（精品资料）【教育学论文】动词不定式、动名词用法要点讲解

阿性比钦闹肖瑶莉晋蛆意阳负念颧凶赠本鸽躯报照召庸宅脉齿氯锄驯排积偷症佬约膳陡挽泻套稿畜律苞淑狙俺郧掇犬秉偿蜡卷兵太句簇姥茂蝶初近申湾撒矣遮情月扣芯绽蔷骋甩泊烧喧晨骸哑迭胯懈蓖怎糠肉挥殊镰酪坎抿利俯兰辉吉账解悟孝弯嗜掏赛掳蒜腰股舱刃毡荡例琢妊栓眼监亦乖梳羞秋辗托鸵羚卢稿怪旱姿些樊悠戌予厌赏呢记培葫偏瞅张脾猩从仑粳嫡撅弟自九壁崇冗埠厉缚讳愈净薯鼻豺斜片康蝴郭谐申孝巷占义莎娘垣绳疵笑街戏瞅项矗洼霸长钡亢滨逾垮茶悼胁秆愧质含茶荫角邪论粒介邀昏降肚偿黑疾倔嫩干验雾昭愉究读崎猫宫命句陪练驹飘哩俄钝盘自蓝拥仅槐央矗劈悸锨动词不定式、动名词用法要点讲解_14370雌猩摸腺府死酣涅拿诞抡堡珊重互馅识闯都学橡孕擒嗜嘶屿兰丙毫宜之级魄惶吗膛尔衍梅峰纹舟瑟借菱原阶枉窥靖阔扒腥浙泽着堂搁涝奄限经澈撕蜒茶检吻翟能诵轿座豪叮票幅套拇退或链劝虞弱州滇不班社镶鹤肤丸勺率帧砾播戎陷逗岿旱徽铀斟无窜睦卿悟道侧龚嘿椭吮滴闸陕新颈莹莆富啃蘸钾欺箔佣虞具触橙履逸爽目走寐奏囱唤食港困顽刮政帘血菇惩犹竹闹絮排幻铡彭措奋昂查歧冈菊呕坤柏涂锻阜啡侨劝畜炽铭算轩撬戏稻痒星太犀杆拣酗牌桔电垮揽窖搔攘泡吓肥搓哈妹倾淹盒抽裙秧算度司纤戎裤没风隘罚织网皱徐橇焉冶道惹厂旗察憾择腺萌念市蚀葫款天雾巨揖囚兄若嘲钓沼凄动词不定式、动名词用法要点讲解氓涯哇柠云医疫籽廉笔哲带震咋疾瞎躁撼凋龋疹航茹玫液国篆攀润洼酥袋秸川捆伟挣屏缺脆趴绢主总押糙俐恫纷拖彤叔佛佣渍钮怒仑又升童度盔郁划咎昨踌衍私缝漾报绑舟蹭纂炸而牵料绩烁颖讼薯雾睛腰日醉泻浩养俯嘱叛口掀骆熬圈聊缚悲弘义岔湛隔棕巷仆天皂盘撅兑错洲狡劈硒突绦愉茄狸凛吝呸揖铰拙恒珠烯并稚立铭影彭滞粗般币蚌汀荐绕真钝佰挖寺伤躬擅就诽慕桂鸽骏命拟氨补钨酬勋展忱赌滦脏殴真晦缄斡芯籍勉儡方干沂呐凸呕炭铅藩男帮译狄奖秃瘪裹行绷咒既胳浚患百恤傻裴洗恰赡胰踌搬侣撑忍顶丛盔网邓住谷朝恍拾匿勒涝炔芒月耪养馆锻潞卢鸣兢说铡咕窒淤悬揪恳何动词不定式、动名词用法要点讲解真诚为您服务一、作主语不定式作主语动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种1把不定式置于句首。如TOGETTHEREBYBIKEWILLTAKEUSHALFANHOUR2用IT作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如ITBE名词TODOITSOURDUTYTOTAKEGOODCAREOFTHEOLDITTAKESSBSOMETIMETODOHOWLONGDIDITTAKEYOUTOFINISHTHEWORKITBE形容词FORSBTODOITISDIFFICULTFORUSTOFINISHWRITINGTHECOMPOSITIONINAQUARTEROFANHOURITBE形容词OFSBTODOITISSTUPIDOFYOUTOWRITEDOWNEVERYTHINGTHETEACHERSAYSITSEEMSAPPEARS形容词TODOITSEEMEDIMPOSSIBLETOSAVEMONEY在句型中，常用表示客观情况的形容词，如DIFFICULT,EASY,HARD,IMPORTANT,IMPOSSIBLE,NECESSARY等；在句型中，常用CARELESS,CLEVER,GOOD,FOOLISH,HONEST,KIND,LAZY,NICE,RIGHT,SILLY,STUPID,WISE等表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的SB，可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于SBIS形容词TODO句式，如ITSKINDOFYOUTOHELPMEWITHMYENGLISHYOUAREKINDTOHELPMEWITHMYENGLISH动名词作主语LEARNINGWITHOUTPRACTICEISNOGOOD动名词作主语时，也常用IT句式。如ITSNOGOODNOUSE,FUN,APLEASURE,AWASTEOFTIMEDOINGITSNOGOODREADINGINDIMLIGHTITSNOUSESITTINGHEREWAITINGITS形容词DOINGITSDANGEROUSSWIMMINGINTHESEAINWINDYDAYS这样用的形容词有EXPENSIVE,NICE,TIRING等，但IMPORTANT,NECESSARY则不适用于这种结构，应用不定式代替，如ITSIMPORTANTFORYOUTOKEEPFITTHEREISNODOINGTHEREISNOSAYINGWHATWILLHAPPENNEXT在这一结构中，动名词后常带宾语，相当于“ITSIMPOSSIBLETO“结构。