外文翻译-计算机辅助设计和计算机辅助（cadcam）

COMPUTERAIDEDDESIGNANDCOMPUTERAIDEDMANUFACTURINGCADCAM计算机辅助设计和计算机辅助（CAD/CAM）THROUGHOUTTHEHISTORYOFOURINDUSTRIALSOCIETY，MANYINVENTIONHAVEBEENPATENTEDANDWHOLENEWTECHNOLOGIESHAVEEVOLVEDWHITNEYISCONCEPTOFINTERCHANGEABLEPARTS，WATTSSTEAMENGINE，ANDFORDISASSEMBLYLINEAREBUTAFEWDEVELOPMENTSTHATAREMOSTNOTEWORTHYDURINGOURINDUSTRIALPERIODEACHOFTHESEDEVELOPMENTSHASIMPACTEDMANUFACTURINGASWEKNOWIT，ANDHASEARNEDTHESEINDIVIDUALSDESERVEDRECOGNITIONIN0URHISTORYHOOKSPERHAPSTHESINGLEDEVELOPMENTTHATHASIMPACTEDMANUFACTURINGMOREQUICKLYANDSIGNIFICANTLYTHANANYPREVIOUSTECHNOLOGYISTHEDIGITALCOMPUTERSINCETHEADVENTOFCOMPUTERTECHNOLOGY,MANUFACTURINGPROFESSIONALSHAVEWANTEDTOAUTOMATETHEDESIGNPROCESSANDUSETHEDATABASEDEVELOPEDTHEREINFORAUTOMATINGMANUFACTURINGPROCESSESCOMPUTERAIDEDDESIGNCOMPUTERAIDEDMANUFACTURINGCADCAM，WHENSUCCESSFULLYIMPLEMENTED,SHOULDREMOVETHE“WALL”THATHASTRADITIONALLYEXISTEDBETWEENTHEDESIGNANDMANUFACTURINGCOMPONENTSCADCAMMEANSUSINGCOMPUTERSINTHEDESIGNANDMANUFACTURINGPROCESSESSINCETHEADVENTOFCADCAM，OTHERTERMSHAVEDEVELOPEDCOMPUTERGRAPHICSCGCOMPUTERAIDEDENGINEERINGCAECOMPUTERAIDEDDESIGNANDDRAFTINGCADDCOMPUTERAIDEDPROCESSPLANNINGCAPPTHESESPINOFFTERMSA11REFERTOSPECIFICASPECTSOFTHECADCAMCONCEPTCADCAMITSELFISABROADER，MOREINCLUSIVETERMITISATTHEHEARTOFAUTOMATEDANDINTEGRATEDMANUFACTURINGAKEYGOALOFCADCAMISTOPRODUCEDATATHATCANBEUSEDINMANUFACTURINGAPRODUCTWHILEDEVELOPINGTHEDATABASEFORTHEDESIGNOFTHATPRODUCTWHENSUCCESSFULLYIMPLEMENTED,CADCAMINVOLVESTHESHARINGOFACOMMONDATABASEBETWEENTHEDESIGNANDMANUFACTURINGCOMPONENTSOFACOMPANYINTERACTIVECOMPUTERGRAPHICSICGPLAYSANIMPORTANTROLEINCAD/CAM,THOUGHTHEUSEOFICG,DESIGNERSDEVELOPAGRAPHICIMAGEOFTHEPRODUCTBEINGDESIGNEDWHILESTORINGTHEDATATHATELECTRONICALLYMAKEUPTHEGRAPHICIMAGETHEGRAPHICIMAGECANBEPRESENTEDINATWODIMENSIONAL2D,THREEDIMENSIONAL3D,ORSOLIDSFORMATICGIMAGEARECONSTRUCTEDUSINGSUCHBASICGEOMETRICCHARACTERSASPOINTS,LINES,CIRCLES,ANDCURVESONCECREATED,THESEIMAGESCANBEEASILYEDITEDANDMANIPULATEDINAVARIETYOFWAYSINCLUDINGENLARGEMENTS,1REDUCTIONS,ROTATIONS,ANDMOVEMENTSANLCGSYSTEMHASTHREEMAINCOMPONENTS1HARDWARE,WHICHCONSISTSOFTHECOMPUTERANDVARIOUSPERIPHERALDEVICES2SOFTWARE,WHICHCONSISTSOFTHECOMPUTERPROGRAMSANDTECHNICALMANUALSFORTHESYSTEMAND3THEHUMANDESIGNER,THEMOSTIMPORTANTOFTHETHREECOMPONENTSATYPICALHARDWARECONFIGURATIONFORANICGSYSTEMINCLUDEACOMPUTER，ADISPLAYTERMINAL,ADISKDRIVEUNITFORFLOPPYDISKETTES,AHARDDISK,ORBOTHANDINPUT/OUTPUTDEVICESSUCHASAKEYBOARD，PLOTTER,ANDPRINTERTHESEDEVICES,ALONGWITHTHESOFTWARE,ARETHETOOLSMODERNDESIGNERSUSETODEVELOPANDDOCUMENTTHEIRDESIGNSTHEICGSYSTEMSCOULDENHANCETHEDESIGNPROCESSBYALLOWINGTHEHUMANDESIGNERTOFOCUSONTHEINTELLECTUALASPECTSOFTHEDESIGNPROCESS,SUCHASCONCEPTUALIZATIONANDMAKINGJUDGMENTBASEDDECISIONSTHECOMPUTERPERFORMSTASKSFORWHICHITISBETTERSUITED,SUCHASMATHEMATICALCALCULATIONS,STORAGEANDRETRIEVALOFDATA，VARIOUSREPETITIVEOPERATIONSSUCHANDASCROSSHATCHINGRATIONALEFORCADCAMTHERATIONALECADCAMISSIMILARTOTHATUSEDTOJUSTIFYANYTECHNOLOGYBASEDIMPROVEMENTINMANUFACTURINGITGROWSOUTOFANEEDTOCONTINUALLYIMPROVEPRODUCTIVITY，QUALITYAND，INTURNCOMPETITIVENESSTHEREAREALSOOTHERREASONSWHYACOMPANYMIGHTMAKEACONVERSIONFROMMANUALPROCESSESTOCADCAMINCREASEDPRODUCTIVITYBETTERQUALITYBETTERCOMMUNICATIONCOMMONDATABASEWITHMANUFACTURINGREDUCEDPROTOTYPECONSTRUCTIONCOSTSFASTERRESPONSETOCUSTOMERSINCREASEDPRODUCTIVITYPRODUCTIVITYINTHEDESIGNPROCESSISINCREASEDBYCADCAMTIMECONSUMINGTASKSSUCHASMATHEMATICALCALCULATIONSDATASTORAGEANDRETRIEVAL,ANDDESIGNVISUALIZATIONAREHANDLEDBYTHECOMPUTER，WHICHGIVESTHEDESIGNERMORETIMETOSPENDONCONCEPTUALIZINGANDCOMPLETINGTHEDESIGNINADDITION,THEAMOUNTOFTIMEREQUIREDTODOCUMENTADESIGNCANBEREDUCEDSIGNIFICANTLYWITHCADCAMALLOFTHESETAKENTOGETHERMEANSASHORTERDESIGNCYCLE,SHORTEROVERALLPROJECTCOMPLETIONTIME,ANDAHIGHERLEVELOFPRODUCTIVITYBETTERQUALITYBECAUSECADCAMALLOWSDESIGNERSTOFOCUSMOREONACTUALDESIGNPROBLEMSANDLESS2ONTIMECONSUMING，NONPRODUCTIVETASKS，PRODUCTQUALITYIMPROVESWITHCADCAMCADCAMALLOWSDESIGNERSTOEXAMINEAWIDERRANGEOFDESIGNALTERNATIVESANDTOANALYZEEACHALTERNATIVEMORETHOROUGHLYBEFORESELECTINGONEINADDITION,BECAUSELABORINTENSIVETASKSAREPERFORMEDBYTHECOMPUTER,FEWERDESIGNERRORSOCCURTHESEALLLEADTOBETTERPRODUCTQUALITYBETTERCOMMUNICATIONDESIGNDOCUMENTSSUCHASDRAWINGS，PARTSLISTS,BILLSOFMATERIAL,ANDSPECIFICATIONSARETOOLSUSEDTOCOMMUNICATETHEDESIGNTOTHOSEWHOWILLMANUFACTUREITTHEMOREUNIFORM,STANDARDIZED,ANDACCURATETHESETOOLSARE,THEBETTERTHECOMMUNICATIONWILLBEBECAUSECAD/CAMLEADSTOMOREUNIFORM,STANDARDIZED,ANDACCURATEDOCUMENTATION,ITIMPROVESCOMMUNICATIONCOMMONDATABASETHISISONEOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTBENEFITSOFCADCAMWITHCADCAMTHEDATAGENERATEDDURINGTHEDESIGNOFPRODUCTCANBEUSEINPRODUCTTHEPRODUCTTHISSHARINGOFACOMMONDATABASEHELPSTOELIMINATETHEAGEOLD“WALL”SEPARATINGTHEDESIGNANDMANUFACTURINGFUNCTIONREDUCEDPROTOTYPECOSTSWITHMANUALDESIGN，MODELSANDPROTOTYPESOFADESIGNMUSTBEMADEANDTESTED,ADDINGTOTHECOSTOFTHEFINISHEDPRODUCTWITHCADCAM，3DCOMPUTERMODELSCANREDUCEAND,INSOMECASE,ELIMINATETHENEEDFORBUILDINGEXPENSIVEPROTOTYPESSUCHCADCAMCAPABILITIESASSOLIDSMODELINGALLOWDESIGNERSTOSUBSTITUTECOMPUTERMODELSFORPROTOTYPESINMANYCASESFASTERRESPONS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行设计和制造过程。因为CAD/CAM的出现，其他方面也发展起来计算机图形（CG）电脑辅助工程（CAE）电脑辅助设计和绘图设计（CADD）计算机辅助工艺规划（CAPP）这些附带条件是指包括解答11项具体方面的CAD/CAM的概念而CAD/CAM本身就是一个更广泛平台，它是在生产的自动化和集成的核心。CAD/CAM成功的一个关键目标是创建可以用来产品的数据当成功实施的产品设计的发展数据库。CAD/CAM致力于一个在设计和生产部件分享通用的数据库的公司。交互式计算机图形学ICG在CAD/CAM扮演一个重要角色，虽然ICG用途上，设计师冲洗被设计的产品的一个图表图象，当存放电子上组成图表图象的数据。图表图象在二维可以被提出二维（2D），三维3D，或者固体格式化。ICG图象被修建使用这样基本的几何字符象点、线、圈子和曲线。一旦生成，这些图象可以容易地被编辑和被操作用各种各样的方式包括扩大、减少、自转和运动。LCG系统有三个主要成份1硬件，包括计算机和各种各样的外围设备；2软件，包括系统的计算机程序和技术指南；3设计师，最重要三个组分。ICG系统的典型的硬件构造包括一个电脑，一个显示终端、磁盘的一个驱动器单位，一个硬盘或者两个；并且输入输出设备例如键盘，绘图器和打印机。这些设备，与软件一起，是现代工具设计师用以开发和提供他们的设计的。ICG系统能通过允许人的设计师集中提高设计过程于设计过程的智力方面，例如概念化和做出基于评断的决定。计算机执行它更好地适合，例如数据的各种各样的反复操作数学演算、存贮与检索，和各种各样的反复操作比如交叉涂画。CAD/CAM的基本原理。它来源于一个需要不断提高生产率，质量和反过来的竞争力。还有其他原因，可能使公司从手工流程转换为CAD/CAM的提高生产力；质量更好；更好的沟通；共同的数据库与制造；降低建造成本原型；更快的响应客户。增加生产率在设计过程中生产率提高了的CAD/CAM。耗时的任务，如数学计算。数据存储与检索，可视化设计是由计算机处理，从而使设计者有更多的时间花费在构思并完成设计。此外，所需的时间量的设计文件，可显着降低CAD/CAM的计算机辅助设计。采取共同所有这些意味着更短的设计周期，缩短整个项目的完成时间，并提高生产率水平。更好的质量由于CAD/CAM允许设计人员更专注于实际的设计问题，并且较少的耗费在时间、非生产性的任务上，产品的质量提升是用CAD/CAMCAD/CAM允许设计者检测各种各样的设计选择和在选择其中之一之前全面地分析每个选择。另外，因为劳动强度任务由计算机执行，所以只有少量设计错误生成。这些所有都进一步改善产品质量。更好的沟通设计文件例如图形图画，零件单，用料清单，并且这些规格被用工具联系起来对设计者和那些制造者。越一致，规范化，并且这些工具越精确，沟通将越便捷。由于CAD/CAM导致更加一致化，规范化的和文件的准确化，所以它提升了沟通。共同数据库这是其中一个CADCAM的最重要的好处。使用CAD/CAM数据产品的设计过程中生成的产品可以使用该产品。他们共享一个数据库来帮助消除分离设计和制造功能的古老的“墙”。降低原型成本使用手工设计，模型和原型的设计必须制作和检测，增加了产品完成的成本。使用CAD/CAM三维电脑模型将减少甚至在某方面消除制造昂贵模型的需要。CAD/CAM这样的能力使在许多方面允许设计师用电脑模型代替固体模型作为原型。更快回应顾客反应时间在制造业中是很重要的。多长时间满足顾客的要求时间越短越好。快速的反应时间是在市场竞争日益激烈中增加竞争力的关键之一。如今，制造商最快响应时间可能用最低出价赢得竞标合同。缩短整个设计周期并提高设计和制造零部件之间的沟通。CAD/CAM能提高企业的反应时间。CAD/CAM的历史发展CADCAM的历史发展在计算机科技的发展之后紧密跟随了和对应了ICG技术的发展。使得CADCAM的重大发展在20世纪50年代和60年代初期末期开始了。最先发展的是在麻省理工学院MIT进行的刀具控制程序自动编制系统APT计算机程式语言。APT的目的是将数字控制器部分方案的开发进行简化。它是为此计划被使用的第一种计算机语言。APT