考研英语阅读真题及详细解析2012

2012TEXT1COMEONEVERYBODYSDOINGITTHATWHISPEREDMESSAGE,HALFINVITATIONANDHALFFORCING,ISWHATMOSTOFUSTHINKOFWHENWEHEARTHEWORDSPEERPRESSUREITUSUALLYLEADSTONOGOODDRINKING,DRUGSANDCASUALSEXBUTINHERNEWBOOKJOINTHECLUB,TINAROSENBERGCONTENDSTHATPEERPRESSURECANALSOBEAPOSITIVEFORCETHROUGHWHATSHECALLSTHESOCIALCURE,INWHICHORGANIZATIONSANDOFFICIALSUSETHEPOWEROFGROUPDYNAMICSTOHELPINDIVIDUALSIMPROVETHEIRLIVESANDPOSSIBLYTHEWORDROSENBERG,THERECIPIENTOFAPULITZERPRIZE,OFFERSAHOSTOFEXAMPLEOFTHESOCIALCUREINACTIONINSOUTHCAROLINA,ASTATESPONSOREDANTISMOKINGPROGRAMCALLEDRAGEAGAINSTTHEHAZESETSOUTTOMAKECIGARETTESUNCOOLINSOUTHAFRICA,ANHIVPREVENTIONINITIATIVEKNOWNASLOVELIFERECRUITSYOUNGPEOPLETOPROMOTESAFESEXAMONGTHEIRPEERSTHEIDEASEEMSPROMISING，ANDROSENBERGISAPERCEPTIVEOBSERVERHERCRITIQUEOFTHELAMENESSOFMANYPUBICHEALTHCAMPAIGNSISSPOTONTHEYFAILTOMOBILIZEPEERPRESSUREFORHEALTHYHABITS,ANDTHEYDEMONSTRATEASERIOUSLYFLAWEDUNDERSTANDINGOFPSYCHOLOGY”DARETOBEDIFFERENT,PLEASEDONTSMOKE”PLEADSONEBILLBOARDCAMPAIGNAIMEDATREDUCINGSMOKINGAMONGTEENAGERSTEENAGERS,WHODESIRENOTHINGMORETHANFITTINGINROSENBERGARGUESCONVINCINGLYTHATPUBLICHEALTHADVOCATESOUGHTTOTAKEAPAGEFROMADVERTISERS,SOSKILLEDATAPPLYINGPEERPRESSUREBUTONTHEGENERALEFFECTIVENESSOFTHESOCIALCURE,ROSENBERGISLESSPERSUASIVEJOINTHECLUBISFILLEDWITHTOOMUCHIRRELEVANTDETAILANDNOTENOUGHEXPLORATIONOFTHESOCIALANDBIOLOGICALFACTORSTHATMAKEPEERPRESSURESOPOWERFULTHEMOSTGLARINGFLAWOFTHESOCIALCUREASITSPRESENTEDHEREISTHATITDOESNTWORKVERYWELLFORVERYLONGRAGEAGAINSTTHEHAZEFAILEDONCESTATEFUNDINGWASCUTEVIDENCETHATTHELOVELIFEPROGRAMPRODUCESLASTINGCHANGESISLIMITEDANDMIXEDTHERESNODOUBTTHATOURPEERGROUPSEXERTENORMOUSINFLUENCEONOURBEHAVIORANEMERGINGBODYOFRESEARCHSHOWSTHATPOSITIVEHEALTHHABITSASWELLASNEGATIVEONESSPREADTHROUGHNETWORKSOFFRIENDSVIASOCIALCOMMUNICATIONTHISISASUBTLEFORMOFPEERPRESSUREWEUNCONSCIOUSLYIMITATETHEBEHAVIORWESEEEVERYDAYFARLESSCERTAIN,HOWEVER,ISHOWSUCCESSFULLYEXPERTSANDBUREAUCRATSCANSELECTOURPEERGROUPSANDSTEERTHEIRACTIVITIESINVIRTUOUSDIRECTIONSITSLIKETHETEACHERWHOBREAKSUPTHETROUBLEMAKERSINTHEBACKROWBYPAIRINGTHEMWITHBETTERBEHAVEDCLASSMATESTHETACTICNEVERREALLYWORKSANDTHATSTHEPROBLEMWITHASOCIALCUREENGINEEREDFROMTHEOUTSIDEINTHEREALWORLD,ASINSCHOOL,WEINSISTONCHOOSINGOUROWNFRIENDS文章出处HTTP/WWWTIMECOM/TIME/MAGAZINE/ARTICLE/0,9171,2061234,00HTMLHERDMENTALITY21ACCORDINGTOTHEFIRSTPARAGRAPH,PEERPRESSUREOFTENEMERGESAS根据第一段，同龄人的压力通常以什么样的状态出现AASUPPLEMENTTOTHESOCIALCURE对于社会治疗的补充BASTIMULUSTOGROUPDYNAMICS对于团队活力的刺激CANOBSTACLETOSCHOOLPROGRESS学校进步的阻碍DACAUSEOFUNDESIRABLEBEHAVIORS一些不良行为的原因解析这是一个细节题对应文中ITUSUALLYLEADSTONOGOODDRINKING,DRUGSANDCASUALSEX题干中的OFTEN对应原文中的USUALLY选项中UNDESIRABLEBEHAVIORS对应NOGOODDRINKING,DRUGSANDCASUALSEXLEAD对于CAUSE完美替换，四级难度，出题人很仁慈。22ROSENBERGHOLDSTHATPUBLICADVOCATESSHOULD罗森博格认为公共支持者应该ARECRUITPROFESSIONALADVERTISERS招募职业的广告人BLEARNFROMADVERTISERSEXPERIENCE从广告人那里学习经验CSTAYAWAYFROMCOMMERCIALADVERTISERS远离商业广告人DRECOGNIZETHELIMITATIONSOFADVERTISEMENTS认识到广告的局限性解析本题为细节题，根据题干定位到三段最后一句ROSENBERGARGUESCONVINCINGLYTHATPUBLICHEALTHADVOCATESOUGHTTOTAKEAPAGEFROMADVERTISERS,SOSKILLEDATAPPLYINGPEERPRESSURE这样的句子的理解难点是一个短语TAKEAPAGEFROM向谁学习，如果不懂，可以看后面的SOSKILLEDATAPPLYING，也能熟练的运用，一个“也”道出天机，小词有大乾坤啊23INTHEAUTHORSVIEW,ROSENBERGSBOOKFAILSTO作者认为ROSENBERG未能AADEQUATELYPROBESOCIALANDBIOLOGICALFACTORS足够的探究社会和生物因素BEFFECTIVELYEVADETHEFLAWSOFTHESOCIALCURE有效地逃避社会治疗的缺点CILLUSTRATETHEFUNCTIONSOFSTATEFUNDING例证出国家基金的功能DPRODUCEALONGLASTINGSOCIALEFFECT产生长期的社会影响解析细节题问观点对应句子BUTONTHEGENERALEFFECTIVENESSOFTHESOCIALCURE,ROSENBERGISLESSPERSUASIVE指出不足后面一句中的主语JOINTHECLUB为此人所写，所以后面的表述就是他的观点NOTENOUGHEXPLORATIONOFTHESOCIALANDBIOLOGICALFACTORSTHATMAKEPEERPRESSURESOPOWERFUL完美替换EXPLORATION对PROBE24PARAGRAPH5SHOWSTHATOURIMITATIONOFBEHAVIORS第五段表明对于行为的模仿AISHARMFULTOOURNETWORKSOFFRIENDS对于朋友的网络是有害的BWILLMISLEADBEHAVIORALSTUDIES会误导对于行为的研究COCCURSWITHOUTOURREALIZINGIT在没有意识到的时候就出现了DCANPRODUCENEGATIVEHEALTHHABITS会产生不良的健康习惯解析细节题对应句子THISISASUBTLEFORMOFPEERPRESSUREWEUNCONSCIOUSLYIMITATETHEBEHAVIORWESEEEVERYDAY对UNCONSCIOUSLY完美替换。25THEAUTHORSUGGESTSINTHELASTPARAGRAPHTHATTHEEFFECTOFPEERPRESSUREIS作者在最后一段中认为同龄人压力的效果是AHARMFULBDESIRABLECPROFOUNDDQUESTIONABLE解析局部态度题对应FARLESSCERTAIN,HOWEVER,ISTHETACTICNEVERREALLYWORKS表明作者对于这个事物的看法是不确定的所以选最后一个TEXT2ADEALISADEALEXCEPT,APPARENTLY,WHENENTERGYISINVOLVEDTHECOMPANY,AMAJORENERGYSUPPLIERINNEWENGLAND,PROVOKEDJUSTIFIEDOUTRAGEINVERMONTLASTWEEKWHENITANNOUNCEDITWASRENEGINGONALONGSTANDINGCOMMITMENTTOABIDEBYTHESTRICTNUCLEARREGULATIONSINSTEAD,THECOMPANYHASDONEPRECISELYWHATITHADLONGPROMISEDITWOULDNOTCHALLENGETHECONSTITUTIONALITYOFVERMONTSRULESINTHEFEDERALCOURT,ASPARTOFADESPERATEEFFORTTOKEEPITSVERMONTYANKEENUCLEARPOWERPLANTRUNNINGITSASTUNNINGMOVETHECONFLICTHASBEENSURFACINGSINCE2002,WHENTHECORPORATIONBOUGHTVERMONTSONLYNUCLEARPOWERPLANT,ANAGINGREACTORINVERNONASACONDITIONOFRECEIVINGSTATEAPPROVALFORTHESALE,THECOMPANYAGREEDTOSEEKPERMISSIONFROMSTATEREGULATORSTOOPERATEPAST2012IN2006,THESTATEWENTASTEPFURTHER,REQUIRINGTHATANYEXTENSIONOFTHEPLANTSLICENSEBESUBJECTTOVERMONTLEGISLATURESAPPROVALTHEN,TOO,THECOMPANYWENTALONGEITHERENTERGYNEVERREALLYINTENDEDTOLIVEBYTHOSECOMMITMENTS,ORITSIMPLYDIDNTFORESEEWHATWOULDHAPPENNEXTASTRINGOFACCIDENTS,INCLUDINGTHEPARTIALCOLLAPSEOFACOOLINGTOWERIN2007ANDTHEDISCOVERYOFANUNDERGROUNDPIPESYSTEMLEAKAGE,RAISEDSERIOUSQUESTIONSABOUTBOTHVERMONTYANKEESSAFETYANDENTERGYSMANAGEMENTESPECIALLYAFTERTHECOMPANYMADEMISLEADINGSTATEMENTSABOUTTHEPIPEENRAGEDBYENTERGYSBEHAVIOR,THEVERMONTSENATEVOTED26TO4LASTYEARAGAINSTALLOWINGANEXTENSIONNOWTHECOMPANYISSUDDENLYCLAIMINGTHATTHE2002AGREEMENTISINVALIDBECAUSEOFTHE2006LEGISLATION,ANDTHATONLYTHEFEDERALGOVERNMENTHASREGULATORYPOWEROVERNUCLEARISSUESTHELEGALISSUESINTHECASEAREOBSCUREWHEREASTHESUPREMECOURTHASRULEDTHATSTATESDOHAVESOMEREGULATORYAUTHORITYOVERNUCLEARPOWER,LEGALSCHOLARSSAYTHATVERMONTCASEWILLOFFERAPRECEDENTSETTINGTESTOFHOWFARTHOSEPOWERSEXTENDCERTAINLY,THEREAREVALIDCONCERNSABOUTTHEPATCHWORKREGULATIONSTHATCOULDRESULTIFEVERYSTATESETSITSOWNRULESBUTHADENTERGYKEPTITSWORD,THATDEBATEWOULDBEBESIDETHEPOINTTHECOMPANYSEEMSTOHAVECONCLUDEDTHATITSREPUTATIONINVERMONTISALREADYSODAMAGEDTHATITHASNOTHINGLEFTTOLOSEBYGOINGTOWARWITHTHESTATEBUTTHERESHOULDBECONSEQUENCESPERMISSIONTORUNANUCLEARPLANTISAPUBLICTRUSTENTERGYRUNS11OTHERREACTORSINTHEUNITEDSTATES,INCLUDINGPILGRIMNUCLEARSTATIONINPLYMOUTHPLEDGINGTORUNPILGRIMSAFELY,THECOMPANYHASAPPLIEDFORFEDERALPERMISSIONTOKEEPITOPENFORANOTHER20YEARSBUTASTHENUCLEARREGULATORYCOMMISSIONNRCREVIEWSTHECOMPANYSAPPLICATION,ITSHOULDKEEPITMINDWHATPROMISESFROMENTERGYAREWORTH文章出处HTTP/ARTICLESBOSTONCOM/20110424/BOSTONGLOBE/29469298_1_NUCLEARPOWERPLANTVERMONTYANKEEOLDERREACTORS题目为VERMONTYANKEEPLANTSOWNERMUSTHONORITSOWNPROMISES26THEPHRASE“RENEGINGON”LINE3PARA1ISCLOSESTINMEANINGTO短语“RENEGINGON”最接近那个意思ACONDEMNING谴责BREAFFIRMING再次确认CDISHONORING不守信用DSECURING安全解析词意题ADEALISADEAL之后出现EXCEPT，表明前后相反还有一次题眼COMMITMENTTOABIDEBY前面出现PROVOKEDJUSTIFIEDOUTRAGE，一个是正当的愤怒，一个是守承诺，那么中间就只能是不受承诺了。