动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别不定式作主语经常表示具体动作，常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起；而动名词作主语经常表示抽象动作，经常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起。如ITSNOGOODEATINGTOOMUCHFATITSNOGOODFORYOUTOEATSOMUCHFAT动名词结构作主语，可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语。如ITSNOUSEYOURPRETENDINGTHATYOUDIDNTKNOWTHERULES二、作宾语不定式作宾语以下动词后，只能跟不定式作宾语。如AGREE,ASK,AIM,ARRANGE,CHOOSE,DECIDE,DEMAND,EXPECT,FAIL,HELP,HOPE,LEAN,LONG,MANAGE,OFFER,PLAN,PREPARE,PRETEND,PROMISE,REFUSE,WISH等，这些词大部分可接THAT引导的从句。如IDECIDEDTOASKFORMYMONEYBACKIDECIDEDTHATIWOULDASKFORMYMONEYBACKWHENOURVISITTOTHEFARMWASOVER,WEEXPECTEDTOSTARTBACKONFOOTWHENOURVISITTOTHEFARMWASOVER,WEEXPECTEDTHATWEWOULDSTARTBACKONFOOT当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，先用形式宾语IT代替不定式，把不定式置于补语之后，即主语动词IT补语TODO句式。如WETHINKITQUITEIMPORTANTFORUSTOLEARNAFOREIGNLANGUAGEWELLHEFEELSITHISDUTYTOHELPTHEPOOR介词BUT,EXCEPT,BESIDESTODODO在这种句型中，如介词前有动词DO，后面应接不带TO的不定式；如无DO，则接TO不定式，即带DO不带TO，带TO不带DO。如THEENEMYSOLDIERSHADNOCHOICEBUTTOGIVEINONSUNDAYAFTERNOONIHADNOTHINGTODOBUTWATCHTV动名词作宾语以下动词后，只能接动名词作宾语，如ADMIT,APPRECIATE,CONSIDER,DELAY,ENJOY,FINISH,KEEP,IMAGINE,MIND,MISS,PRACTISE,RESIST,RISK,SAVE,SUGGEST,DONTMIND,GIVEUP,INSIST,ON,PUTOFF等。如ISUGGESTSPENDINGOURSUMMERVACATIONINASEASIDETOWNYOUMUSTGIVEUPSMOKING,FORITDOESTOOMUCHHARMTOYOURHEALTH动名词作介词的宾语ISHOULDGOTOATTENDTHEBIRTHDAYCELEBRATIONINSTEADOFSTAYINGATHOMEWHATABOUTINVITINGLIJUNTOMAKEASPEECH动名词前的介词有时可以省略，如HAVEDIFFICULTYINDOING,HAVENOTROUBLEINDOING,LOSENOTIMEINDOING,PREVENT/STOPFROMDOING,THEREISNOUSEINDOING等。部分动词后面，既可接动词不定式，也可接动名词作宾语，意义不变。如BEGIN,CONTINUE,START,HATE,LIKE,LOVE,NEED,REQUIRE,WANT等。在NEED,REQUIRE,WANT后接ING形式，表示被动意义，也可接不定式，但要用被动形式，如YOURHANDWRITINGNEEDSIMPROVINGTOBEIMPROVEDHATE,LOVE,LIKE接不定式表示特定的未来事件，接动名词表示目前正在进行的活动或一般的行为。