高中化学基础知识（basic knowledge of high school chemistry）

高中化学基础知识（BASICKNOWLEDGEOFHIGHSCHOOLCHEMISTRY）HIGHSCHOOLCHEMISTRY,KNOWLEDGEPOINTS,CONCEPT,ALOTOFTHINGSAREVERYABSTRACT,DIFFICULTTOUNDERSTAND,TOREVIEWTHEGREATDIFFICULTY,WEIFANGYOUNGTEACHERSTOCREATEHIGHSCHOOLCHEMISTRYAIMSTOHELPTHESTUDENTSARESTUDYINGANDDEEPENTHEIRUNDERSTANDINGOFTHECHEMISTRYOFHIGHSCHOOL,TOHELPTHEMSOLVETHEDIFFICULTIESENCOUNTEREDINLEARNINGCATALOGSAFETYOFCHEMICALEXPERIMENTSEPARATIONANDPURIFICATIONOFMIXTURESIONTESTAUNITOFQUANTITYOFMATTERTHEAPPLICATIONOFQUANTITYOFMATTERINCHEMISTRYEXPERIMENTCHEMICALSANDTHEIRCHANGESMETALSANDTHEIRCOMPOUNDSNONMETALSANDTHEIRCOMPOUNDSTESTOFCHLORIDEIONNITRICOXIDEANDNITROGENDIOXIDEAMMONIAANDAMMONIUMSALTCHEMICALEXPERIMENTSAFETYSEPARATIONANDPURIFICATIONOFMIXTURESIONTESTAUNITOFQUANTITYOFMATTERTHEAPPLICATIONOFQUANTITYOFMATTERINCHEMISTRYEXPERIMENTCHEMICALSANDTHEIRCHANGESMETALSANDTHEIRCOMPOUNDSNONMETALSANDTHEIRCOMPOUNDSTESTSFORCHLORIDEION,NITRICOXIDEANDNITROGENDIOXIDE,AMMONIAANDAMMONIUMSALTSSAFETYOFCHEMICALEXPERIMENT1,1THETESTOFPOISONOUSGASSHOULDBECARRIEDOUTINTHEVENTILATEDKITCHEN,ANDATTENTIONSHOULDBEPAIDTOTHEPROPERTREATMENTOFEXHAUSTGASABSORPTIONORIGNITION,ETCWHENCONDUCTINGINFLAMMABLEANDEXPLOSIVEGASEXPERIMENTS,ITSHOULDBEOBSERVEDTHATTHETAILGASSHOULDBEBURNEDORPROPERLYTREATED2BURNSHOULDBETREATEDBYADOCTOR3CONCENTRATEDACIDSPRINKLEDONTHEEXPERIMENTALTABLE,FIRSTWITHNA2CO3ORNAHCO3NEUTRALIZATION,ANDTHENWASHEDCLEANWITHWATERCONCENTRATEDACIDSTAINEDONTHESKIN,ITSHOULDBEWIPEDWITHADRYCLOTH,ANDTHENRINSEWITHWATERCONCENTRATEDACIDSPLASHINTHEEYESHOULDBEDILUTEDWITHDILUTENAHCO3SOLUTION,ANDTHENASKTHEDOCTORTODEALWITH4CONCENTRATEDALKALIONTHEEXPERIMENTALTABLE,FIRSTDILUTEWITHACETICACIDNEUTRALIZATION,ANDTHENWASHEDCLEANWITHWATERCONCENTRATEDALKALIONTHESKIN,ITSHOULDFIRSTFLUSHWITHALARGEAMOUNTOFWATER,ANDTHENCOATEDWITHBORICACIDSOLUTIONCONCENTRATEDALKALISPLASHINTHEEYE,RINSEWITHWATERANDTHENRINSEWITHBORICACIDSOLUTION5SODIUM,PHOSPHORUSANDOTHERFIRESSHOULDBECOVEREDWITHSAND6ASMALLAREAOFALCOHOLANDOTHERFLAMMABLEORGANICMATTERISCAUGHTFIREITSHOULDBEQUICKLYWASHEDWITHADAMPCLOTHSEPARATIONANDPURIFICATIONOFMIXTURESTHEAPPLICATIONSHOULDPAYATTENTIONTOMATTERSOFMATERIALSEPARATIONANDPURIFICATIONMETHODFOREXAMPLEFILTRATIONFORSOLIDLIQUIDSEPARATIONMIXEDAPASTE,