运用方差分析监管应收账款外文翻译（可编辑）

运用方差分析监管应收账款外文翻译外文翻译MONITORINGACCOUNTSRECEIVABLEUSINGVARIANCEANALYSISMATERIALSOURCEFINANCIALMANAGEMENTAUTHORGEORGEWGALLINGERANDAJAMESIFFLANDERIINTRODUCTIONINTHEPASTTENYEARS,SEVERALARTICLESHAVEAPPEAREDINTHELITERATUREDISCUSSINGTHEMONITORINGOFACCOUNTSRECEIVABLEWITHFEWEXCEPTIONS,HOWEVER,THEMONITORINGTECHNIQUESPROPOSEDINTHESEARTICLESHAVENOTBEENINCORPORATEDINTOTHESTANDARDTEXTBOOKDISCUSSIONSTHEREFORE,ITISNOTSURPRISINGTHATTHETRADITIONAL,ANDOFTENMISLEADING,TECHNIQUESOFDAYSSALESOUTSTANDINGDSOANDAGINGSCHEDULESSTILLAPPEARTOBETHEPRIMARYVEHICLESUSEDBYANALYSTSTOEVALUATEAFIRMSACCOUNTSRECEIVABLEBALANCEASDISCUSSEDBYSTONE,MANYANALYSTSRECOGNIZETHATRECEIVABLESCANBEINFLUENCEDBYSALESEFFECTS,ANDTHEYATTRIBUTETHISTOSEASONALORCYCLICALFACTORSTHEYATTEMPTTOELIMINATE,ORATLEASTMINIMIZE,THESEEFFECTSBYCOMPARINGCALCULATEDDSORATIOSANDAGINGSCHEDULESAGAINSTTHOSEOFHISTORICALPERIODSORTHOSEOFCOMPETITORSHOWEVER,THISAPPROACHMAYNOTBEVERYSATISFACTORYHISTORYSELDOMREPEATSITSELFEXACTLY,BECAUSEOFCHANGESINTHELEVELOFINTERESTRATES,CUSTOMERMIX,ANDMANYOTHERFACTORSTHATMAKEITDIFFICULTTOMAKEMEANINGFULCOMPARISONSINTHECASEOFCOMPETITORS,ITISDIFFICULTTOMAKECOMPARISONSBECAUSEOFDIFFERENCESINSIZE,PRODUCTMIX,ANDGEOGRAPHICLOCATIONSOFCOMPANIESONEWAYTOOVERCOMETHESEPROBLEMSISTOABANDONDSOMEASURESANDAGINGSCHEDULESANDRELYONBALANCEFRACTIONSORPAYMENTPATTERNSANOTHERAPPROACHISTOUSEANACCOUNTINGBASEDDOLLARVARIANCEANALYSISMODELASDISCUSSEDINTHISARTICLETHEVARIANCEANALYSISMODELCOMPARESACTUALAGAINSTBUDGETEDRECEIVABLEPERFORMANCEAREALADVANTAGEOFUSINGABUDGETISTHATITCANOVERCOMETHEMANYPROBLEMSINHERENTINHISTORICALDATAASSUMINGTHATMANAGEMENTHASCONSCIENTIOUSLYCALCULATEDTHEBUDGETAMOUNTS,THENCONDITIONSEXPECTEDTOEXISTDURINGTHEBUDGETPERIODAREINCORPORATEDINTOTHEACCOUNTSRECEIVABLEBUDGETTHISISOBVIOUSLYBETTERTHANCOMPARINGACTUALPERFORMANCETOSOMEPRIORPERIODTHATMAYNOTBEREPRESENTATIVEOFCONDITIONSPREVAILINGDURINGTHEBUDGETPERIODADDITIONALADVANTAGESOFAVARIANCEMETHODOLOGYAREASFOLLOWSFIRST,ERRORSINSALESPROJECTIONSANDCOLLECTIONSFORECASTSAREREADILYEVIDENTTHISPROVIDESMANAGEMENTWITHTHEOPPORTUNITYTOASSESSBUDGETASSUMPTIONSANDIMPROVETHEQUALITYOFFORECASTSSECOND,THEDSOCALCULATIONISINDEPENDENTOFBOTHTHESALESAVERAGINGPERIODANDANYSALESTREND,THUSOVERCOMINGCRITICISMSOFTRADITIONALMEASUREMENTTECHNIQUESTHEINDEPENDENCEOFTHEDSOCALCULATIONALLOWSIDENTIFICATIONOFACOLLECTIONEXPERIENCEVARIANCEANDASALESEFFECTVARIANCETHIRD,THESALESEFFECTVARIANCECANBEDECOMPOSEDINTOCOMPONENTSTHATALLOWTHEINFLUENCEOFSALESONRECEIVABLEBALANCESTOBEBETTERUNDERSTOODIIAVARIANCEANALYSISMODELTHEEXPRESSIONVARIANCEANALYSISISUSUALLYCONSIDEREDINASTATISTICALCONTEXTASTHESUMOFSQUAREDDEVIATIONSFROMTHEMEANOURUSAGEOFTHEEXPRESSIONISCONSIDERABLEDIFFERENTWEADOPTTHECOSTACCOUNTANTSDEFINITION,WHEREINVARIANCEISDEFINEDASTHEDOLLARDIFFERENCEBETWEENACTUALANDBUDGETEDAMOUNTSTHISAPPROACHALSOREQUIRESEXPLICITDEFINITIONOFTHEMEANINGOFTHEWORDBUDGETINOURPROBLEM,THEACCOUNTSRECEIVABLEBUDGETISCALCULATEDBYMULTIPLYINGSINGLEESTIMATESFOREXPECTEDSALESBYSINGLEESTIMATESFOREXPECTEDDAYSSALESOUTSTANDINGTHERESULTINGFIGUREISREFERREDTOASASTATICIE,EXTANTBUDGETIFACTUALSALESDIFFERFROMEXPECTEDSALES,AREVISEDBUDGETISDETERMINEDTOREFLECTTHENEWSALESLEVELTHISEXPOSEBUDGETISCALLEDAFLEXIBLEBUDGETASWILLBECOMEEVIDENTSHORTLY,THEFLEXIBLEBUDGETISTHEPIVOTALBUDGETFORSEPARATINGTHETOTALVARIANCEINTOCOMPONENTSTHATEXPLAINTHEDISCREPANCYBETWEENACTUALANDBUDGETEDPERFORMANCEWHENACTUALMONTHLYSALESDIFFERFROMBUDGETEDMONTHLYSALES,ONESHOULDEXPECTTHEACTUALTOTALRECEIVABLEBALANCETODIFFERFROMTHEBUDGETEDAMOUNTHOWEVER,ITISUNREASONABLETOCOMPARETHEACTUALRECEIVABLEBALANCETOTHEBUDGETANDATTRIBUTETHEDIFFERENCETOTHEINFLUENCEOFSALESITISJUSTASUNREASONABLETOATTRIBUTETHETOTALDIFFERENCETOCOLLECTIONEFFICIENCYAFIRSTLEVELOFANALYSISPARTITIONSTOTALRECEIVABLEVARIANCEINTOACOLLECTIONEXPERIENCEVARIANCE,ASALESEFFECTVARIANCE,AND,INSOMECASES,AJOINTEFFECTVARIANCECALCULATIONOFTHESEVARIANCESISBASEDONRELATIONSHIPSBETWEENACTUALANDBUDGETEDDAYSSALESOUTSTANDINGANDACTUALANDBUDGETEDSALESPERDAYTHEJOINTEFFECTVARIANCEHASRECENTLYBEENDISCUSSEDBYGENTRYANDDELAGARZATHEYSHOWTHATTHECOLLECTIONEXPERIENCEANDSALESPATTERNVARIANCESCANBESIGNIFICANTLYDISTORTEDIFTHEJOINTVARIANCEISNOTISOLATEDCONSIDERABLEDEBATEEXISTSINTHEACCOUNTINGLITERATUREABOUTTHEUSEFULNESSOFTHEJOINTVARIANCEWEINCLUDEITINOURDISCUSSIONSOASTOGIVEMATHEMATICALLYCORRECTSOLUTIONSANDLEAVEITTOTHEREADERTOASCERTAINTHERELEVANCEOFTHEJOINTVARIANCEACOLLECTIONEXPERIENCEVARIANCETHECOLLECTIONEXPERIENCEVARIANCEISOLATESTHEEFFICIENCYOFACTUALCOLLECTIONSRELATIVETOREVISEDIEFLEXIBLEBUDGETCOLLECTIONSTHEIMPORTANCEOFTHISREVISIONISTHATTHEFLEXIBLEBUDGETACCOUNTSFORTHEFACTTHATSALESHAVECHANGEDFROMORIGINALBUDGETEXPECTATIONSTHEFLEXIBLEBUDGET,HOWEVER,DOESNOTCHANGETHEDAYSSALESOUTSTANDINGMEASURE,SINCEBUDGETASSUMPTIONSABOUTCREDITTERMSANDCREDITSTANDARDSARESTILLASSUMEDTOBEVALIDBSALESEFFECTVARIANCEBYRESTATINGTHESTATICBUDGETTOAFLEXIBLEBUDGETINORDERTOELIMINATETHEINFLUENCEOFCHANGINGSALES,THECOLLECTIONEXPERIENCEVARIANCEWASISOLATEDTHISFLEXIBLEBUDGETISNOWUSEDTOELIMINATETHEINFLUENCEOFCOLLECTIONEXPERIENCEONTOTALVARIANCESSOTHATTHEEFFECTOFSALESONACCOUNTSRECEIVABLEBALANCESCANBEMEASUREDONEMIG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EVALUATINGRECEIVABLES译文运用方差分析监管应收账款资料来源财务管理作者GEORGEWGALLINGERANDAJAMESIFFLANDER1介绍在过去的十年里,在文献中出现了多篇文章讨论关于应收账款的监测。然而,除少数外,这些文章中提出的监测技术还没有被纳入标准教科书的讨论,因此,这是不足为奇的,而且往往误导,对销售回款DSO和技术老化时间表似乎仍然被分析师用来评价一个公司的应收账款余额的主在工具。据斯通讨论,许多分析师也认同应收账款可以通过销售效应的影响,他们认为这与季节性或周期性因素有关。他们试图消除或尽量减少至少通过比较计算DSO的比率和对那些老化的历史时期或竞争对手和时间表这些影响。然而,这种方法可能不是很理想。历史很少一成不变地重复自己,因为利率水平变化、客户结构等一些其他的因素导致难以做出有意义的比较。在有竞争对手的情况下,由于在规模、产品结构和公司地理位置的差异,所以很难作出比较。有一种方法去克服这些问题,就是放弃DSO的措施、老龄化的时间表和依靠平衡组分或支付模式。另一种方法是使用会计基础的方差分析模型,如本文中讨论的。方差分析模型进行比较实际的预算应收款。使用预算真正的优势在于,它克服了许多历史数据所固有的问题。假设管理层认真计算预算金额,然后将在预算期间存在的应收账款纳入预算中的条件。这是比较实际的表现明显高于前一期间的一些可能不属于本预算期间,代表目前的状况更好。方差方法的附加优点如下首先,在销售预测和收款预报误差可随时可见一斑,这提供了评估预算的假设,提高预报的质量管理的机会。第二,DSO是独立的计算平均周期和任何销售趋势,从而克服了传统测量技术的批评。在独立的DSO计算下,允许鉴定集合经验的差异和销售的效果差异。第三,销售效应方差可以分解成组件,允许应收账款余额的销售上的影响力得到更好的理解。2方差分析模型方差分析的表达通常被认为是从平均值偏差平方和统计方面考虑。我们对表达的用法是相当不同的。我们采用了成本会计的定义,其中差异是实际与预算之间的差额确定数额。这种方法还需要对预算这个词的含义有明确的定义。在我们的问题里,应收账款的预算是由乘以预计销售回款为单一估计预期销售单估计。由此得出的数字被称为静态即事前的预算。如果实际销售与预期销售不同,将确定一份调整后的预算,以反映新的销售水平。这种预算称为弹性预算。由于短期内将变得明显,弹性预算是最重要的预算变异分离成构件之间的差距,可以解释实际和预算的性能差异。当每月的实际销售额与每月的销售预算不同,每个人都应该期待实际总应收账款余额不同于预算总额。但是,这是不合理的比较应收账款的平衡预算和销售属性的影响差异,它只是作为不合理的属性差异的收集效率。第一层次的分析分区集总应收方差经验的销售效果变化方差,在某些情况下,共同作用方差的估计。这些方差的计算是基于实际和预算天之间的关系和实际和预算的每天销售。GENTRY和DELAGARZA最近讨论了联合效应方差,他们指出如果联合方差不是孤立的,收集经验和营销模式差异能明显扭曲。大量的辩论中存在的会计文献的联合效应的估计。我们把它列入我们的讨论,让数学给读者正确的解决方案,以确定它的联合差异的相关性。21收集经验的差异收集经验的差异是相对于弹性预算的时候效率。最重要的是弹性预算已经改变了最初预算这一事实,但是,灵活的预算不会改变销售回款措施,因为有关信贷条件和信贷标准的预算假设,仍然认为是有效的。22销售效应方差为了消除销售转变的影响,在重申静态弹性预算时,收集经验的差异是孤立的。这种灵活的预算现在用来消除收集经验总变异的影响,使对应收账款余额占销售的影响可以衡量的。可能有人会说,信用管理人员可以不承担销售效应方差的责任。虽然一般来说这是事实,但存在能否定这个论述情况下。例如,信贷经理的任务之一是确定是否应扩大信贷给客户。过于宽松的授信政策,从信贷申请人不足分析的结果,导致更高的销售,但也使非常突出的应收账款余额更高了。如果是这样的情况,信用经理负责至少部分的销售效果方差的估计。不管谁负责销售效果的方差,了解方差分析的资源配置中起着重要的作用,然而,销售效果差异可能很难解释