高中化学常见物的性质（the nature of high school chemistry）

高中化学常见物的性质（THENATUREOFHIGHSCHOOLCHEMISTRY）1THERULESOFCOLOR1COMMONCOLORASUBSTANCEWITHAREDCOLORREDDIFFICULTTODISSOLVEINWATERCU,CU2O,FE2O3,HGOETCTHEPHENOLPHTHALEINACIDINLYEANDMETHYLORANGELITMUSANDPHTESTPAPERENCOUNTEREDSTRONGACIDANDTHEMAGENTASOLUTIONORANGEREDCONCENTRATEDBROMINEWATERMETHYLORANGESOLUTIONOXIDIZINGMERCURYANDSOONBROWNISHREDFEOH3SOLIDFEOH3WATERSOL,ETCASUBSTANCEINYELLOWYELLOWINSOLUBLEGOLDIODIDESILVERIODIDEGOLDIRONOREDEPOSITCUFES2,ETCTHESOLUBLEFECL3METHYLORANGEINTHEALKALILIQUIDSODIUMIONFLAMEANDTNTETCLIGHTYELLOWSILVERBROMIDECARBONSILVERSULFURPRECIPITATIONSULFURINTHESOLUTIONOFCS2,ANDYELLOWPHOSPHORUSNA2O2TANCOPPERBURNSINCHLORINEGASTOGENERATECUCL2SMOKEASUBSTANCEOFBROWNORBROWNIODINEWATERLIGHTBROWNIODINEBROWNIRONINCHLORINETOGENERATEFECL3SMOKEASUBSTANCEINBLUEBLUENEWCUOH2SOLIDCHOLINENITRATESOLUTIONOFSTARCHANDIODINEBLUELITMUSTESTANDBLUEPHTESTPAPERANDWEAKALKALICHANGEBLUEETCLIGHTBLUEOZONELIQUIDOXYGEN,ETCBLUEFLAMEFLAMEMETHANEGASFLAMEOFHYDROGENSULFIDECARBONMONOXIDEBLUEISEASILYDISTURBEDASUBSTANCECOLOREDWITHGREENLIGHTGREENCU2OH2CO3,FECL2,FESO47H2OGREENSTRONGCUCL2SOLUTIONPHTESTPAPERATABOUTPH8DARKGREENK2MNO4YELLOWGREENCL2ANDITSCCL4EXTRACTASUBSTANCEINPURPLEKMNO4ISDARKPURPLEANDITSSOLUTIONISREDPURPLEIODINEINCCL4EXTRACTIONLIQUIDIODINEVAPORNEUTRALPHTESTPAPERCOLORKIONFLAMEETCASUBSTANCEWITHABLACKBASECOLORBLACKCARBONPOWDERACTIVATEDCARBONWOODCARBONSMOKE,COPPER,COPPER,COPPEROXIDE,CU2S,SULFIDE,MERCURYSULFIDE,SILVERSULFIDE,AG2O,LIGHTBLACKIRONPOWDERBROWNANDBLACKMANGANESEDIOXIDEWHITEMATTERTHEPOWDERORSMOKEOFACOLORLESSCRYSTALP2O5WITHSTRONGREACTIONTOWATERDIFFICULTTODISSOLVEINWATERANDDILUTEACIDSAGCL,BASO3,PBSO4INSOLUBLEINWATERBUTSOLUBLEINDILUTEACIDBASO3,BA3PO42,BACO3,CACO3,CA3PO42,CAHPO4,ALOH3,AL2O3,ZNO,ZNOH2,ZNS,FEOH2,AG2SO3,CASO3,ETCMICROSOLUBLEINWATERCASO4,CAOH2,PBCL2,MGCO3,AG2SO4ANDTHEWATERREACTIONOXIDESFULLRESPONSEBAO,CAO,NA2ONOTFULLYRESPONSIVEMGOGRAYMATTERGRAPHITEGRAYSCALESOFARSENICSOMETIMESGRAYREDGERMANIUM2THECOLOROFIONSINAQUEOUSORAQUEOUSCRYSTALSHYDRATEDIONSFE2LIGHTGREENCU2BLUEFE3LIGHTPURPLEYELLOWING2FECL4H2O2MNO4PURPLEBLOODREDTHEREACTIONOFPHENOLANDFECL3ISPURPLETHEELEMENTALELEMENTSINAQUEOUSSOLUTIONSINCLUDINGOXYGENCONTAININGACIDARECOLORLESSUSETHEABOVERULESTOMAKEITEASYTOREMEMBERTHECOLOROFTHESOLUTIONORCRYSTALLINEHYDRATE3THEPARTICULARITYOFTHESINGLECOLOROFTHEPRIMARYMETALA,A,A,THEMETALOFAISMOSTLYSILVERCESIUMMICROYELLOWBARIUMMICROYELLOWLEADBLUEANDWHITEBISMUTHREDDISHRED4OTHERMETALLICCOLORSCOPPERISBURGUNDYORRED,GOLDISYELLOW,OTHERMETALSARESILVERANDWHITE,ANDFEWAREGRAYSUCHASGERMANIUM5THECOLOROFNONMETALLICSINGLEMATTERHALOGENISCOLOREDOXYGENGROUPISOFCOLOREXCEPTOXYGENNITROGENISNONFERROUSINADDITIONTONITROGENINADDITIONTOSOMEALLOTROPES,THECARBONGROUPISOFCOLORTHERULESOFTHEODOROFMATTERTHESMELLOFTHEVOLATILEGASESODORLESSGASH2,O2,N2,CO2,CO,RAREGAS,METHANE,ACETYLENEPUNGENTODORHCL,HBR,HI,HF,SO2,NO2,NH3HNO3CONCENTRATEDLIQUIDACETALDEHYDELIQUIDSTRONGIRRITATINGODORGASESANDVOLATILESCL2,BR2,FORMALDEHYDE,ACETICACIDRAREODOURC2H2ROTTENEGGTASTEH2SSPECIALAROMABENZENELIQUIDTOLUENELIQUIDPHENOLLIQUIDCOALTARLIQUIDWHITEPHOSPHORUSSPECIALSMELLETHANOLLIQUIDLOWERLEVELESTERAROMAAROMALOWLEVELESTERLIQUIDSPECIALUNPLEASANTSMELLNOTPUREC2H2MIXEDWITHH2S,PH3,ETC3THEBOILINGPOINTOFTHEMELTINGPOINTCRYSTALPURESUBSTANCEHASFIXEDMELTINGPOINTTHEIMPURITYPOINTISRELATEDTOTHECOMPOSITIONFREEZINGPOINTISNOTFIXEDAMORPHOUSMATERIAL,SUCHASGLASSCEMENTPARAFFINPLASTIC,ISSOFTENEDBYHEATANDGRADUALFLUIDITYSOFTENINGPROCESSUNTILLIQUID,NOMELTINGPOINTBOILINGPOINTREFERSTOTHESATURATEDVAPORPRESSUREANDLIQUIDPHASEATTHESAMETIME,THETEMPERATUREOFTHEOUTSIDEPRESSURE,EXTERNALPRESSUREFORTHESTANDARDPRESSURE101105PA,ACCORDINGTOTHENORMALBOILINGPOINTOUTSIDEPRESSUREISLOWER,THELOWERTHEBOILINGPOINTIS,THUSREDUCEDPRESSURECANREDUCETHEBOILINGPOINTWHENTHEBOILINGPOINTINGASLIQUIDEQUILIBRIUM1THEPERIODICTABLELOOKSATTHEBOILINGPOINTOFTHEPRIMARYGROUPTHEMELTINGPOINTOFTHESINGLEMASSOFTHESAMEMAINGROUPISBASICALLYTHELOWERMELTINGPOINTOFTHELOWERMETALNONMETALLICELEMENTALMELTINGPOINTANDBOILINGPOINTGRADUALLYTALLBUTSPECIALCARBONGROUPELEMENTS,NAMELYC,SI,GESNISDOWN,THELOWERTHEMELTINGPOINT,SIMILARTOTHEFAMILYOFMETALANDGALLIUMMELTINGPOINTISLOWERTHANINDIUMTHALLIUMINARACE,ARACEOFTINMELTINGPOINTISLOWERTHANLEAD2THEMELTINGPOINTOFSEVERALREGIONSINTHESAMECYCLEHIGHMELTINGSINGLEQUALITYC,SI,BSMALLTRIANGLEAREA,BECAUSEOFITSATOMICCRYSTAL,HIGHMELTINGPOINTOFDIAMONDANDGRAPHITEHASTHEHIGHESTMELTINGPOINTISMORETHAN3550,HIGHMELTINGPOINTOFMETALELEMENTSDURINGTHETRANSITIONELEMENTSINTHECENTRALANDPART,ITSHIGHMELTINGPOINTFORTUNGSTEN3410,LOWMELTINGPOINTNONMETALLICLOWMELTINGELEMENTALFOCUSONTHERIGHTANDTHETOPRIGHTOFTHEPERIODICTABLEOF,OTHERWISEIAHYDROGENWHICHRAREGASLIQUIDBOILINGPOINTARETHESAMECYCLE,THELOWESTINTHEHELIUMISMELTINGPOINT2722,26,105PALOWESTBOILINGPOINT2689OFLOWMELTINGPOINTMETALAREATWOTHEIABZINC,CD,HGANDAFAMILYOFAL,GE,THTHESNOFAFAMILY,PBTHELOWESTMELTINGPOINTOFAFAMILYISHG3887,WHICHISINTHELIQUIDSTATEOFGALLIUM2978CESIUM284THEBODYTEMPERATURECANMELTIT3STUDYTHEBOILINGPOINTPATTERNFROMCRYSTALTYPETHEMELTINGPOINTOFTHEATOMICCRYSTALISHIGHERTHANTHATOFIONICCRYSTALS,ANDHIGHERTHANTHATOFTHEMOLECULARCRYSTALMETALANDTHEALLOYISAMETALCRYSTALTHEHIGHPROPORTIONOFTHEBOILINGPOINTISHIGHBUTALSOLOWTHESHORTERTHECOVALENTBONDBETWEENTHEBONDINGELEMENTSINTHEATOMICCRYSTAL,THEBIGGERTHEBOND,WHENTHEMELTINGPOINTISHIGHER,THEKEYCANBEDEDUCEDFROMTHEATOMICRADIUSANDTHEKEYCANBECOMPAREDASTHEMELTINGPOINTDIAMONDCARBIDECRYSTALLINESILICONMOLECULARCRYSTALISDETERMINEDBYINTERMOLECULARFORCE,ANDITSJUDGMENTISSTRUCTUREPROPERTIESOFSIMILARMATERIALANDRELATIVEMOLECULARMASS,VANDERWAALSFORCEISBIG,THEHOMOLOGUEOFTHEWELDINGPOOLBOILINGPOINTANDCORRESPONDINGHIGHSUCHASHYDROCARBONHALOGENELEMENTALGASESSUCHASRELATIVEMOLECULARMASS,THESAMECHEMICALFORMULAISTHESAMEMATERIALISOMERS,GENERALHYDROCARBONINTHEBRANCHEDCHAIN,THEMORETHELOWERBOILINGPOINTMELTINGOFHYDROCARBONDERIVATIVESINTHEBOILINGPOINTOFALCOHOLTHANETHERTHEBOILINGPOINTOFCARBOXYLICACIDISHIGHERTHANESTERTHEHIGHERTHEUNSATURATEDDEGREEOFOIL,THELOWERTHEMELTINGPOINTISTHEOLEICACIDGLYCERYLESTERISLIQUIDATNORMALTEMPERATUREWHILETHESTEARATEGLYCERIDEISSOLIDTHEABOVESITUATIONISTHEMOSTIMPORTANTOFTHEPARTICULARITYOFTHERELATIVEMOLECULARMASSOFSMALL,HIGHBOILINGPOINTTHREEGASEOUSHYDRIDE,NH3,H2O,THEBOILINGPOINTOFTHEVASTMAJORITYOFGASEOUSHFTHANKINHYDRIDEISMUCHHIGHERMAINLYBECAUSEOFTHEHYDROGENBOND4THEREGULARITYOFTHEBOILINGPOINTOFCERTAINSUBSTANCESINTHESAMEPERIODTHEMAINGROUPSHORTPERIODMETALMELTINGPOINTTHEMELTINGPOINTOFLIALKALINEEARTHMETALOXIDEISMORETHAN2,000,WHICHISSIGNIFICANTLYHIGHERTHANOTHERGROUPOXIDES,SOTHEALUMINAISACOMMONLYUSEDREFRACTORYMATERIALTHEMELTINGPOINTOFSODIUMHALIDEIONICHALIDEDECREASESASTHENONMETALLICNATUREOFTHEHALOGENDECREASESASFOLLOWSNAFNACLNABRNAI4MATERIALSOLUBILITYRULE1SOLUBILITYOFGASESNH31WATER700GASHCL150,HF,HBR,HI,FORMALDEHYDE40WATERSOLUTIONFORMALINCO211CL21212H2S12140MICRODISSOLVEINWATERO2,O3,C2H2,ETCINSOLUBLEH2,N2,CH4,C2H2,NO,CO,ETC2SOLUBILITYOFTHELIQUIDSOLUBLEINWATERORSOLUBLEINWATERSUCHASALCOHOLACETONEACETATENITRICACIDALOWGRADEESTEROFTHEESSENCEOFWATER,SUCHASETHYLACETATEINSOLUBLEINWATERSUCHASLIQUIDHYDROCARBONETHERANDHALOGENATEDHYDROCARBON3WATERSOLUBILITYOFSOLIDSNOMECHANICALPROPERTIESORGANICMATTERINTHEHYDROXYLANDCARBOXYLISHYDROPHILIC,HYDROXYLISHYDROPHOBIC,THEGREATERTHEHYDROCARBON,ISWATERSOLUBLE,INSTEADIEASILYDISSOLVEDINORGANICSOLVENTSUCHASFORMICACIDANDACETICWATERMISCIBILITY,BUTTOOLITTLEBECAUSEOFCOOHPROPORTIONINTHESTEARICACID,OLEICACIDMOLECULESINSTEAD,INSOLUBLEINWATERANDSOLUBLEINCCL4,GASOLINEANDOTHERORGANICSOLVENTPHENOLTHREEBROMINEPHENOLBENZOATEWERESOLUBLEINBENZENE4THEORGANICSOLVENTSFORTHEEXTRACTIONOFHALOGENSFROMTHEAQUEOUSSOLUTIONOFIODOBROMOCHLORINE,SUCHASBENZYLETHYLETHERACETATECCL4CS2,ETC5WHITEPHOSPHORUSSULPHURISSOLUBLEINCS26COMMONWATERSOLUBLEINORGANICSUBSTANCEFOREXAMPLEKOH,NAOH,AGNO3SOLUBILITYINTHENORMALTEMPERATUREOVER100GAGNO3OVER200GKNO3IN20SOLUBILITYOF316G,INTHE100SOLUBILITYOF246GSOLUBILITYWITHTHETEMPERATURECHANGEVERYFEWMATERIALSCOMMONONLYNACL7SUBSTANCESTHATAREDIFFICULTTODISSOLVEINWATERANDGENERALSOLVENTSATOMICCRYSTALSUNLIKESOLVENTSSUCHASC,SI,SIO2,SIC,ETC,ASMALLAMOUNTOF