答案为CDISHONORING27BYENTERINGINTOTHE2002AGREEMENT,ENTERGYINTENDEDTO同意2002年的协议，ENTERGY公司希望AOBTAINPROTECTIONFROMVERMONTREGULATORS获得VERMONT监管者的保护BSEEKFAVORFROMTHEFEDERALLEGISLATURE寻求联邦立法机关的帮助CACQUIREANEXTENSIONOFITSBUSINESSLICENSE要求延长商业执照的有效期DGETPERMISSIONTOPURCHASEAPOWERPLANT获得购买一个电厂的许可解析细节题根据题干对应文中THECONFLICTHASBEENSURFACINGSINCE2002,WHENTHECORPORATIONBOUGHTVERMONTSONLYNUCLEARPOWERPLANT,ANAGINGREACTORINVERNON冲突从2002年开始就出现了，那个时候公司购买了VERMONT唯一的一家核电站在VERNON的一家很旧的反应堆。ASACONDITIONOFRECEIVINGSTATEAPPROVALFORTHESALE,THECOMPANYAGREEDTOSEEKPERMISSIONFROMSTATEREGULATORSTOOPERATEPAST2012作为获得州政府购买批准的条件，公司同意在2012年以后的运营需要征得州监管者的同意。2002AGREEMENT对应THECOMPANYAGREEDTOINTENDEDTO对应ASACONDITIONOF因此答案为RECEIVINGSTATEAPPROVALFORTHESALEDGETPERMISSIONTOPURCHASEAPOWERPLANT完美替换。28ACCORDINGTOPARAGRAPH4,ENTERGYSEEMSTOHAVEPROBLEMSWITHITS根据第四段，ENTERGY存在哪些方面的问题AMANAGERIALPRACTICES管理实践BTECHNICALINNOVATIVENESS技术创新CFINANCIALGOALS财务目标DBUSINESSVISION经营愿景解析细节题ASTRINGOFACCIDENTS,INCLUDINGTHEPARTIALCOLLAPSEOFACOOLINGTOWERIN2007ANDTHEDISCOVERYOFANUNDERGROUNDPIPESYSTEMLEAKAGE,RAISEDSERIOUSQUESTIONSABOUTBOTHVERMONTYANKEESSAFETYANDENTERGYSMANAGEMENT一系列的事故，包括2007年冷凝塔的部分坍塌，发现地下管道系统的泄露，这些都引起了对于VERMONTYANKEE安全和公司管理的强烈关注。所以答案应该是AMANAGERIALPRACTICES29INTHEAUTHORSVIEW,THEVERMONTCASEWILLTEST作者认为VERMONT的案例将会测试AENTERGYSCAPACITYTOFULFILLALLITSPROMISESENTERGY履行其承诺的能力BTHEMATUREOFSTATESPATCHWORKREGULATIONS各州补充规定的成熟程度CTHEFEDERALAUTHORITYOVERNUCLEARISSUES对于核问题的联邦权威DTHELIMITSOFSTATESPOWEROVERNUCLEARISSUES对于核问题各州权力的局限性解析细节题对应句子WHEREASTHESUPREMECOURTHASRULEDTHATSTATESDOHAVESOMEREGULATORYAUTHORITYOVERNUCLEARPOWER,LEGALSCHOLARSSAYTHATVERMONTCASEWILLOFFERAPRECEDENTSETTINGTESTOFHOWFARTHOSEPOWERSEXTEND但是最高法院判定各州确实有一些对于核电站的调控权力，法律学者说这个案例将提供先例设定的测试，决定这些权力能扩展多远。作者的观点借用LEGALSCHOLARS之口说出来。30ITCANBEINFERREDFROMTHELASTPARAGRAPHTHAT从最后一段中可以推知AENTERGYSBUSINESSELSEWHEREMIGHTBEAFFECTEDENTERGYS在其他地方的生意可能会受到影响BTHEAUTHORITYOFTHENRCWILLBEDEFIEDNRC的权威会受到挑衅CENTERGYWILLWITHDRAWITSPLYMOUTHAPPLICATIONENTERGY会撤回其在PLYMOUTH的申请DVERMONTSREPUTATIONMIGHTBEDAMAGEDVERMONT的名誉会遭到破坏解析段落推理题。重点对于段落中心和转折。这里没有中心却有转折THECOMPANYSEEMSTOHAVECONCLUDEDTHATITSREPUTATIONINVERMONTISALREADYSODAMAGEDTHATITHASNOTHINGLEFTTOLOSEBYGOINGTOWARWITHTHESTATEBUTTHERESHOULDBECONSEQUENCES公司似乎可以得出结论其在VERMONT的名誉已经受到破坏了，所以它已经没有任何东西可以丢失了，于是可以和州政府开战了。