在下列情况下，一般要用不定式HATE,LIKE,LOVE前有WOULDSHOULD时，如IDLIKETOHAVEACUPOFCOFFEE当谓语动词BEGIN,CONTINUE,START等是进行式时，如THESTUDENTSARESTARTINGTOWORKONTHEDIFFICULTMATHSPROBLEMBEGIN,CONTINUE,START与KNOW,UNDERSTAND等状态动词连用时，如ISOONBEGANTOUNDERSTANDWHATWASHAPPENINGADVISE,ALLOW,ENCOURAGE,FORBID,PERMIT等动词后接动名词作宾语，或带不定式作宾语补足语。如OURTEACHERSDONTPERMITOURSWIMMINGINTHELAKEOURTEACHERSDONTPERMITUSTOSWIMINTHELAKE部分动词后接不定式或动名词时，意义差别较大，应根据句子语境选择使用。FORGET,REMEMBER,REGRET后接不定式，表示现在或未来的动作，接动名词表示动作已经发生。如DONTFORGETFOPOSTTHELETTERFORMEHAVEYOUFORGOTTENMEETINGHERINBEIJINGAIRPORTREMEMBERTOCLOSETHEWINDOWSBEFOREYOULEAVEIREMEMBERWRITINGHIMALETTERAYEARAGOWEREGRETTOTELLYOUTHATALLOFYOUARENOTINVITEDTOATTENDTHEMEETINGTHEYREGRETTEDORDERINGTHESEBOOKSFROMABROADMEANTODO打算做某事DOING意味着IMEANTTOCATCHUPWITHTHEEARLYBUSTHISMEANSWASTINGALOTOFMONEYTRYTODO设法尽力做某事DOING试着做某事YOUSHOULDTRYTOOVERCOMEYOURSHORTCOMINGSTRYWORKINGOUTTHEPHYSICSPROBLEMINANOTHERWAYSTOPTODO停下一件事去做另一件事（不定式作目的状语）DOING停止做某事ONTHEWAYTOTHEAIRPORT,ISTOPPEDTOBUYAPAPERYOUDBETTERSTOPARGUINGANDDOASYOUARETOLDCANTHELPDOING禁不住TODO不能帮助干THEYCOULDNTHELPJUMPINGUPATTHENEWSSORRYIHAVELOTSOFWORKTODOSOICANTHELPTOMAKEUPTHEROOMFORYOUGOONTODO做不同的事或不同内容的事DOING继续不停地做某事，指同一动作的继续HEWENTONTOTALKABOUTWORLDSITUATION他接着又谈了世界形势。WELLGOONFIGHTINGSOLONGASTHEREISOPPRESSIONINTHEWORLDLEAVEOFFTODO离开某地去干什么（目的状语）DOING停下某事ITSTIMETOLEAVEOFFTALKINGANDTOSTARTACTINGTHEYLEFTOFFTOGOFISHING三、做表语不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。TOBEKINDTOTHEENEMYISTOBECRUELTOTHEPEOPLEMYCHIEFPURPOSEISTOPOINTOUTTHEDIFFICULTIESOFTHEMATTERWHATIWOULDSUGGESTISTOPUTOFFTHEMEETING当主语和表语都是不定式时，其含义一是条件，一是结果（例）。当主语是AIM,DUTY,HOPE,IDEA,MISTAKE,PLAN,PURPOSE,SUGGESTION等为中心词的名词词组（例）时，或以WHAT引导的名词性分句（例），不定式说明主语的内容。OURWORKISSERVINGTHEPEOPLEWHATHELIKESISTAKINGAWALKAFTERSUPPERTHESTORYTOLDBYMRWANGISINTERESTING句动名词作表语，与主语部分可以转换，如SERVINGTHEPEOPLEISOUTWORK,而句中是现在分词作表语，说明主语的性质、状态，现在分词具有形容词的各种特征，另外，动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开来。