模拟培训材料英译汉翻译策略-以《银行管理学员手册》为例strategies of e-c translation of simulation training materials - a case study of participant manual of the bank management

模拟培训材料英译汉翻译策略以银行管理学员手册为例STRATEGIESOFECTRANSLATIONOFSIMULATIONTRAININGMATERIALSACASESTUDYOFPARTICIPANTMANUALOFTHEBANKMANAGEMENTSYSTEM摘要随着中外培训活动的日益频繁，培训教材翻译工作也显得日益重要。但是，目前的培训教材文献翻译，尤其是英汉翻译的译文质量不尽人意，究其原因，主要是缺乏对培训专业语篇目标的认识，缺乏恰当的翻译策略,致使培训翻译工作仍然停留在词汇和语义转换层面，使译文产生陌生感，并可能导致目标读者对原文的误解。本文基于对中国银行模拟培训项目的研究，通过对模拟培训英译中语篇在培训中的运用译文的两次比较，寻求一些适合模拟培训英汉翻译的翻译策略和方法。本论文借鉴翻译的历史观点并考虑现实流行的翻译原理和策略，从模拟培训资料中选出20个语料进行分析强调翻译的目标和文化相关性，以求总结出模拟培训翻译过程中的语言转换规律，并尝试提出模拟培训英汉翻译策略。研究表明，在模拟培训翻译中不仅要考虑培训目的，还要考虑汉英两种语言的文化差异，运用正确的翻译策略，才能得出高质量的译文。同时，通过发现目前模拟培训翻译研究中的局限和存在问题，强调语篇意识的重要性，针对目前模拟培训翻译交流中存在的困难提出解决方案，希望对日后的模拟培训翻译工作有帮助，同时也希望翻译学术界对模拟培训翻译工作给予更多的关注和支持。关键词策略；英译中翻译；模拟培训；培训目标；文化差异ABSTRACTSINCETHEEXCHANGEOFTRAININGPROGRAMSBETWEENCHINAANDWESTERNCOUNTRIESISMOREANDMOREFREQUENT,THETRANSLATIONOFTRAININGMATERIALSISBECOMINGMOREANDMOREIMPORTANTHOWEVER,THECURRENTTRANSLATIONQUALITYOFTRAININGMATERIALSISNOTGOODENOUGH,ESPECIALLYTHEENGLISHCHINESETRANSLATIONTHEREARESOMEREASONSSUCHASLESSUNDERSTANDINGFORTRANSLATIONOBJECTSOFTRAININGMATERIALS,DEFICIENCYOFAWARENESSTOTHECULTURALDIFFERENCESWHENTRANSLATING,ANDESPECIALLYTHEDEFICIENCYOFTRANSLATIONSTRATEGIESASARESULT,THECURRENTTRANSLATIONOFTRAININGMATERIALSISMAINLYRESTRICTEDATTHELEXICALANDSEMANTICLEVELS,WHERETHETARGETTEXTISEASILYTOBEMISUNDERSTOODTHISRESEARCHISBASEDONASIMULATIONTRAININGPROGRAMOFTHEBANKOFCHINABYREPEATEDCOMPARISONWITHTHEFINALCHINESETRANSLATIONANDTHEORIGINALCHINESEOFENGLISHTRAININGMATERIALS,THEAUTHORTRIESTODESCRIBESOMESTRATEGIESOFTRANSLATIONSOMERELEVANTLINGUISTICTHEORIESAREINTRODUCEDBECAUSETHEYARECONSIDEREDNECESSARYTORENDERGOODTRANSLATIONS20TERMSORSENTENCEARESELECTEDFROMTHESIMULATIONTRAININGMATERIALSFORCOMPARISONINORDERTOFINDOUTTHEREGULARITYOFTRANSLATING,SOTHATTHETRANSLATIONSTRATEGIESCANBEOBTAINEDACCORDINGTOTHEANALYSIS,THETRANSLATIONSTRATEGIESDEALINGWITHRELATEDTRAININGMATERIALSARECLASSIFIEDINTOTWOPRINCIPLESTHEORIGINALOBJECTANDCULTUREDIFFERENCETHEAUTHORHOPESTHISTENTATIVERESEARCHCANHELPTRANSLATORSTOBEAWAREOFTHESIGNIFICANCEOFCHINESEENGLISHTRANSLATIONINTRAININGMATERIALSOURUSEFULEXPERIENCEANDFURTHERRESULTSOFSTUDYONTRAININGSIMULATIONMATERIALSWILLBEALSOPROVIDEDKEYWORDSSTRATEGIESENGLISHCHINESETRANSLATIONSIMULATIONTRAININGTRANSLATIONOBJECTCULTURALDIFFERENCESTABLEOFCONTENTS1INTRODUCTION711RESEARCHBACKGROUND712RESEARCHOBJECTS913PAPERORGANIZATION92RATIONALE93DATADESCRIPTION1231BRIEFINTRODUCTIONOFTHESLT1232BRIEFINTRODUCTIONOFTHETLT1333STANDARDOFDATASELECTION134DATAANALYSIS1341METHODSOFANALYSIS1442THESTRATEGIESOFTRANSLATINGSCMTERMINOLOGY17421SIMULATIONSTRATEGIESTHEMATERIALCULTURE17422SIMULATIONSTRATEGYTHESYSTEMANDCUSTOMCULTURE19423SIMULATIONSTRATEGYTHESPIRITUALCULTURE1943THEANALYSISOFTRAININGRESULT205RESULTSANDSUGGESTIONS2251RESULTS2252SUGGESTIONS226CONCLUSIONS24BIBLIOGRAPHY25APPENDIXIBANKINGSIMULATIONEVALUATIONQUESTIONNAIRE26APPENDIXIISTANDTT26APPENDIXIIITHEENGLISHORIGINALANDFINALTRANSLATIONS26APPENDIXIVBANKINGSIMULATIONEVALUATIONQUESTIONNAIRE29STRATEGIESOFECTRANSLATIONOFSIMULATIONTRAININGMATERIALSACASESTUDYOFPARTICIPANTMANUALOFTHEBANKMANAGEMENTSYSTEM1INTRODUCTION11RESEARCHBACKGROUNDTHEBANKOFCHINAWASFORMALLYESTABLISHEDINFEBRUARY1912FOLLOWINGTHEAPPROVALOFDRSUNYATSENAFTERTHEFOUNDINGOFTHEPEOPLESREPUBLICOFCHINA,BANKOFCHINABECAMETHESTATEDESIGNATEDSPECIALISTFOREIGNEXCHANGEANDFOREIGNTRADEBANKANDCONTRIBUTEDSUBSTANTIALLYTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCHINASFOREIGNTRADEANDNATIONALECONOMYTRANSFORMEDFROMASPECIALISTFOREIGNEXCHANGEBANKINTOASTATEOWNEDCOMMERCIALBANKIN1994,BANKOFCHINABEGANAJOINTSTOCKRESTRUCTURINGIN2003,WHICHRESULTEDINBANKOFCHINALIMITEDBEINGINCORPORATEDINAUGUST2004ANDLISTEDONTHEHONGKONGSTOCKEXCHANGEANDTHESHANGHAISTOCKEXCHANGEINJUNEANDJULY2006RESPECTIVELY,BECOMINGTHEFIRSTASHAREANDHSHAREDUALLISTEDCHINESECOMMERCIALBANKASTHEMOSTINTERNATIONALANDDIVERSIFIEDBANKINCHINA,BANKOFCHINAPROVIDESACOMPREHENSIVERANGEOFFINANCIALSERVICESTOCUSTOMERSACROSSTHECHINESEMAINLAND,HONGKONG,MACAUAND29OVERSEASCOUNTRIESTHEBANKSCOREBUSINESSISCOMMERCIALBANKING,INCLUDINGCORPORATEBANKING,PERSONALBANKINGANDFINANCIALMARKETSSERVICESOTHERBUSINESS,SUCHASTHEINVESTMENTBANKING,THEINSURANCEBUSINESS,THEFUNDMANAGEMENTBUSINESS,THEDIRECTINVESTMENTANDINVESTMENTMANAGEMENTBUSINESS,THEAIRCRAFTLEASINGBUSINESSANDETC,ARESEPARATELYRUNOROPERATEDBYTHEBANKSSUBSIDIARIESTHEBANKSINSTITUTEOFINTERNATIONALFINANCE,BEIJING,