TWOLOWANDTHREEBYDISTILLATIONANDPURIFICATIONSUCHASPURIFICATIONORSEPARATIONOFLIQUIDMIXTURESOFDIFFERENTBOILINGPOINTSTOPREVENTLIQUIDSALTBUMPING,THEMERCURYTHERMOMETERISTHEPOSITIONOFTHEBALL,THEFLOWOFTHEWATERSOLUBILITYOFDIFFERENTCONDENSATIONDISTILLATIONSUCHASOILDISTILLATIONSUCHASTHEUSEOFOILEXTRACTIONOFSOLUTEINANIMMISCIBLESOLVENT,ASOLVENTEXTRACTIONAGENTSELECTIONMETHODOFSOLUTEFROMITSSOLUTIONANDANOTHERSOLVENTCOMPOSITIONOFTHEEXTRACTSHOULDMEETTHEFOLLOWINGREQUIREMENTSTHEORIGINALANDTHESOLVENTIMMISCIBLEOPENTHEUPPERENDOFTHEPISTONORTHEGROOVETHEPISTONANDTHEFUNNELWATERONTHESOLUBILITYOFTHESOLUTEISMUCHLARGERTHANTHEORIGINALSOLVENTWITHBROMINEINCARBONTETRACHLORIDEEXTRACTIONOFBROMINEANDIODINELIQUIDSEPARATIONOFIMMISCIBLELIQUIDSTHEAIRISCOMMUNICATEDWITHTHEAIRINSIDEANDOUTSIDETHEFUNNELOPENTHEPISTON,THEPISTONCLOSESSLOWLYLOWERLIQUIDOUTFLOW,INATIMELYMANNER,THEUPPERLIQUIDPOUREDOUTFROMTHEUPPERENDASBYHEATINGAMIXTUREOFEVAPORATIONOFBROMINEANDIODINEBROMINEINCARBONTETRACHLORIDEEXTRACTIONINTOLIQUIDAFTEREVAPORATIONANDCRYSTALLIZATIONFORSEPARATIONANDPURIFICATIONOFSEVERALSOLUBLESOLIDSOLUTIONEVAPORATES,WITHAGLASSRODTOSTIRMOREEVAPORATIONWHENTHESOLIDSOLUTIONINTHEDISH,STOPHEATINGSEPARATIONOFNACLANDKNO3MIXTUREIONTESTTHEPHENOMENONOFIONIONEQUATIONCLAGNO3REAGENT,DILUTEHNO3WHITEPRECIPITATEPRODUCEDCLAGAGCLSO42DILUTEHCLPRECIPITATIONFORMULA,BACL2WHITEPRECIPITATESO42BA2BASO4DOWNTHEMOSTCOMMONSHOULDHAVEALKALISODIUMPOTASSIUMCALCIUMANDBARIUM,BESIDESISINSOLUBLEINWATERBARIUMSULFATE,LEADWATERSOLUBLECHLORIDESALT,SILVERCARBONATEINPOTASSIUMSODIUMSOLUTIONUNDERK,NA,KTHROUGHTHEPURPLEFLAME,COBALTBLUEGLASSNAYELLOWFE3USESKSCNSOLUTIONTOGENERATEREDSUBSTANCESFESCN3,BRANDI,USINGADILUTEHNO3ACIDIFIEDAGNO3SOLUTIONBRTOPRODUCEAPALEYELLOWPRECIPITATETHATISINSOLUBLEINDILUTENITRICACID,ANDIPRODUCESAYELLOWPRECIPITATETHATISINSOLUBLEINDILUTENITRICACIDAFTERTHERELEASEOFCARBONATEIONSWITHHYDROCHLORICACIDISCOLORLESSANDODORLESSANDMAKECLEARLIMEWATERTURBIDGASESCARBONDIOXIDEAMMONIAIONSWITHCONCENTRATEDSODIUMHYDROXIDE,HEATEDTOPRODUCEAPUNGENTODOR,WETREDLITMUSBLUENH3FOURGASIMPURITYNOTE1,INORDERTOMAKETHEIMPURITY,REAGENTCANNOTJOINIS“APPROPRIATE“,BUTSHOULDBE“EXCESSIVE“,BECAUSEYOUCANNOTGUARANTEETHATADDINGSOLVENTTHEAMOUNTOFONLYEXCESSIONSORIONCLUSTERSINTHESUBSEQUENTOPERATIONMUSTBEEASYTOREMOVE2MAKESURETHATNEWIMPURITYPARTICLESARENOTINTRODUCED,ANDEVENIFADDED,THEYMUSTBEREMOVEDINSUBSEQUENTOPERATIONSAUNITOFQUANTITYOFMATTER1THEQUANTITYOFASUBSTANCENISTHEPHYSICALQUANTITYOFACOLLECTIVECONTAININGACERTAINNUMBEROFPARTICLES2MOLESMOLMEASUREANYPARTICLEOF23SQUAREPARTICLESCONTAINING602X10PARTICLESINTO1MOLES3THEAVOGADROCONSTANT23TIMESMOL1ISCALLEDAVOGADROCONSTANT602X104OFTHEAMOUNTOFSUBSTANCESUBSTANCECONTAININGPARTICLENUMBER5N/NAN/AVOGADROCONSTANTMOLARMASSM1DEFINITIONMASSPERUNITAMOUNTOFSUBSTANCEOFTHEMATERIALISCALLEDMOLARMASS2G/MOLORGMOL13NUMERICALRELATIVEATOMICMASSORRELATIVEMOLECULARMASSISEQUALTOTHEPARTICLEQUALITY/QUANTITY6MATERIALMATERIALMOLARMASSNM/MSIX,THEMOLARVOLUMEOFGAS1GASMOLARVOLUMEVM1DEFINITIONGASUNITMOLARVOLUMECALLEDTHEMOLARVOLUMEOFGAS2UNITVOLUMEL/MOL2GASVOLUME/MATERIALTHEMOLARVOLUMEOFGASNV/VM3STANDARDCONDITION,VM224L/MOLTHEAPPLICATIONOFQUANTITYOFMATTERINCHEMISTRYEXPERIMENT1THECONCENTRATIONOFASUBSTANCE1DEFINEDASTHEAMOUNTOFSUBSTANCEINTHESOLUTIONOFASOLUTECONTAINEDINAUNITVOLUMESOLUTIONTHEPHYSICALQUANTITYOFTHESOLUTIONISCALLEDTHECONCENTRATIONOFTHESUBSTANCEBOFTHESOLUTEB2MOL/L3THEAMOUNTOFSUBSTANCECONCENTRATIONTHEAMOUNTOFSOLUTEMATERIAL/SOLUTIONVOLUMECBNB/V2ACERTAINAMOUNTOFSUBSTANCECONCENTRATIONOFCOMPOUND1ACCORDINGTOTHEBASICPRINCIPLEOFCONCENTRATIONFORVOLUMEANDSOLUTESOLUTIONOFTHEMATERIAL,METHODOFCALCULATIONFORCONCENTRATIONOFRELATEDSUBSTANCESANDCALCULATETHEMASSORVOLUMEREQUIREDFORTHESOLUTEINTHECONTAINERWILLBEDILUTEDWITHSOLVENTANDSOLUTETOASPECIFIEDVOLUME,HAVETOPREPAREDSOLUTION2THEMAINOPERATIONOFTHEATESTWHETHERTHEBSOLUTION,WATERLEAKAGE123,WEIGHING,DISSOLUTION,TRANSFER,54,WASHINGTHE6FIXEDVOLUME78,SHAKE,STORAGESOLUTIONNOTEASELECTIONANDPREPARATIONFORTHEFLASKVOLUMEOFSOLUTIONTHESAMEBMUSTBECHECKEDBEFOREUSEWATERLEAKAGEWHETHERCCANNOTBEDIRECTLYDISSOLVEDINAVOLUMETRICFLASKDDISSOLVEDAFTERSOLUTIONANDTHENTRANSFERTOCOOLINGATROOMTEMPERATUREECONSTANTVOLUMEWHENTHELIQUIDLEVELIS1TO2CMAWAYFROMTHECALIBRATIONLINE,USEADROPPERTOOBSERVETHEWATERHEADTOTHELOWESTPOINTOFTHELIQUIDSURFACEBYTHEHEADUPMETHOD3SOLUTIONISDILUTEDCCONCENTRATEDSOLUTION,VCONCENTRATEDSOLUTION,CDILUTESOLUTION,VDILUTESOLUTIONCHEMICALSANDTHEIRCHANGESASYSTEMINWHICHSUBSTANCESORSUBSTANCESAREDISPERSEDINANOTHERORMORESUBSTANCE,KNOWNASDISPERSIONSSUBSTANCESDISPERSEDARECALLEDDISPERSIONSGASES,LIQUIDS,SOLIDSSUBSTANCESTHATACTASDISPERSINGAGENTSARECALLEDDISPERSANTSGASES,LIQUIDS,SOLIDSTHREEKINDSOFCOLLOIDALSOLUTION,EMULSION,DISPERSION,SCATTEREDMATTERPARTICLESIZE/NMAPPEARANCECANPASSTHROUGHTHEFILTERPAPERORTHETYNDALLEFFECTWASLESSTHAN1EXAMPLESOFUNIFORM,TRANSPARENTANDSTABLEWITHOUTNACL,SUCROSESOLUTIONIN1100BETWEENCOLLOIDALUNIFORM,TRANSPARENTANDSTABLETOSOMEFEOH3COLLOIDEMULSIONCHEMICALCHANGESMORETHAN100CHEMICALCHANGESISNOTUNIFORM,OPAQUEANDUNSTABLEWITHOUTSLURRYTWO,MATERIALCANOCCURINAVARIETYOF1,BETWEENSUBSTANCES,ACCORDINGTOCERTAINSTANDARDSCANBEUSEDTOCLASSIFYCHEMICALCHANGES1ACCORDINGTOTHEREACTANTSANDPRODUCTSCATEGORIESANDHOWMANYSPECIESOFTHEREACTIONCANBEDIVIDEDINTOA,CHEMICALREACTIONABAB,BABABC,THEDECOMPOSITIONREACTIONOFREPLACEMENTREACTIONABCACB,DMETATHESISABCDADCBREACTION2ACCORDINGTOWHETHERISINTHETHEREACTIONISDIVIDEDINTOA,IONREACTIONTHEREAREACLASSOFREACTIVEIONINTHETHEREACTIONSMAINLYINVOLVEMETATHESISANDREDOXREACTIONSINVOLVINGIONSB,MOLECULARREACTIONNONIONICREACTION3ACCORDINGTOWHETHERTHEREISAREACTIONINTHEELECTRONTRANSFERREACTIONCANBEDIVIDEDINTOA,REDOXREACTIONTHEREACTIONOFELECTRONTRANSFERGAINOROFFSETOFTHEREACTIONSUBSTANCETHEELECTRONTRANSFERGAINOROFFSETFEATURESTHEVALENCEOFELEMENTSBEFOREANDAFTERTHEREACTIONWITHTHECHANGEOFBANDNONREDOXREACTION,2IONREACTION1,ELECTROLYTECONDUCTIVECOMPOUNDSINAQUEOUSSOLUTIONORMELTSTATE,CALLEDELECTROLYTEACIDS,ALKALIS,ANDSALTSAREELECTROLYTESACOMPOUNDTHATCANNOTCONDUCTELECTRICITYINAQUEOUSSOLUTIONORMOLTENSTATEISCALLEDANONELECTROLYTENOTEELECTROLYTEANDNONELECTROLYTEARECOMPOUNDSTHEDIFFERENCEISWHETHERTHEYCANCONDUCTELECTRICITYINWATERORINTHEMELTINGSTATEELECTROLYTECONDUCTIONISCONDITIONALTHEELECTROLYTEMUSTBEINAQUEOUSSOLUTIONORMOLTENSTATETOCONDUCTELECTRICITYALLTHESUBSTANCESTHATCANCONDUCTELECTRICITYARENOTELECTROLYTESCOPPER,ALUMINUM,GRAPHITE,ETCNONMETALLICOXIDESSO2,SO3,CO2ANDMOSTOFTHEORGANICCOMPOUNDSARENONELECTROLYTES2,IONBYIONEQUATIONINRESPONSETOTHEACTUALSYMBOLTHATREACTIONITNOTONLYREPRESENTSASPECIFICCHEMICALREACTION,BUTALSOREPRESENTSTHESAMETYPEOFIONREACTIONTHEREACTIONOFSUCHREACTIONSISTOPRODUCEPRECIPITATION,GAS,ORWATERWRITINGWRITEWRITEDOWNTHECHEMICALEQUATIONREACTIONSOLUBLEINWATER,EASILYIONIZEDMATERIALREMOVEDFORMIONIONINDELETEWILLNOTPARTICIPATEINTHEREACTIONFROMTHEEQUATIONSBYDELETINGTHECHECKCHECKTHEENDSOFBOTHENDSOFTHEEQUATIONOFATOMICNUMBERANDCHARGENUMBERSAREEQUAL3,THESOCALLEDIONIONCOEXISTINTHESAMESOLUTIONINALARGENUMBEROFCOEXISTENCE,REFERSTOANYREACTIONDOESNOTOCCURBETWEENIONSIFTHEIONSCANREACT,NOTALOTOFCOEXISTENCEA,IONSCANNOTCOMBINETOFORMINSOLUBLEMATERIALOFCOEXISTENCESUCHASBA2ANDSO42,AGANDCL,CO32,CA2ANDMG2OHANDB,COMBINEDWITHIONCANNOTGENERATEGASORVOLATILESUBSTANCESOFCOEXISTENCESUCHASHANDCO32,HCO3,SO32,OHANDNH4C,CONNATEINTOHARDMATERIALWATERIONIZATIONIONISNOTALOTOFCOEXISTENCESUCHASHANDOH,CH3COO,OHANDHCO3ETCNOTD,IONREDOXREACTION,HYDROLYSISREACTIONOFCOEXISTENCETOLEARNNOTEWHATCONDITIONSSUCHASACOLORLESSSOLUTIONSHOULDBEEXCLUDEDFROMTHECOLOREDIONFE2ANDFE3,CU2,MNO4PLASMA,ACIDICORALKALINESHOULDBECONSIDEREDFORIONGROUP,THEREAREALOTOFHOROH4IONEQUATIONTRUEORFALSESIXSEE,THEREACTIONISTRUEMAINLYTOSEEWHETHERTHEREACTIONORREACTIONPRODUCTISCORRECT,WRITETWOTOSEEWHETHERTHEIONICEQUATIONREACTIONBETWEENNOTPURESOLIDIONICEQUATIONTHREE,WRITECHEMISTRYISCORRECTCHEMICALPRECIPITATION,IONTYPE,SYMBOL,GASSIGNWRITTENSYMBOLS,ETCARETHEFACTSFOUR,FIVE,SEEWHETHERTHECORRECTRATIOOFIONCHARGENUMBER,ATOMICNUMBERSIX,SEEWHETHERCONSERVATIONANDEXPRESSIONARERELATEDTOTHEAMOUNTOFREACTIONISCORRECTEXCESSIVEAMOUNT,3,THEREDOXREACTIONISASFOLLOWSTHECONCEPTSANDTHEIRMUTUALRELATIONSTHELOSSOFELECTRONICVALENCEINCREASEDBYOXIDATIONTHEOXIDATIONREACTIONOCCURSREDUCINGAGENTREDUCTIVEELECTRONVALENCEREDUCTIONISREDUCEDALSOTHEORIGINALREACTIONISANOXIDIZINGAGENTOXIDIZINGFORMULALOSSOFOXYGENTORISE,FALL,IFTHETWOREVERSEAGENTMETALSANDTHEIRCOMPOUNDS1METALACTIVITYNAMGALFETWO,THEMETALISGENERALLYMORELIVELY,EASYTOREACTWITHO2ANDGENERATEOXIDESCANREACTWITHACIDSOLUTIONANDGENERATEH2,PARTICULARLYLIVELYSUCHASNACANREACTWITHH2OREPLACEMENTH2,SPECIALMETALSSUCHASALCANREACTWITHALKALISOLUTIONBYH2THREEANDAL2O3AREAMPHOTERICOXIDES,ANDALOH3ISANAMPHOTERICHYDROXIDE,WHICHCANREACTWITHSTRONGACIDSTOFORMSALTSANDWATER,ANDREACTWITHSTRONGBASESTOFORMSALTSANDWATERFOUR,NA2CO3ANDNAHCO3COMPAREDWITHSODIUMCARBONATESODIUMBICARBONATEOFSODAORSODASODA“COLORWHITECRYSTALFINEWHITECRYSTALS,SOLUBLESOLUBLEINWATERSOLUTIONISALKALINETOPHENOLPHTHALEINREDSOLUBLEINWATERBUTHIGHERTHANTHESOLUBILITYOFNA2CO3INALKALINESOLUTIONSMALLPHENOLPHTHALEINREDTHERMALSTABILITYISSTABLE,ISDIFFICULTTODECOMPOSITIONHEATEASILYDECOMPOSEDNA2CO3CO22NAHCO3H2OANDACIDREACTIONOFCO32HHCO3HCO3HCO2H2OHHCO2CO3H2OUNDERTHESAMECONDITIONSFROMTHESPEEDOFCO2ISFASTERTHANNA2CO3NA2CO3NAHCO3REACTIONWITHALKALICAOH2CACO3HERE2NAOHREACTIONESSENCEMETATHESISREACTIONNAHCO3NAOHNA2CO3H2OESSENCECO32ANDMETALCATIONSHCO3H2OANDCO2OHH2OCO32ANDNA2CO3CO2H2O2NAHCREACTIONO3CO32CO3CO2H2OHREACTIONWITHTHEREACTIONOFCACL2NA2CO3CACO3SALT2NACLCA2CO32CACO3NOREACTIONMAINLYUSESGLASS,PAPER,SOAP,DETERGENT,MEDICINE,FERMENTATIONEXTINGUISHERSTRANSFORMATIONNONMETALSANDTHEIRCOMPOUNDSSILICONELEMENTINORGANICNONMETALLICMATERIALINTHEMAINROLEOFTHECONTENTOF263INTHEEARTHSCRUST,INFERIORTOOXYGENITISAKINDOFOXYGENLOVINGELEMENT,WHICHEXISTSINROCK,SANDANDSOILWITHHIGHMELTINGPOINTANDSILICATE,ACCOUNTINGFORMORETHAN90OFTHECRUSTLOCATEDBELOWTHETHIRDCYCLE,GROUPIV,GROUPACARBONTHEOUTERMOSTSICONTRASTCHAS4ELECTRONS,THEMAINFORMATIONOFTETRAVALENTCOMPOUNDSTWO,SILICADIOXIDESIO2NATURALLYOCCURRINGSILICAISCALLEDSILICA,INCLUDINGCRYSTALLINEANDAMORPHOUSQUARTZISACOMMONCRYSTALLINESILICA,OFWHICHCOLORLESSANDTRANSPARENTISCRYSTAL,WITHCOLOR,RING,RIBBONORLAYEREDAGATESILICACRYSTALISATHREEDIMENSIONALNETWORKSTRUCTURE,THEBASICUNITISSIO4,SOITHASGOODPHYSICALANDCHEMICALPROPERTIES,ANDISWIDELYUSEDAGATEORNAMENTS,QUARTZCRUCIBLE,OPTICALFIBERPHYSICSHIGHMELTINGPOINT,HIGHHARDNESS,INSOLUBLESIO2COLORLESSANDGOODTRANSPARENCYOFCHEMICALWATER,CLEAN,GOODCHEMICALSTABILITY,EXCEPTHFISGENERALLYNOTWITHOTHERACIDREACTION,WITHALKALINAOHREACTIONISACIDOXIDE,WITHTHEALKALINEOXIDEREACTIONSIO24HFSIF42H2OSIO2CAOUNDERCERTAINCONDITIONSHIGHTEMPERATURECASIO3SIO22NAOHNA2SIO3H2OCANNOTBEUSEDINGLASSBOTTLESOFHFBOTTLECORKORRUBBERPLUGUSINGALKALINESOLUTIONTHREE,SILICICACIDH2SIO3ACIDISVERYWEAKLESSTHANCARBONICACID,SOLUBILITYISVERYSMALL,BECAUSESIO2INSOLUBLEINWATER,SILICICACIDUSINGSOLUBLESILICATEANDOTHERACIDICTHANSILICICACIDREACTIONMADENA2SIO32HCLH2SIO32NACLSILICAGELPOROUS,CANBEUSEDASADESICCANT,CATALYSTCARRIERFOURSILICATESILICATEISAGENERALTERMOFCOMPOUNDSCOMPOSEDOFSILICON,OXYGENANDMETALELEMENTSITHASAWIDEDISTRIBUTION,COMPLEXSTRUCTUREANDSTABLECHEMICALPROPERTIESGENERALLYINSOLUBLEINWATERNA2SIO3,K2SIO3ISTHEMOSTTYPICALREPRESENTATIVEOFSODIUMSILICATENA2SIO3SOLUBLEINWATERSOLUTIONISCALLEDWATERGLASSANDSODIUMSILICATE,CANBEUSEDASFILLER,FIRERETARDANTANDSOAPWOODADHESIVESCOMMONLYUSEDSILICATEPRODUCTSGLASS,CERAMICS,CEMENTFOUR,SILICONELEMENTALANDCARBONSIMILAR,THEREARECRYSTALANDAMORPHOUSTWOTHECRYSTALSILICONSTRUCTURESIMILARTOTHATOFDIAMOND,METALLICBLACKSOLID,HIGHMELTINGPOINT1410C,HIGHHARDNESS,BRITTLE,CHEMICALLYINACTIVEUNDERNORMALTEMPERATUREISAGOODAPPLICATIONSEMICONDUCTORCHIP,SEMICONDUCTORTRANSISTORANDLIGHTBATTERY,FIVEANDCHLORINEINTHETHIRDCYCLETHESEVENTHGROUPA,ATOMICSTRUCTUREEASYTOGETANELECTRONICFORMOFCHLORINEIONCL,NONTYPICALMETALLICELEMENTS,EXISTSINTHECHEMICALSTATEINNATURESIX,CHLORINEPHYSICALPROPERTIESYELLOWGREENGAS,PUNGENTODOR,SOLUBLEINWATER,PRESSUREANDCOOLINGCONDITIONSCANBECHANGEDINTOLIQUIDLIQUIDCHLORINEANDSOLIDMETHODOFMAKINGMNO24HCLCONCENTRATEDMNCL22H2OCL2SMELLWITHTHEHANDINTHEMOUTHOFTHEBOTTLEGENTLYBLOWING,SOTHATASMALLAMOUNTOFCHLORINEINTOTHENOSTRILSCHEMICALPROPERTYVERYREACTIVE,POISONOUS,OXIDIZING,ANDCAPABLEOFFORMINGMETALCHLORIDESSALTSINCOMBINATIONWITHMOSTMETALSCANREACTWITHMETAL2NACL22NACLLIT2FE3CL2LIT2FECL3CUCL2LITCUCL2CL2H2LIT2HCLAPALEFLAME,GENERATINGALARGENUMBEROFWHITEMISTBURNINGDOESNOTNECESSARILYINVOLVEOXYGENITISNOTONLYINOXYGENTHATITBURNSTHEESSENCEOFCOMBUSTIONISASHARPOXIDATIONREDUCTIONREACTION,ANDALLTHEINTENSECHEMICALREACTIONSTHATEMITHEATARECALLEDCOMBUSTIONCL2USESTAPWATERSTERILIZATIONCL2H2O2HCLOHCLHCLOGUANGZHAO2SOLUTIONVOLUMEOFCHLORINE2HCLO21VOLUMEOFWATERBEINGDISSOLVEDFORCHLORINE,ISLIGHTYELLOWGREENAMONGTHEM,HYPOCHLORITEHCLOHASSTRONGOXIDATIONANDDRIFT,ANDPLAYSAMAJORROLEINDISINFECTIONANDBLEACHINGHOCLHASWEAKACIDITY,UNSTABLE,LIGHTORHEATDECOMPOSITION,SOLONGTHECHLORINEWILLFAILTHEPREPARATIONOFBLEACH,BLEACHANDBLEACHINGPOWDERREFININGBLEACHINGLIQUIDCL22NAOHNACLNACLOH2O,THEEFFECTIVECOMPONENTSOFNACLOAREMORESTABLETHANHCLO,CANBELONGTERMSTORAGEFORBLEACHINGPOWDERAVAILABLECHLORINE35ANDBLEACHINGPOWDERFULLREACTIONEFFECTIVECHLORINE702CL22CAOH2CACL2CACLO22H2OANDTHEREACTIONOFORGANICCHEMICALINDUSTRY,ISANIMPORTANTMATTERUSEDINTHEPURIFICATIONOFSI,GE,TIANDOTHERSEMICONDUCTORANDTITANIUMORGANICCHEMICALSSYNTHETICPLASTICS,RUBBER,ARTIFICIALFIBERS,PESTICIDES,DYESANDPHARMACEUTICALSTESTOFCHLORIDEIONTHEUSEOFSILVERNITRATESOLUTIONANDDILUTENITRICACIDISUSEDTOREMOVETHEDISTURBINGIONSCO32,SO32HCLAGNO3AGCLAGCLHNO3NACLAGNO3NANO3NA2CO32AGNO3AG2CO32NANO3AG2CO32HNO32AGNO3CO2AGCLH2OCLAGDOWNEIGHT,SULFURDIOXIDEPREPARATIONMETHODFORMATIONBURNINGSULFURORSULFURFUELCOMMONLYKNOWNASSULFURSULFUR,ISTHEYELLOWPOWDERSO2SO2LITPHYSICALPROPERTIESCOLORLESS,PUNGENTODOR,EASILYLIQUEFIED,SOLUBLEINWATERVOLUMERATIO140CHEMICALPROPERTIESTOXIC,INSOLUBLEINWATERANDWATERREACTIONOFSULFUROUSACIDH2SO3,THEFORMATIONOFACIDSOLUTION,BLEACHINGEFFECT,HEATWILLCHANGEBACKTOTHEORIGINALCOLORTHISISBECAUSETHEH2SO3ISNOTSTABLE,WILLRETURNANDSO2DECOMPOSITIONSO2H2OH2SO3THECOMBINATIONANDDISSOCIATIONPROCESSCANBECARRIEDOUTATTHESAMETIME,AREVERSIBLEREACTIONREVERSIBLEREACTIONSINTHESAMECONDITION,CANOCCUREITHERINTHEDIRECTIONOFTHEPOSITIVEREACTIONORINTHEDIRECTIONOFTHEREVERSEREACTION,CALLEDAREVERSIBLEREACTION,ANDARECONNECTEDBYMEANSOFAREVERSIBLEARROWNITRICOXIDEANDNITROGENDIOXIDENITRICOXIDEINNATUREFORMINGCONDITIONSOFHIGHTEMPERATUREANDDISCHARGEN2O2TEMPERATUREORDISCHARGE2NO,THENITRICOXIDEISNOTSTABLE,INCASEOFOXYGENATROOMTEMPERATUREWHICHCOMBINETOFORMNO22NOO22NO2NITRICOXIDEACOLORLESSGASISTHEPOLLUTANTSINTHEAIR,ASMALLAMOUNTOFNOFORTHETREATMENTOFCARDIOVASCULARDISEASESNO2INTRODUCTIONBROWNGAS,IRRITATINGSMELL,TOXIC,EASILYLIQUEFIED,SOLUBLEINWATER,ANDREACTIONWITHWATERMETHODFORINDUSTRIALPRODUCTIONOFNITRICACID1,N23H22NH32,4NH35O24NO6H2O3,3NO2H2O2HNO3NOTEN,AIRPOLLUTION,SO2,NO2DISSOLVEDINRAINWATER,ACIDRAINPREVENTIONMEASURESFIRST,STARTWITHFUELCOMBUSTIONSTARTINGWITHLEGISLATIVEMANAGEMENTSTARTWITHENERGYUTILIZATIONANDDEVELOPMENTSTARTINGFROMTHERECYCLINGOFWASTEGASANDTURNINGHARMINTOBENEFIT2SO2O2,2SO3,SO3H2O,H2SO4AVARIETYOFSTRONGACIDSOFTHENATUREOFELEVEN,SULFURICACIDPHYSICALPROPERTIESCOLORLESSVISCOUSOILLIKELIQUID,NONVOLATILE,HIGHBOILINGPOINT,DENSITYGREATERTHANWATERCHEMICALPROPERTIESPERFORATINGWITHACID,SULFURICACID,WATERABSORPTIONANDDEHYDRATIONWITHSTRONGOXIDATIONITSASTRONGOXIDANTC12H22O11HISTORYCONCENTRATEDH2SO412C11H2O2H2SO4EXOTHERMICCONCENTRATEDCCO22H2OSO2ALSORANKEDINTHEBACKOFTHEMETALOXIDATIONOFHYDROGEN,BUTNOTHYDROGEN2H2SO4STRONGCUCUSO42H2OSO2DILUTESULFURICACIDREACTINGWITHACTIVEMETALRELEASEDH2,THEPHINDICATOROFPURPLELITMUSRED,REACTWITHSOMESALT,REACTIONWITHALKALINEOXIDEANDALKALINEUTRALIZATION,NITRATETWELVEPHYSICALPROPERTIESCOLORLESSLIQUID,VOLATILE,LOWBOILINGPOINT,GREATERDENSITYTHAN