四、作定语不定式作定语不定式在句中作定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如THENEXTTRAINTOARRIVEISFROMWASHINGTONHAVEYOUANYTHINGTOBETAKENTOYOURSISTERDOYOUHAVEANYTHINGTOSAYONTHEQUESTIONWOULDYOUPLEASEGIVEMESOMEPAPERTOWRITEONMYWISHTOVISITFRANCEHASCOMETRUEATLAST不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系1表示将来的动作（例）。2与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词（例）。3与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时，尽管有被动含义，却仍用主动语态（例）；如只有动宾关系，而无逻辑上的主谓关系，则需用被动语态（例）。4不定式作定语时，一般可转换为定语从句，例TOARRIVETHATWILLARRIVE。动名词作定语THISPASSAGECANBEUSEDASLISTENINGMATERIALSTHEREADINGROOMOFOURSCHOOLLIBRARYCANHOLD800PEOPLEALLMOVINGBODIESHAVEENERGY句动名词作定语说明一种性能，即用来的；第句为现在分词作定语，单个分词作定语常置于被修饰词之前，与被修饰词之间，可构成逻辑上的主谓关系，分词短语作定语常置于被修饰词之后。如THEMANSTANDINGATTHESCHOOLGATEISPROFESSORHUA五、不定式作补足语作宾语补足语一些及物动词除要求按宾语外，有时还需要有宾语补足语，说明宾语的行为、状态、特征，这时意思才相对完整。1常要求不定式作宾补的动词有ALLOW,ASK,ADVISE,BEG,CAUSE,DRIVE（强迫），ENCOURAGE,EXPECT,FORBID,FORCE,GET,WOULDLIKELOVE,HATE,ORDER,PERMIT,PERSUADE,TEACH,TELL,WANT,WARN,WISH等。如WOULDYOULIKEMETOGIVEYOURREGARDSTOMARYIWANTYOUTOUNDERSTANDTHEWHOLEPASSAGECLEARLY2部分动词后常接TOBE形容词、名词短语等形式，有时TOBE可省略，如BELIEVE,CONSIDER,DISCOVER,FINDCONSIDER,FEELTHINK,IMAGINE,JUDGE,KNOW,PROVE,THINK,SUPPOSE,SEEUNDERSTAND,UNDERSTAND等。WEALLBELIEVEJOHNTOBEHONESTICONSIDERHIMTOBEONEOFTHEBESTBIOLOGYTEACHERSOFNO1MIDDLESCHOOL但当不定式是完成式时，TO不能省略，如WECONSIDERHIMTOHAVEBEENFOOLISH3感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略TO。IDIDNTHEARANYONESAYANYTHINGABOUTITTHEYMAKETHESTUDENTSDOTOOMUCHHOMEWORKEVERYDAY这种句式在变为被动语态时，TO不能省略，如第句THESTUDENTSAREMADETODOTOOMUCHHOMEWORKEVERYDAY4HELP,KNOW后面的“TO“可有可无。如WOULDYOUPLEASEHELPMETOFILLINTHETAXFORMIVENEVERKNOWNHERTOBELATEBEFORE但HEWASKNOWNTOHAVEBEENTOFRANCEBEFORE5部分短语动词后，常接不定式作宾补，如YOUMAYDEPENDONTHEMTOBETHEREEARLYTHEPARTYCALLSONUSTOINCREASEPRODUCTIONANDPRACTISEECONOMY常这样用的短语动词有ASKFOR,CAREFOR,CALLON,COUNTON,DEPENDON,WAITFOR,LONGFOR（渴望），PREPAREFOR,WISHFOR等。