ISTHETRAININGDEPARTMENTOFHEADOFFICEANDUNDERGOINGTHESTAFFTRAININGPROGRAMS,ESPECIALLYRESPONSIBLEFORTHEMANAGEMENTANDFINANCIALBUSINESSTRAININGFORTHEHIGHLEVELOVERSEASANDDOMESTICBANKERSRAPIDINTERNATIONALIZATIONOFBANKINGBUSINESSHASRESULTEDINTHEINCREASINGNEEDSOFTRAININGPROGRAMSORPROJECTSMANYBANKINGTRAININGPRODUCTSHAVEBEENINPUTFROMWESTERNCOUNTRIESBYTHEINSTITUTETHESEDAYSMANYOFTHEINPUTPRODUCTSAREBANKINGTRAININGCOURSESTHEORIGINALMATERIALSAREWRITTENMAINLYINENGLISHTHESEDIFFERENTKINDSOFTRAININGMATERIALSSHOULDBETRANSLATEDINTOCHINESEFIRSTHOWDOTHETRANSLATIONSMATCHWITHVARIOUSKINDSOFTRAINEESWITHDIFFERENTENGLISHLEVELTORIGHTLYANSWERTHISQUESTION,THEENGLISHCHINESEECTRANSLATIONINTRAININGISBECOMINGANIMPORTANTPRACTICEASWEKNOW,ENGLISHTOCHINESETRANSLATIONINTRAININGMATERIALSARECHARACTERIZEDBYTHEIRSPECIALRULESMOREOVER,ENGLISHCHINESEECMATERIALISALSOWITHCHINESECULTUREFURTHERMORE,INSOMECHINESECLASSICALTRAININGWORKS,THEAUTHORSLIKETOADOPTVARIOUSWAYSTOBUILDTHETRAININGFIGURES,ASWELLASCHOOSESUITABLETRAININGOBJECTWORDSASARESULT,AGOODECTRAININGMARTIALTRANSLATIONINTRAININGWORKSCOULDHELPTHETARGETLANGUAGETLREADERSUNDERSTANDWELLABOUTCHINESECULTURE,THESOURCELANGUAGESLAUTHORSCREATIVEPURPOSEANDTHETHEMESOFTHESLWORKSUPTONOW,THEREAREANUMBEROFRESEARCHESONECTRAININGSIMULATIONMATERIALTRANSLATIONMOSTOFCHINESETRANSLATIONCOMPLIESWITHTHEREALOBJECTBECAUSETHEPRINCIPLEOFTRANSLITERATIONONLYWORKSONTRANSFERENCEOFWORDS,WHICHGIVESRISETOTHELOSSOFSEMANTICANDCULTURALMEANINGS,ITMAKESTHETLREADERSIMPOSSIBLETOOBTAINTHEEQUIVALENTMESSAGESASTHESLREADERSDOTHEREFORE,MOREFLEXIBLEANDCREATIVESTRATEGIES,LIKELITERALTRANSLATION,ADAPTATION,ANDPARAPHRASEARESUGGESTEDBYSEVERALRESEARCHERSCHENG,2005BAO,2004INTHEPRACTICEOFTRANSLATION12RESEARCHOBJECTSWEAREFACEDWITHALOTOFPROBLEMSINORDERTOGETAGOODTRANSLATION,ANDTHENANIDEALTRAININGRESULTFIRSTLY,HOWCANWEREACHTHEREALPURPOSESOFTHEORIGINALMATERIALSSECONDLY,HOWARETHECULTURALCONTENTSOFTHEORIGINALMATERIALSUNDERSTOODTHIRDLY,HOWDOTHETRANSLATIONSMATCHWITHVARIOUSKINDSOFTRAINEESWITHDIFFERENTENGLISHLEVELTHISPAPERWILLMAINLYFOCUSONHOWTOSOLVETHESEPROBLEMSINAWORD,AGOODECTRANSLATIONOFTRAININGMATERIALSCANHELPTHETARGETLANGUAGETLREADERSUNDERSTANDWELLTHECREATIVEPURPOSEOFTHESOURCELANGUAGESLAUTHORUPTONOW,THEREAREANUMBEROFRESEARCHESONECTRANSLATIONOFTRAININGSIMULATIONMATERIALSFOREXAMPLE,LITERALTRANSITIONANDFREETRANSLATIONARETWOUSEFULAPPROACHESINDEALINGWITHTRANSLATIONOFSIMULATIONMATERIALSHOWEVER,THEREARESTILLSOMEPROBLEMSASHOWTOUSETHOSESTRATEGIESTHEPRINCIPLEOFTRANSLITERATIONONLYWORKSONTRANSFERENCEOFWORDS,WHICHGIVESRISETOTHELOSSOFSEMANTICANDCULTURALMEANINGSTHISMAKESTHETLREADERSIMPOSSIBLETOOBTAINTHEEQUIVALENTMESSAGESASTHESLREADERSDOTHEREFORE,MOREFLEXIBLEANDCREATIVESTRATEGIES,LIKELITERALTRANSLATION,ADAPTATION,ANDPARAPHRASEARESUGGESTEDBYSEVERALRESEARCHERSINTHEPRACTICEOFTRANSLATION13PAPERORGANIZATIONTHERESEARCHISDIVIDEDINTOSIXPARTSINPARTONE,THEAUTHORWILLINTRODUCETHERESEARCHBACKGROUND,RESEARCHOBJECTSANDPAPERORGANIZATIONINPARTTWO,THEAUTHORWILLGOFURTHERINTOTHESTUDYOFMAINTHEORIESOFTRANSLATIONANDTRAININGRELATEDTOTHESTUDYINPARTTHREE,ECTRAININGBYEXAMINING20EXAMPLESINTRANSLATIONANDTHEIRTRANSLATIONSINSSWILLBEGIVENINPARTFOURTHEAUTHORAIMSTOSUMMARIZEECTRANSLATIONSTRATEGIESANDTHEIREFFECTACCORDINGTOTHEDATAANALYSIS,ANDALSO,FINDINGTHEIMPORTANTFACTORSWHICHAFFECTTHETRANSLATORSDECISIONMAKINGOFTRANSLATIONSTRATEGIESINPARTFIVETHEAUTHORWILLGIVESUGGESTIONSTOTHEPRACTICEOFCHARACTERTAINTINGMATERIALTRANSLATIONFINALLY,THEAUTHORWILLSUMMARIZETHEWHOLERESEARCHANDPRESENTTHEIMPLICATIONSFORFUTUREPRACTICEANDRESEARCH2RATIONALETHEPRACTICEOFTRAININGSIMULATIONMATERIALTRANSLATIONSEEMSTOBEEASYBUTQUITEDIFFICULTDUETOTHELINGUISTICANDCULTURALDIFFERENCESBETWEENENGLISHANDCHINESEDIFFERENTTRANSLATORSTENDTOUSEDIFFERENTSPECIFICSTRATEGIESACCORDINGTOTHEIROWNCONSIDERATIONSTHEAUTHORTRIESTOEXAMINETHEECTRANSLATIONOFTHETRAININGMATERIALS,ANDTHENANALYZETHETRAININGRESULTBYTHEORIGINALANDIMPROVEDTRANSLATIONSTHUS,THISPAPERWILLDEFINITELYHAVEAFARREACHINGANDIMPORTANTMEANINGFORTHEPRACTICEANDRESEARCHOFECTRANSLATIONOFTRAININGMATERIALSTHEBOOK（XUNJIANPING200012）HELDTHEVIEWSTHAT“DIFFERENTKINDSOFMATERIALSTOBETRANSLATEDREQUIREDIFFERENTSTRESSESINTHEIRRENDITIONSCIENTIFICMATERIALSSTRESSTHEIRPRECISENESSNOVELSANDSTORIES,THEIRPLOTSANDCHARACTERSPOETRY,THEEMOTIONDOCUMENTTRANSLATION,THEFORMANDWORDING,ANDSOON”XUNJIANPING200012FINICALTRAININGMATERIALISBELONGINGTOTHESCIENTIFICSCOPESOTHEPRECISENESSISVERYIMPORTANTINORDERTOREACHPRECISERESULTS,THETRANSLATIONSTRATEGIESAREVERYUSEFUL，WHICHAREAVAILABLEINOXFORDREBECCA20089THEFEATURESOFLANGUAGESLEARNINGSTRATEGIESARELISTEDBELOWTABLE1FEATURESOFLANGUAGESLEARNINGSTRATEGIES1CONTRIBUTETOTHEMAINGOAL,COMMUNICATIVECOMPETENCE2ALLOWLEARNERSTOBECOMEMORESELFDIRECTED3EXPANDTHEROLEOFTEACHERS4AREPROBLEMORIENTED5ARESPECIFICACTIONSTAKERSBYTHELEARNER6INVOLVEMANYASPECTSOFTHELEARNER,NOTJUSTTHECOGNITIVE7SUPPORTLEARNINGBOTHDIRECTLYANDINDIRECTLY8ARENOTALWAYSOBSERVABLE9AREOFTENCONSCIOUS10CANBETAUGHT11AREFLEXIBLE12AREINFLUENCEDBYAVARIETYOFFACTORSFIRSTLY,OBJECTISANIMPORTANTFACTORINTRANSITIONOFTRAININGMATERIALSTHEBOOK（REBECCA20089）INDICATESTHATCOMMUNICATIVECOMPETENCEISTHEMAINGOALATFIRSTTRAININGMATERIALISAIMEDTOBELEARNEDBYTHEREADERSOTRANSLATIONSTRATEGIESOFTHETRAININGMATERIALSARETHESAMEASTHELEARNLANGUAGESLEARNINGSTRATEGIESSECONDLY,ANEXPERTHOLDSTHEVIEW“TRANSLATIONISTHEPRODUCTIONOFAFUNCTIONALTARGETTEXTMAINTAININGARELATIONSHIPWITHAGIVENSOURCETEXTTHATISSPECIFIEDAACCORDINGTOTHEINTENDEDORDEMANDEDFUNCTIONOFTHETARGETTEXT”（CHENXIWEI20001）ANOTHEREXPERTNEWMARKCLASSIFIEDTEXTUALFUNCTIONINTOFIVETYPESEXPRESSIVE,INFORMATIONAL,VOCATIVE,AESTHETICANDMULTILINGUALLIYUNXING,200162THETRANSLATIONOFTHETRAININGMATERIALSMUSTPRESERVETHEINFORMATIONPRECISELYANDTAKETHEPRESERVATIONOFTHEEXPRESSIVEFUNCTIONASTHEULTIMATEOBJECTIVEONTHEOTHERSIDE,OTHEREXPERTSHOLDDIFFERENTVIEWS,“TRANSLATIONALLOWSACOMMUNICATIVEACTTOTAKEPLACEWHICHBECAUSEOFEXISTINGLINGUISTICANDCULTURALBARRIERSWOULDNOTHAVEBEENPOSSIBLEWITHOUTIT”（CHENXIWEI20001）,ANDNIDA2001FURTHEREMPHASIZEDTHATASATRANSLATOR,AWARENESSOFTHETWOCULTURESISMOREIMPORTANTTHANTHATOFTHETWOLANGUAGESTOBEATRULYSUCCESSFULTRANSLATOR,HESAID,“BICULTURALISMISEVENMOREIMPORTANTTHANBILINGUALISM,SINCEWORDSONLYHAVEMEANINGSINTERMSOFTHECULTUREINWHICHTHEYFUNCTION”DESPITEMANYKINDSOFTRANSLATIONRATIONALES,WEMAYALSOTAKETHESECRITERIAASTHEPRINCIPLESOFTRANSLATIONINGENERALONEISPROPOSEDBYAFAMOUSLINGUISTNAMEDYANFU严复IN1898THATIS“THREECHARACTERGUIDE”“信、达、雅”,WHICHISINENGLISHFAITHFULNESS,SMOOTHNESSANDELEGANCE“FAITHFULNESS”REFERSTOTHATNOTONLYTHECONTENTBUTALSOSTYLEOFTHETRANSLATIONMATCHESTHEORIGINAL“ELEGANCE”INDICATESOUTOFPLACEINTRANSLATIONTHATTHESPIRITUALCONFORMITY神似ANDSUBLIMATEDADAPTION（化境）（XUNJIANPING20007）THATMEANSORIGINALANDTARGETINGCULTUREBACKGROUNDMUSTBECONSIDEDLIUXIAOHONGLISTSFOURTRANSLATIONSTEPSFIRSTSTEP,BEFOREREADINGORTRANSLATION,THETRANSLATORSMAYBEUNCONSCIOUSLYTHROUGHTRUSTTHATMEANSTHEYBELIEVETHEORIGINALISINFORMATIVETHESECONDSTEP,WHENTHEREISCULTURALCONFLICTOFTWOLANGUAGES,INVASIONWILLOCCURTHETHIRDSTEPISCALLEDTHEABSORPTION,THATISTHEMEANINGOFTHETEXTANDFORMSARETOBETRANSPLANTEDTHISISALSOCALLEDTHEINTRODUCTIONOFTHEPROCESSTHETARGETLANGUAGECANBECOMERICH,ORITMAYBETHESOURCELANGUAGEASSIMILATIONTHELASTSTEPISTHEFILLCOMPENSATIONTHATISESSENTIALTOCOMPENSATEFORTHETRANSLATORSTORECOVERPREVIOUSLY”201045GENERALLYSPEAKING,COMPREHENSIONWAYSOFTRANSLATIONISVERYUSEFULHOWEVER,INTHEPRACTICEOFTRANSLATION,ESPECIALLYINTRAININGMATERIALS,WEMAYFINDTHATNOWANDTHENSOMEWORDSANDSENTENCESINTHEIRUSUALSENSEAREVERYDIFFICULTTODEALWITHBECAUSEOFTHEDISPARITYBETWEENTHEENGLISHANDTHECHINESELANGUAGESINTHISCASE,WEHAVETOSELECTSOMESPECIALMEANSOFTRANSLATIONLITERALANDFREETRANSLATIONSWILLBEUSEFULINDEALINGWITHSUCHAWKWARDTRAININGMATERIALS3DATADESCRIPTIONINTHEFOLLOWINGSECTION,20WORDSANDSENTENCESFROMSOURCELANGUAGETEXTSLTANDTARGETLANGUAGETEXTTLTHAVEBEENCHOSENASEXAMPLESTHESLTISENGLISHCLASSICALWORKSOFTOPSIMVERSION102009THETLTISPARTICIPANTMANUALBANKMANAGEMENTSYSTEMTRANSLATEDBYPEOPLESBANKOFCHINA31BRIEFINTRODUCTIONOFTHESLTTRAININGSIMULATIONSAREDESIGNEDTOREPLICATETHEESSENTIALCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEREALWORLDTHATARENECESSARYTOPRODUCELEARNINGANDTRANSFERTHESEEFFORTCANVARYFROMVERYSOPHISTICATEDFLIGHTSIMULATORSTOPCBASEDSIMULATIONSSALAS,BOWERS,WHERETHEORIGINALUSESCULTURESPECIFICLANGUAGE,THETRANSLATORISFREETOBECREATIVE”NEWMARK19916WECANGETTOKNOWTHATTHETRANSLATORSSHOULDCONSIDERTHEOBJECTOFTRANSLATIONSFIRST,NOMATTERWHATWORDS,SENTENCESORTONESARECHOSENTHENTHECULTURESHOULDBECONSIDEREDTHEORIGINALTERM“BANKMANAGEMENTSYSTEM”CANBETRANSLATEDINTOTHECHINESE“YINHANGGUANLIXITONG”银行管理系统BUTIFWECONSIDERTHEOBJECTOFTEXTS,ITCANBETRANSLATEDINTOCHINESE“SHANGYEYINHANGJINGYINGSHIZHANMONIXUEYUANSHOUCE”商业银行经营实战模拟学员手册EGEXAMPLE20THELATERTRANSLATIONCANEASILYCREATETHECOMPETENCYATMOSPHEREDURINGTHETRAININGTHETERMSHOULDBEUSEDASMUCHASPOSSIBLESOTHATTHETRAINEESCOULDUNDERSTANDTHETRAININGCONTENTSEVENMORE,THETRAINEESUSUALLYCANFEELTHECOMPETENCYATMOSPHEREWHENTHEYREADTHEMATERIALSTHEMSELVES,ASIFSOMEONEWERETELLINGTHEMSOTHUSTHEYCANQUICKLYENTERINTOTHEROLESMAYBETHEYWILLASKTHEFOLLOWINGSUCHQUESTIONSBYTHEMSELVESAS,”WHATISSIMULATION”,“WHATISTHEACTUALCOMBAT”ETCTHETRANSLATIONCOULDBERIGHTLYNOTICEDANDDEEPLYTHOUGHTBYTHETRAINEESTHISWILLLEADTHEMINTOTHEOBJECTOFTHETRAININGEVERYCOUNTRYINTHEWORLDHASITSOWNCULTUREFOREXAMPLE,DIFFERENTCOUNTRYHASADIFFERENTHIERARCHYATITSCERTAINPERIODOFDEVELOPINGTHEDEVELOPEDCOUNTRYTHEREISMORELOWHIERARCHY,BUTTHEDEVELOPINGCOUNTRYTHEREISMOREHIGHHIERARCHYMEANWHILEDIFFERENTHIERARCHICALSTRUCTURESWILLAFFECTTHELEADERSMANAGEMENTBEHAVIORTHETASKORIENTEDMANAGEMENTISUSUALLYPREFERREDINTHEDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESOTHERWISE,THERELATIONSHIPORIENTEDMANAGEMENTISMUCHMOREPOPULARINTHEDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESTHEBOOKTHEINTERNATIONALDIMENSIONSOFORGANIZATIONALBEHAVIORJUSTTELLSUSTHEDIFFERENCEOFMANAGEMENTBEHAVIORAMONGVARIOUSCOUNTRIES,ASSEENINTABLE1ANDFIGURE1TABLE1UNITEDSTATESGERMANYSWEDENNETHERLANDSGREATBRITAINSPAINITALYFRANCECHINAINDONESIA17263031343442437083MORETASKORIENTEDMORERELATIONSHIPORIENTED172630313434424370830102030405060708090UNITEDSTATESGERMANYSWEDENNETHERLANDSGREATBRITAINSPAINITALYFRANCECHINAINDONESIAFIGURE1CULTURESHOULDBETAKENINTOACCOUNTWHENTRANSLATINGASTHELINGUISTNIDAWROTE“CHANGEINCULTUREOFTENGIVERISETONEWTYPESOFDISCOURSE”NIDA1998306HEALSOHADTHEOPINIONTHAT“THEPOPULARITYOFCERTAINTYPESOFDISCOURSEMAYALSOREFLECTCULTURALCONCERNS”NIDA1998306HATIMONCEWROTE“CULTURECONTEXTIS,THEN,ANIMPORTANTFACTORINDETERMININGSTRUCTURALARRANGEMENT”HATIM1990THISISTHECULTUREMETHODSOFTRANSLATIONANALYSISTHATMANSHOULDFOLLOWONEOFTHEBRITISHCULTUREANTHROPOLOGISTSAID“CULTUREASACOMPLEXWHICHINCLUDESKNOWLEDGE,RELIGION,ARTS,MORALS,LAW,CUSTOMANDABILITIESANDHABITSACQUIREDINTHESOCIETY”THEORIGINALCULTURE,1871ANOTHERLINGUISTZHIPEIZHOUONCEPUBLISHEDAPAPEROF“CULTURALWORDS,WORDSWITHCULTURALBACKGROUNDINTHETRANSLATIONBETWEENENGLISHANDCHINESE”HEINDICATED“CULTUREASAWAYOFLIFEANDMANIFESTATIONSTHATAREPECULIARTOACOMMUNITYTHATUSESAPECULIARLANGUAGEASITSMEANSOFEXPRESSION”THEAMERICANSOCIOLINGUISTKOHLA（2000）HELDTHEVIEWTHAT“CULTUREAPPOINTSTHEWAYOFLIFEOFACERTAINCOMMUNITY,INCL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