDBOILERSOPERATINGAROUNDTHEWORLDADOPTCOFIRINGSYSTEMS,THETOTALREDUCTIONINCO2EMISSIONSWOULDBESUBSTANTIALITISTHEMOSTEFFICIENTMEANSOFPOWERGENERATIONFROMBIOMASS,ANDITTHUSOFFERSCO2AVOIDANCECOSTLOWERTHANTHATFORCO2SEQUESTRATIONFROMEXISTINGPOWERPLANTSTHEPRESENTANALYSISEXAMINESSEVERALCOFIRINGOPTIONSINCLUDINGANOVELOPTIONEXTERNALINDIRECTFIRINGUSINGCOMBUSTIONORGASIFICATIONINANEXISTINGCOALOROILFIREDPLANTCAPITALANDOPERATINGCOSTSOFSUCHEXTERNALUNITSARECALCULATEDTODETERMINETHERETURNONINVESTMENTTWOOFTHESEINDIRECTCOFIRINGOPTIONSAREANALYZEDALONGWITHTHEOPTIONOFDIRECTCOFIRINGOFBIOMASSINPULVERIZINGMILLSTOCOMPARETHEIROPERATIONALMERITSANDCOSTADVANTAGESWITHTHEGASIFICATIONOPTION1INTRODUCTIONTHEEVIDENCEOFTHEEFFECTSOFANTHROPOGENICEMISSIONONGLOBALCLIMATEISOVERWHELMING1THETHREATOFINCREASINGGLOBALTEMPERATURESHASSUBJECTEDTHEUSEOFFOSSILFUELSTOINCREASINGSCRUTINYINTERMSOFGREENHOUSEGASGHGANDPOLLUTANTEMISSIONSTHEISSUEOFGLOBALWARMINGNEEDSTOBEADDRESSEDONANURGENTBASISTOAVOIDCATASTROPHICCONSEQUENCESFORHUMANITYASAWHOLESOCOLOWANDPACALA2INTRODUCEDTHEWEDGECONCEPTOFREDUCINGCO2EMISSIONSTHROUGHSEVERALINITIATIVESINVOLVINGEXISTINGTECHNOLOGIES,INSTEADOFASINGLEFUTURETECHNOLOGYORACTIONTHATMAYTAKELONGERTODEVELOPANDSTRONGERWILLPOWERTOIMPLEMENTAWEDGEREPRESENTSACARBONCUTTINGSTRATEGYTHATHASTHEPOTENTIALTOGROWFROMZEROTODAYTOAVOIDING1BILLIONTONSOFCARBONEMISSIONSPERYEARBY2055ITHASBEENESTIMATED3THATATLEAST15STRATEGIESARECURRENTLYAVAILABLETHAT,WITHSCALINGUP,COULDREPRESENTAWEDGEOFEMISSIONSREDUCTIONALTHOUGHANUMBEROFEMISSIONREDUCTIONOPTIONSAREAVAILABLETOTHEINDUSTRY,MANYOFTHEMSTILLFACEFINANCIALPENALTIESFORIMMEDIATEIMPLEMENTATIONSOMEMEASURESAREVERYSITE/LOCATIONSPECIFICWHILEOTHERSARESTILLINANEARLYSTAGEOFDEVELOPMENTCARBONDIOXIDESEQUESTRATIONORZEROEMISSIONPOWERPLANTSREPRESENTTHEFUTUREOFACO2EMISSIONSFREEPOWERSECTOR,BUTTHEYWILLTAKEYEARSTOCOMETOTHEMAINSTREAMMARKETTHECOSTOFCO2CAPTUREANDSEQUESTRATIONISINTHERANGEOF40E60US/TONOFCO2,DEPENDINGONTHETYPEOFPLANTANDWHERETHECO2ISSTORED4,5THISISASIGNIFICANTECONOMICBURDENONTHEINDUSTRY,ANDCOULDPOTENTIALLYESCALATETHECOSTOFELECTRICITYPRODUCEDBYASMUCHAS60CANADAHASVASTAMOUNTSOFBIOMASSINITSMILLIONSOFHECTARESOFMANAGEDFORESTS,MOSTOFWHICHREMAINUNTAPPEDFORENERGYPURPOSESCURRENTLY,LARGEQUANTITIESOFTHERESIDUESFROMTHEWOODPRODUCTSINDUSTRYARESENTTOLANDFILLORAREINCINERATED6INTHEAGRICULTURALSECTOR,GRAINCROPSPRODUCEANESTIMATED32MILLIONTONSOFSTRAWRESIDUEPERYEARALLOWINGFORASTRAWRESIDUEOF85REMAININGINTHEFIELDSTOMAINTAINSOILFERTILITY,5MILLIONTONSWOULDSTILLBEAVAILABLEFORENERGYUSEDUETOANINCREASEINLANDPRODUCTIVITY,SIGNIFICANTAREASOFLANDINCANADA,WHICHWEREEARLIERFARMED,ARENOLONGERFARMEDTHESELANDSCOULDBEPLANTEDWITHFASTGROWINGENERGYCROPS,LIKESWITCHGRASSOFFERINGPOTENTIALLYLARGEQUANTITIESOFBIOMASSFORENERGYPRODUCTION6LIVINGBIOMASSPLANTSABSORBCO2FROMTHEATMOSPHERESO,ITSCOMBUSTION/GASIFICATIONFORENERGYPRODUCTIONISCONSIDEREDCARBONNEUTRALTHUSIFACERTAINAMOUNTOFBIOMASSISFIREDINANEXISTINGFOSSILCOAL,COKEOROILFUELFIREDPLANTGENERATINGSOMEENERGY,THEPLANTCOULDREDUCEFIRINGTHECORRESPONDINGAMOUNTOFFOSSILFUELINITTHUS,APOWERPLANTWITHINTEGRATEDBIOMASSCOFIRINGHASALOWERNETCO2CONTRIBUTIONOVERCONVENTIONALCOALFIREDPLANTSBIOMASSCOFIRINGISONETECHNOLOGYTHATCANBEIMPLEMENTEDIMMEDIATELYINNEARLYALLCOALFIREDPOWERPLANTSINARELATIVELYSHORTPERIODOFTIMEANDWITHOUTTHENEEDFORHUGEINVESTMENTSITHASTHUSEVOLVEDTOBEANEARTERMALTERNATIVETOREDUCINGTHEENVIRONMENTALIMPACTOFELECTRICITYGENERATIONFROMCOALBIOMASSCOFIRINGOFFERSTHELEASTCOSTAMONGTHESEVERALTECHNOLOGIES/OPTIONSAVAILABLEFORGREENHOUSEGASREDUCTION7PRINCIPALLY,COFIRINGOPERATIONSARENOTIMPLEMENTEDTOSAVEENERGYBUTTOREDUCECOST,ANDGREENHOUSEGASEMISSIONSINSOMECASESINATYPICALCOFIRINGPLANT,THEBOILERENERGYUSAGEWILLBETHESAMEASITISOPERATEDATTHESAMESTEAMLOADCONDITIONSFORHEATINGORPOWERGENERATION,WITHTHESAMEHEATINPUTASTHATINTHEEXISTINGCOALFIREDPLANTTHEPRIMARYSAVINGSFROMCOFIRINGRESULTFROMREDUCEDFUELCOSTSWHENTHECOSTOFBIOMASSFUELISLOWERTHANTHATOFFOSSILFUEL,ANDAVOIDINGLANDFILLTIPPINGFEESOROTHERCOSTSTHATWOULDOTHERWISEBEREQUIREDTODISPOSEOFUNWANTEDBIOMASSBIOMASSFUELATPRICES20ORMOREBELOWTHECOALPRICESWOULDUSUALLYPROVIDETHECOSTSAVINGSNEEDED8APARTFROMDIRECTSAVINGSINFUELCOST,OTHERFINANCIALBENEFITSTHATCANBEEXPECTEDFROMCOFIRINGINCLUDETHEFOLLOWINGVARIOUSPOLLUTIONREDUCTIONINCENTIVESASCOFIRING,THROUGHSYNERGETICEFFECTS,REDUCESTHENETSOX,NOXANDHEAVYMETALEMISSIONS,THEPLANTCOULDCLAIMTHEAPPLICABLEPOLLUTIONREDUCTIONINCENTIVESOFFEREDBYGOVERNMENTAGENCIESFINANCIALINCENTIVESFORPLANTGREENHOUSEGASGHGEMISSIONREDUCTIONACOFIRINGPLANTTHATUSESBIOMASSTOREPLACEANAMOUNTOFCOALINANEXISTINGBOILERWILLREDUCEALMOSTANEQUALAMOUNTOFNETCO2EMISSIONFROMTHEPLANTONDEMANDPOWERPRODUCTIONUNLIKEOTHERRENEWABLEENERGYTECHNOLOGIESEGSOLAR,WIND,BIOMASSBASEDPOWERGENERATIONCANBEMADEAVAILABLEWHENEVERITISNEEDEDTHISHELPSTOACCELERATETHECAPITALINVESTMENTPAYOFFRATEBYUTILIZINGAHIGHERCAPACITYFACTORANOPTIONTOWARDSMEETINGARENEWABLEENERGYPORTFOLIOCOFIRINGOFFERSAFASTTRACK,LOWCOSTOPPORTUNITYTOADDRENEWABLEENERGYCAPACITYECONOMICALLYASITCANBEADDEDTOANYCOALFIREDPLANTIMMEDIATELY,WITHMINIMUMINVESTMENTEARNINGOFRENEWABLEENERGYTAXCREDITSTHEUSEOFBIOMASSASANENERGYSOURCETODISPLACEFOSSILFUELCANBEELIGIBLEFORSPECIALTAXCREDITSFROMMANYGOVERNMENTSFUELFLEXIBILITYBIOMASSASAFUELPROVIDESAHEDGEAGAINSTPRICEINCREASESANDSUPPLYSHORTAGESOFCOALOREINCOFIRING,BIOMASSCANBEVIEWEDASANOPPORTUNITYFUEL,USEDONLYWHENTHEPRICEISFAVORABLEBIOMASSFUELSAREGENERALLYSOURCEDFROMTHEAREASINTHEIMMEDIATEVICINITYOFTHEPLANTTOSAVEONTRANSPORTATIONCOSTS,THELOCALCOMMUNITIESBENEFITECONOMICALLYFROMTHEPRODUCTIONOFBIOMASSFUELSALLTHESEPOTENTIALBENEFITSARE,HOWEVER,COMPLEXFUNCTIONSOFLOCALFACTORSSUCHASTHEPRICEOFCOALANDBIOMASS,GOVERNMENTPOLICIES,CAPITALINVESTMENT,ANDTHECARBONMARKETINTHEEVALUATIONOFTHECOSTEFFECTIVENESSOFELECTRICITYPRODUCTIONUSINGBIOMASSCOFIRINGTHEPRESENTPAPERDISCUSSESTHEEFFECTOFTHESEFACTORSONTHEVIABILITYOFDIFFERENTTECHNICALCOFIRINGOPTIONSINCOALFIREDPOWERPLANTSTOILLUSTRATETHESEEFFECTS,ANANALYSISOFTHEECONOMICASPECTSOFDIFFERENTCOFIRINGOPTIONSISPERFORMEDBYCONSIDERINGTHECASEOFA150MWPULVERIZEDCOALPCFIREDPOWERPLANTINCANADA2COFIRINGOPTIONSBIOMASSCOFIRINGHASBEENSUCCESSFULLYDEMONSTRATEDINOVER150INSTALLATIONSWORLDWIDEFORACOMBINATIONOFFUELSANDBOILERTYPES9THECOFIRINGTECHNOLOGIESEMPLOYEDINTHESEUNITSMAYBEBROADLYCLASSIFIEDUNDERTHREETYPESIDIRECTCOFIRING,IIINDIRECTCOFIRING,ANDIIIGASIFICATIONCOFIRINGINALLTHREEOPTIONS,THEUSEOFBIOMASSDISPLACESANEQUIVALENTAMOUNTOFCOALONANENERGYBASIS,ANDHENCERESULTSINTHEDIRECTREDUCTIONOFCO2ANDNOXEMISSIONSTOTHEATMOSPHERETHESELECTIONOFTHEAPPROPRIATECOFIRINGOPTIONDEPENDSONANUMBEROFFUELANDSITESPECIFICFACTORSTHEOBJECTIVEOFTHISANALYSISISTODETERMINEANDCOMPARETHEECONOMICSOFTHEDIFFERENTCOFIRINGOPTIONSBRIEFDESCRIPTIONSOFTHETHREECOFIRINGOPTIONSAREPRESENTEDHERE21DIRECTCOFIRINGDIRECTCOFIRINGINVOLVESFEEDINGBIOMASSINTOCOALGOINGINTOTHEMILLS,THATPULVERIZETHEBIOMASSALONGWITHCOALINTHESAMEMILLSOMETIMESEPARATEMILLSMAYBEUSEDORBIOMASSISINJECTEDDIRECTLYINTOTHEBOILERFURNACETHROUGHTHECOALBURNERS,ORINASEPARATESYSTEMTHELEVELOFINTEGRATIONINTOTHEEXISTINGPLANTDEPENDSPRINCIPALLYONTHEBIOMASSFUELCHARACTERISTICSFOURDIFFERENTOPTIONSAREAVAILABLETOINCORPORATEBIOMASSCOFIRINGINPULVERIZEDCOALPOWERPLANTS10INTHEFIRSTOPTION,THEPREPROCESSEDBIOMASSISMIXEDWITHCOALUPSTREAMOFTHEEXISTINGCOALFEEDERSTHEFUELMIXTUREISFEDINTOTHEEXISTINGCOALMILLSTHATPULVERIZECOALANDBIOMASSTOGETHER,ANDDISTRIBUTEITACROSSTHEEXISTINGCOALBURNERS,BASEDONTHEREQUIREDCOFIRINGRATETHISISTHESIMPLESTOPTION,INVOLVINGTHELOWESTLEASTCAPITALCOSTS,BUTHASAHIGHESTRISKOFINTERFERENCEWITHTHECOALFIRINGCAPABILITYOFTHEBOILERUNITALKALIOROTHERAGGLOMERATION/CORROSIONCAUSINGAGENTSINTHEBIOMASSCANBUILDUPONHEATINGSURFACESOFTHEBOILERREDUCINGOUTPUTANDOPERATIONALTIME11FURTHERMORE,DIFFERENTCOMBUSTIONCHARACTERISTICSOFCOALANDBIOMASSMAYAFFECTTHESTABILITYANDHEATTRANSFERCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEFLAME12THUS,THISDIRECTCOFIRINGOPTIONISAPPLICABLETOALIMITEDRANGEOFBIOMASSTYPESANDATVERYLOWBIOMASSTOCOALCOFIRINGRATIOSTHESECONDOPTIONINVOLVESSEPARATEHANDLING,METERING,ANDPULVERIZATIONOFTHEBIOMASS,BUTINJECTIONOFTHEPULVERIZEDBIOMASSINTOTHEEXISTINGPULVERIZEDFUELPIPEWORKUPSTREAMOFTHEBURNERSORATTHEBURNERSTHISOPTIONREQUIRESONLYMODIFICATIONSEXTERNALTOTHEBOILERONEDISADVANTAGEWOULDBETHEREQUIREMENTOFADDITIONALEQUIPMENTAROUNDTHEBOILER,WHICHMAYALREADYBECONGESTEDITMAYALSOBEDIFFICULTTOCONTROLANDTOMAINTAINTHEBURNEROPERATINGCHARACTERISTICSOVERTHENORMALBOILERLOADCURVETHETHIRDOPTIONINVOLVESTHESEPARATEHANDLINGANDPULVERIZATIONOFTHEBIOMASSFUELWITHCOMBUSTIONTHROUGHANUMBEROFBURNERSLOCATEDINTHELOWERFURNACE,DEDICATEDTOTHEBURNINGOFTHEBIOMASSALONETHISDEMANDSAHIGHESTCAPITALCOST,BUTINVOLVESTHELEASTRISKTONORMALBOILEROPERATIONASTHEBURNERSARESPECIFICALLYDESIGNEDFORBIOMASSBURNINGANDWOULDNOTINTERFEREWITHTHECOALBURNERSTHEFINALOPTIONINVOLVESTHEUSEOFBIOMASSASAREBURNFUELFORNOXEMISSIONCONTROLTHISOPTIONINVOLVESSEPARATEBIOMASSHANDLINGANDPULVERIZATION,WITHINSTALLATIONOFSEPARATEBIOMASSFIREDBURNERSATTHEEXITOFTHEFURNACEASWITHTHEPREVIOUSOPTION,THECAPITALCOSTISHIGH,BUTRISKTOBOILEROPERATIONISMINIMAL22INDIRECTOREXTERNALCOFIRINGINDIRECTCOFIRINGINVOLVESTHEINSTALLATIONOFACOMPLETELYSEPARATEBIOMASSBOILERTOPRODUCELOWGRADESTEAMFORUTILIZATIONINTHECOALFIREDPOWERPLANTPRIORTOBEINGUPGRADED,RESULTINGINHIGHERCONVERSIONEFFICIENCIESANEXAMPLEOFTHISOPTIONISTHEAVEDOREUNIT2PROJECTINCOPENHAGEN,DENMARKINCANADA,GREENFIELDRESEARCHINCHASDEVELOPEDASIMILARCFBBOILERDESIGNTHATUTILIZESANUMBEROFUNITSOFTHEEXISTINGPOWERPLANTSYSTEMSLIKEIDFANETCTOREDUCETHECAPITALCOSTINTHISSYSTEM,ASUBCOMPA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