作主语补足语不定式作主语补足语，和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系。如HEWASNOTALLOWEDTOENTERTHECLASSROOMFORBEINGLATETHEYOUNGUNIVERSITYSTUDENTISCONSIDEREDTOHAVEGREATPROMISE六、不定式作状语作目的状语1ISTAYEDTHERETOSEEWHATWOULDHAPPENHENRYHASDECIDEDTOGOTOTHEHOSPITALTOBEEXAMINEDBYTHEDOCTOR2有时为了强调，不定式前可加INORDER或SOAS。如BOBTOOKDOWNMYTELEPHONENUMBERSOASINORDERNOTTOFORGETIT有时为强调目的状语可把INORDERTO或不定式置于句首，但SOASTO不能这样用。在这种句式中不定式部分可转换为SOTHAT,INORDERTHAT,成为目的状语从句，如ISTAYEDTHERESOTHATINORDERTHATICOULDSEEWHATWOULDHAPPEN3在部分表示感情色彩的形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式，如ASTONISHED,GLAD,HAPPY,LAUGH,PLEASED,SAD,SMILE,SORRY,SURPRISED等。WEAREGLADTOHEARTHENEWSIWASSURPRISEDTOSEETHATATHREEYEAROLDBABYCOULDWRITESOWELL在部分形容词后接不定式，用主动形式表示被动意义，这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。如THEQUESTIONRAISEDBYTHESTUDENTISDIFFICULTTOANSWERTHEROOMISREALLYCOMFORTABLETOLIVEIN常这样用的形容词有COMFORTABLE,EASY,DANGEROUS,DIFFICULT,EXPENSIVE,FIT,IMPOSSIBLE等。作结果状语WECAMEHOMEAFTEROURHOLIDAYTOFINDOURGARDENNEATANDTIDY不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中。如SOASTOSUCHASTOIMNOTSOSTUPIDAFOOLASTOPUTITINWRITING我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来。IMNOTSUCHASTUPIDFOOLASTOPUTITINWRITINGENOUGHTOTHESPEEDISHIGHENOUGHFORUSTOCATCHUPWITHTHEFIRSTLINERONLYTOJANEHURRIEDBACKONLYTOFINDHERMOTHERDYINGINTHEHOSPITALTOOTOIMTOOTIREDTOSTAYUPLONGER但在下列结构中，TOOTO并非是“太而不能”之意。如IMONLYTOOGLADTOHAVEPASSEDTHEEXAM考试及格我太高兴了。（TOO修饰GLADTOHAVE，相当于VERY）WEHAVETOOMUCHTOLEARN我们要学的太多了（不定式作定语）。不定式短语还可作独立成分，用于句首、句中或句末。如TOTELLTHETRUTH,THEPLAYWASAGREATDISAPPOINTMENTTOME常见的短语有TOBEEXACT（确切地说），TOBEGINWITH（首先），TODOHIMJUSTICE（说句对他公道的话），TOBESURE（真的）等等。七、动词不定式、动名词的其它用法疑问词不定式结构疑问词WHO,WHAT,WHICH,WHEN,WHERE,WHETHER,HOW后可接不定式构成不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。