但是这是有后果的。后面句子开始描述其在其他州的生意，可以知道对应答案，常见的转折推理且出现MIGHTTEXT3INTHEIDEALIZEDVERSIONOFHOWSCIENCEISDONE,FACTSABOUTTHEWORLDAREWAITINGTOBEOBSERVEDANDCOLLECTEDBYOBJECTIVERESEARCHERSWHOUSETHESCIENTIFICMETHODTOCARRYOUTTHEIRWORKBUTINTHEEVERYDAYPRACTICEOFSCIENCE,DISCOVERYFREQUENTLYFOLLOWSANAMBIGUOUSANDCOMPLICATEDROUTEWEAIMTOBEOBJECTIVE,BUTWECANNOTESCAPETHECONTEXTOFOURUNIQUELIFEEXPERIENCEPRIORKNOWLEDGEANDINTERESTINFLUENCEWHATWEEXPERIENCE,WHATWETHINKOUREXPERIENCESMEAN,ANDTHESUBSEQUENTACTIONSWETAKEOPPORTUNITIESFORMISINTERPRETATION,ERROR,ANDSELFDECEPTIONABOUND在科学研究的理想状态下，关于世界的事实正在等待着那些客观的研究者来观察和搜集，研究者们会用科学的方法来进行他们的工作。但是在每天的科学实践中，发现通常遵循一条模糊和复杂的路径。我们的目标是做到客观，但是我们却不能逃离我们所处的独特的生活经验的环境。之前的知识和兴趣会影响我们所经历的，会影响我们对于经验意义的思考，以及我们会采取的随后的行动。这里充满着误读，错误和自我欺骗的机会。CONSEQUENTLY,DISCOVERYCLAIMSSHOULDBETHOUGHTOFASPROTOSCIENCESIMILARTONEWLYSTAKEDMININGCLAIMS,THEYAREFULLOFPOTENTIALBUTITTAKESCOLLECTIVESCRUTINYANDACCEPTANCETOTRANSFORMADISCOVERYCLAIMINTOAMATUREDISCOVERYTHISISTHECREDIBILITYPROCESS,THROUGHWHICHTHEINDIVIDUALRESEARCHERSME,HERE,NOWBECOMESTHECOMMUNITYSANYONE,ANYWHERE,ANYTIMEOBJECTIVEKNOWLEDGEISTHEGOAL,NOTTHESTARTINGPOINT所以，对于发现的申明应该被当做是科学的原型。这与新近开发的采矿资源比较类似，他们都充满着可能性。但是将发现的申明变为一个成熟的发现是需要集体的审查和集体的接受。这个过程就配称之为“信用的过程”，通过这个过程一个单个研究者的“我”在这里就变成了这个社区中的任何人，任何地方和任何时间。客观的知识不应该是起点而是目标。ONCEADISCOVERYCLAIMBECOMESPUBLIC,THEDISCOVERERRECEIVESINTELLECTUALCREDITBUT,UNLIKEWITHMININGCLAIMS,THECOMMUNITYTAKESCONTROLOFWHATHAPPENSNEXTWITHINTHECOMPLEXSOCIALSTRUCTUREOFTHESCIENTIFICCOMMUNITY,RESEARCHERSMAKEDISCOVERIESEDITORSANDREVIEWERSACTASGATEKEEPERSBYCONTROLLINGTHEPUBLICATIONPROCESSOTHERSCIENTISTSUSETHENEWFINDINGTOSUITTHEIROWNPURPOSESANDFINALLY,THEPUBLICINCLUDINGOTHERSCIENTISTSRECEIVESTHENEWDISCOVERYANDPOSSIBLYACCOMPANYINGTECHNOLOGYASADISCOVERYCLAIMWORKSITTHROUGHTHECOMMUNITY,THEINTERACTIONANDCONFRONTATIONBETWEENSHAREDANDCOMPETINGBELIEFSABOUTTHESCIENCEANDTHETECHNOLOGYINVOLVEDTRANSFORMSANINDIVIDUALSDISCOVERYCLAIMINTOTHECOMMUNITYSCREDIBLEDISCOVERY一但一个科学发现变成公开的，那么这个发现就获得了知识的信任。但是和开发采矿资源不一样的是，科学协会将控制接下来会发生的事情。在复杂的科研机构的社会结构中，研究者去做出发现编辑和审稿者通过控制出版过程扮演着看门人的角色其他的科学家使用新的发现来满足他们自己的目标最后，公众也包括其他科学家接受到新的发现和可能相伴随的技术。当一个发现的声明最终通过了机构的审查，在有关所涉及到的共享的和抵触的信念之间的互动和冲突将把一个人的发现变为一个机构的可信的发现。TWOPARADOXESEXISTTHROUGHOUTTHISCREDIBILITYPROCESSFIRST,SCIENTIFICWORKTENDSTOFOCUSONSOMEASPECTOFPREVAILINGKNOWLEDGETHATISVIEWEDASINCOMPLETEORINCORRECTLITTLEREWARDACCOMPANIESDUPLICATIONANDCONFIRMATIONOFWHATISALREADYKNOWNANDBELIEVEDTHEGOALISNEWSEARCH,NOTRESEARCHNOTSURPRISINGLY,NEWLYPUBLISHEDDISCOVERYCLAIMSANDCREDIBLEDISCOVERIESTHATAPPEARTOBEIMPORTANTANDCONVINCINGWILLALWAYSBEOPENTOCHALLENGEANDPOTENTIALMODIFICATIONORREFUTATIONBYFUTURERESEARCHERSSECOND,NOVELTYITSELFFREQUENTLYPROVOKESDISBELIEFNOBELLAUREATEANDPHYSIOLOGISTALBERTAZENTGYORGYIONCEDESCRIBEDDISCOVERYAS“SEEINGWHATEVERYBODYHASSEENANDTHINKINGWHATNOBODYHASTHOUGHT”BUTTHINKINGWHATNOBODYELSEHASTHOUGHTANDTELLINGOTHERSWHATTHEYHAVEMISSEDMAYNOTCHANGETHEIRVIEWSSOMETIMESYEARSAREREQUIREDFORTRULYNOVELDISCOVERYCLAIMSTOBEACCEPTEDANDAPPRECIATED在整个信任的过程中存在着两个悖论，第一科学工作倾向于关注一些流行科学的某些方面，而这些方面又是被认为是不完全和不正确的。去复制和确认已经被人所知和所信的东西不会有多少回报。科学要做的是去探究新的东西而不是再次探究。不足为奇的是，新发表的重要的，有说服力发现和可信的发现将会被后来的研究者质疑，并带来潜在的修改甚至驳斥。第二个悖论是新颖的东西本身就经常会招致怀疑。诺贝尔奖获得者，生理学家ALBERTAZENTGYORGYI曾经将发现描述为“观察每个人观察的，思考没有人想到的。”但是思考其他人没有想到的并且告诉其他人他们所遗漏的可能并不会改变这些人的观点。有时候，真正新颖的科学发现被人们所接受和认可将会花好多年的时间。INTHEEND,CREDIBILITY“HAPPENS”TOADISCOVERYCLAIMAPROCESSTHATCORRESPONDSTOWHATPHILOSOPHERANNETTEBAIERHASDESCRIBEDASTHECOMMONSOFTHEMIND“WEREASONTOGETHER,CHALLENGE,REVISE,ANDCOMPLETEEACHOTHERSREASONINGANDEACHOTHERSCONCEPTIONSOFREASON”最后，一个科学的发现获得了信任，这个过程是与哲学家ANNETTEBAIER所描述的心灵的共性的观点是一致的。“我们共同去推理，去质疑，其修改并且完善各自的推理以及各自的推理概念。文章解析和来源HTTP/TECHGROUPSYAHOOCOM/GROUP/PHYSICAL_SCIENCES/MESSAGE/5041THREADED1本题干扰项为BSHAREDEFFORTS共同的努力，THROUGHWHICHTHEINDIVIDUALRESEARCHERSME,HERE,NOWBECOMESTHECOMMUNITYSANYONE,ANYWHERE,ANYTIME来源是这句，但是这个句子中的WHICH指代的是CREDIBILITYPROCESS，那么句子就改写为THEINDIVIDUALRESEARCHERSME,HERE,NOWBECOMESTHECOMMUNITYSANYONE,ANYWHERE,ANYTIMETHROUGHCREDIBILITYPROCESS而题干问的是CREDIBILITYPROCESSREQUIRES什么，主干出现错误。33PARAGRAPH3SHOWSTHATADISCOVERYCLAIMBECOMESCREDIBLEAFTERIT第三段表明，科学的发现在它。之后变得可信AHASATTRACTEDTHEATTENTIONOFTHEGENERALPUBLIC吸引到大众的注意之后BHASBEENEXAMINEDBYTHESCIENTIFICCOMMUNITY被科学的机构检查之后CHASRECEIVEDRECOGNITIONFROMEDITORSANDREVIEWERS获得了编辑和审稿者的认同之后DHASBEENFREQUENTLYQUOTEDBYPEERSCIENTISTS被科学家同行经常引用之后解析这个题目是一个细节题。