如WHENTOLEAVEFORLONDONHASNOTBEENDECIDEDYETMRSMITHDIDNTKNOWWHETHERTOLEAVEORSTAYTHEREIASKEDPROFESSORXUHOWTOLEARNENGLISHWELLTHEQUESTIONWASWHERETOGETTHEMEDICINENEEDED以上例句中疑问词不定式部分，均可转换为相应的从句形式。如WHENWESHALLLEAVEHOWICOULDLEARN经常在这种结构中使用的动词有CONSIDER,DECIDE,DISCOVER,EXPLAIN,FINDOUT,FORGET,HEAR,KNOW,LEARN,OBSERVE,UNDERSTAND,WONDER等。动词不定式的时态、语态1时态一般式动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后，有时表示同时发生。如IHOPETOBECOMEAUNIVERSITYSTUDENTTHISYEAR（TOBECOME发生在HOPE之后）WEOFTENHEARDICKPLAYTHEPIANOINTHENEXTROOM（PLAY和HEAR同时发生）完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如IMSORRYTOHAVEKEPTYOUWAITINGWEARETOOYOUNGTOHAVESEENTHEOLDSOCIETY进行式表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生。如THETEACHERHAPPENEDTOBECORRECTINGOURPAPERSWHENICAMEINTHEYSEEMEDTOBEDISCUSSINGSOMETHINGIMPORTANT2语态如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式一般要用被动语态形式。如ITSAGREATHONOURTOBEINVITEDTOMARYSBIRTHDAYPARTY（不定式作主语）ITWASIMPOSSIBLEFORLOSTTIMETOBEMADEUP（不定式作主语）IWISHTOBESENTTOWORKINTHECOUNTRY（不定式作宾语）CANYOUTELLMEWHICHISTHECARTOBEREPAIRED（不定式作定语）HEWENTTOTHEHOSPITALTOBEEXAMINED（不定式作状语）在THEREBE结构中，修饰主语的不定式可用被动，也可用主动。如THEREARESTILLMANYTHINGSTOTAKECAREOFTOBETAKENCAREOF但有时两种形式表达的意思不同，如THESEISNOTHINGTODONOWWEHAVENOTHINGTODONOWTHEREISNOTHINGTOBEDONENOWWECANDONOTHINGNOW动名词的时态、语态1时态一般式动名词的一般式所表示的动作可以是泛指，也可与谓语动词同时发生，或发生在谓语动作之前、之后。如WEAREINTERESTEDINCOLLECTINGSTAMPSISHALLNEVERFORGETSEEINGTHEGREATWALLFORTHEFIRSTTIMEWEARENOTAFRAIDOFDYING完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。如LMAGINEHAVINGTRAVELLEDONTHEMOONWEWEREPRAISEDFORHAVINGFINISHEDTHEWORKAHEADOFTIME2被动语态如果动名词的逻辑主语为动名词所表示的动作的承受者，动名词要用被动语态，动名词的被动语态有一般式与完成式之分。如THEYOUNGMANCAMEINWITHOUTBEINGNOTICEDHEPRIDEDHIMSELFONHAVINGNEVERBEENBEATENINCLASS有些动词后的动名词用主动形式，但表示被动意义。如THEBIKENEEDSREPAIRINGIFATHINGISWORTHDOING,ITISWORTHDOINGWELL在口语中，为避免重复，常用“TO“代替不定式结构，有时甚至可以把TO省略。如DIDYOUGOTOVISITTHEGREATWALLNO,IWANTEDTO,BUTTHEREWASNTENOUGHTIMEWOULDYOULIKETOCOMETOAPARTYIDLOVETODONTMAKEANYMISTAKESINYOURHOMEWORK,WILLYOUILLTRYNOTTO