直接对应三段第一句ONCEADISCOVERYCLAIMBECOMESPUBLIC,THEDISCOVERERRECEIVESINTELLECTUALCREDIT根据ONCE知道答案的关键在于对于BECOMESPUBLIC的理解本句没有线索，但由于是首句所以答案指向段落后面的句子BUT,UNLIKEWITHMININGCLAIMS,THECOMMUNITYTAKESCONTROLOFWHATHAPPENSNEXT这句不应该是答案，因为这是在描述BECOMESPUBLIC之后的事情了，我们需要知道的是BECOMESPUBLIC等于什么EDITORSANDREVIEWERSACTASGATEKEEPERSBYCONTROLLINGTHEPUBLICATIONPROCESS根据这句可知BECOMESPUBLIC应该等于PUBLICATION进而可知答案CHASRECEIVEDRECOGNITIONFROMEDITORSANDREVIEWERS这个题目的干扰选项来自B被科学的机构检查之后，这个表述本身的缺陷在于结果不明确，被检查了有两种结果接受和不被接受如果是不被接受那么就不可能BECOMESPUBLIC也就不可能获得CREDIBILITY34ALBERTSZENTGYRGYIWOULDMOSTLIKELYAGREETHATALBERTSZENTGYRGYI可能会最赞同下面的那个观点ASCIENTIFICCLAIMSWILLSURVIVECHALLENGES科学的发现将经受住质疑BDISCOVERIESTODAYINSPIREFUTURERESEARCH今天的发现将引起未来的研究CEFFORTSTOMAKEDISCOVERIESAREJUSTIFIED做出发现的努力被证明是合理的DSCIENTIFICWORKCALLSFORACRITICALMIND科学的工作需要批判的头脑解析本题为细节题，对应文章中ALBERTSZENTGYRGYI所说的话SEEINGWHATEVERYBODYHASSEENANDTHINKINGWHATNOBODYHASTHOUGHT可以知道他认为思考很重要，因此答案为D，同学对于CRITICAL批判性的理解可能会有偏差，我们经常讲的培养思维能力其实就是培养CRITICALMIND的能力。有思考就一定会有批判的，因此这个同义替换是可以接受的。35WHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGWOULDBETHEBESTTITLEOFTHETEST下面那个是最好的标题ANOVELTYASANENGINEOFSCIENTIFICDEVELOPMENT新颖是科学进步的引擎BCOLLECTIVESCRUTINYINSCIENTIFICDISCOVERY科学发现中的集体审查CEVOLUTIONOFCREDIBILITYINDOINGSCIENCE科学中认证信任的发展DCHALLENGETOCREDIBILITYATTHEGATETOSCIENCE在通往科学的大门口对于信任的质疑解析本题为主题题，根据主题词可以CREDIBILITY可以排除A和B,C和D的区别是在范围上的，文中不只是说了质疑，还有一系列的事情，所以答案为C。TEXT4IFTHETRADEUNIONISTJIMMYHOFFAWEREALIVETODAY,HEWOULDPROBABLYREPRESENTCIVILSERVANTWHENHOFFASTEAMSTERSWEREINTHEIRPRIMEIN1960,ONLYONEINTENAMERICANGOVERNMENTWORKERSBELONGEDTOAUNIONNOW36DOIN2009THENUMBEROFUNIONISTSINAMERICASPUBLICSECTORPASSEDTHATOFTHEIRFELLOWMEMBERSINTHEPRIVATESECTORINBRITAIN,MORETHANHALFOFPUBLICSECTORWORKERSBUTONLYABOUT15OFPRIVATESECTORONESAREUNIONIZEDTHEREARETHREEREASONSFORTHEPUBLICSECTORUNIONSTHRIVINGFIRST,THEYCANSHUTTHINGSDOWNWITHOUTSUFFERINGMUCHINTHEWAYOFCONSEQUENCESSECOND,THEYAREMOSTLYBRIGHTANDWELLEDUCATEDAQUARTEROFAMERICASPUBLICSECTORWORKERSHAVEAUNIVERSITYDEGREETHIRD,THEYNOWDOMINATELEFTOFCENTREPOLITICSSOMEOFTHEIRTIESGOBACKALONGWAYBRITAINSLABORPARTY,ASITSNAMEIMPLIES,HASLONGBEENASSOCIATEDWITHTRADEUNIONISMITSCURRENTLEADER,EDMILIBAND,OWESHISPOSITIONTOVOTESFROMPUBLICSECTORUNIONSATTHESTATELEVELTHEIRINFLUENCECANBEEVENMOREFEARSOMEMARKBALDASSAREOFTHEPUBLICPOLICYINSTITUTEOFCALIFORNIAPOINTSOUTTHATMUCHOFTHESTATESBUDGETISPATROLLEDBYUNIONSTHETEACHERSUNIONSKEEPANEYEONSCHOOLS,THECCPOAONPRISONSANDAVARIETYOFLABORGROUPSONHEALTHCAREINMANYRICHCOUNTRIESAVERAGEWAGESINTHESTATESECTORAREHIGHERTHANINTHEPRIVATEONEBUTTHEREALGAINSCOMEINBENEFITSANDWORKPRACTICESPOLITICIANSHAVEREPEATEDLY“BACKLOADED”PUBLICSECTORPAYDEALS,KEEPINGTHEPAYINCREASESMODESTBUTADDINGTOHOLIDAYSANDESPECIALLYPENSIONSTHATAREALREADYGENEROUSREFORMHASBEENVIGOROUSLYOPPOSED,PERHAPSMOSTEGREGIOUSLYINEDUCATION,WHERECHARTERSCHOOLS,ACADEMIESANDMERITPAYALLFACEDDRAWNOUTBATTLESEVENTHOUGHTHEREISPLENTYOFEVIDENCETHATTHEQUALITYOFTHETEACHERSISTHEMOSTIMPORTANTVARIABLE,TEACHERSUNIONSHAVEFOUGHTAGAINSTGETTINGRIDOFBADONESANDPROMOTINGGOODONESASTHECOSTTOEVERYONEELSEHASBECOMECLEARER,POLITICIANSHAVEBEGUNTOCLAMPDOWNINWISCONSINTHEUNIONSHAVERALLIEDTHOUSANDSOFSUPPORTERSAGAINSTSCOTTWALKER,THEHARDLINEREPUBLICANGOVERNORBUTMANYWITHINTHEPUBLICSECTORSUFFERUNDERTHECURRENTSYSTEM,TOOJOHNDONAHUEATHARVARDSKENNEDYSCHOOLPOINTSOUTTHATTHENORMSOFCULTUREINWESTERNCIVILSERVICESSUITTHOSEWHOWANTTOSTAYPUTBUTISBADFORHIGHACHIEVERSTHEONLYAMERICANPUBLICSECTORWORKERSWHOEARNWELLABOVE250,000AYEARAREUNIVERSITYSPORTSCOACHESANDTHEPRESIDENTOFTHEUNITEDSTATESBANKERSFATPAYPACKETSHAVEATTRACTEDMUCHCRITICISM,BUTAPUBLICSECTORSYSTEMTHATDOESNOTREWARDHIGHACHIEVERSMAYBEAMUCHBIGGERPROBLEMFORAMERICA文章出处HTTP/WWWECONOMISTCOM/NODE/18359864这是出自经济学人杂志2011年3月11号的一篇文章，题为ENEMIESOFPROGRESSTHEBIGGESTBARRIERTOPUBLICSECTORREFORMARETHEUNIONS36ITCANBELEARNEDFROMTHEFIRSTPARAGRAPHTHAT从第一段能推出什么ATEAMSTERSSTILLHAVEALARGEBODYOFMEMBERSTEAMSTERS依然有大量的会员BJIMMYHOFFAUSEDTOWORKASACIVILSERVANTJIMMYHOFFA曾经是一名公务员CUNIONSHAVEENLARGEDTHEIRPUBLICSECTORMEMBERSHIP工会已经增加了其公共行业的会员DTHEGOVERNMENTHASIMPROVEDITSRELATIONSHIPWITHUNIONISTS政府已经提升了其同工会会员之间的关系。解析段落推理题优先对应主题和转折但是都没有，只能逐个排除ATEAMSTERSSTILLHAVEALARGEBODYOFMEMBERSTEAMSTERS依然有大量的会员文中没有提及BJIMMYHOFFAUSEDTOWORKASACIVILSERVANTJIMMYHOFFA曾经是一名公务员HEWOULDPROBABLYREPRESENTCIVILSERVANT他可能会代表公务员，并不意味着他是公务员。CUNIONSHAVEENLARGEDTHEIRPUBLICSECTORMEMBERSHIP工会已经增加了其公共行业的会员ONLYONEINTENAMERICANGOVERNMENTWORKERSBELONGEDTOAUNIONNOW36DO现在有36确实增加了。正解DTHEGOVERNMENTHASIMPROVEDITSRELATIONSHIPWITHUNIONISTS政府已经提升了其同工会会员之间的关系。没有提及政府和工会会员之间的关系排除。37WHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGISTRUEOFPARAGRAPH2根据第二段，下面那个答案是正确的APUBLICSECTORUNIONSAREPRUDENTINTAKINGACTIONS公共行业的工会在采取行动是会更加谨慎BEDUCATIONISREQUIREDFORPUBLICSECTORUNIONMEMBERSHIP公共行业的工会会员需要教育CLABORPARTYHASLONGBEENFIGHTINGAGAINSTPUBLICSECTORUNIONS工党同公共行业的工会长期斗争DP