模具 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 模具的发展与趋势

一、DIEHISTORYANDDIETREND1、DIEPOSITIONININDUSTRIALPRODUCTIONWITHMOLDCOMPONENTS,WITHHIGHEFFICIENCY,GOODQUALITY,LOWCOST,SAVINGENERGYANDRAWMATERIALSANDASERIESOFADVANTAGES,WITHTHEMOLDWORKPIECESPOSSESSHIGHACCURACY,HIGHCOMPLEXITY,HIGHCONSISTENCY,HIGHPRODUCTIVITYANDLOWCONSUMPTION,OTHERMANUFACTURINGMETHODSCANNOTMATCHHAVEALREADYBECOMEANIMPORTANTMEANSOFINDUSTRIALPRODUCTIONANDTECHNOLOGICALDEVELOPMENTTHEBASISOFTHEMODERNINDUSTRIALECONOMYMOLDISAHIGHVOLUMEPRODUCTSWITHTHESHAPETOOL,ISTHEMAINPROCESSOFINDUSTRIALPRODUCTIONEQUIPMENTTHEDEVELOPMENTOFMODERNINDUSTRIALANDTECHNOLOGICALLEVELDEPENDSLARGELYONTHELEVELOFINDUSTRIALDEVELOPMENTDIE,SODIEINDUSTRYTONATIONALECONOMICANDSOCIALDEVELOPMENTWILLPLAYANINCREASINGROLEMARCH1989THESTATECOUNCILPROMULGATED“ONTHECURRENTINDUSTRIALPOLICYDECISIONPOINTS“INTHEMOLDASTHEMACHINERYINDUSTRYTRANSFORMATIONSEQUENCEOFTHEFIRST,PRODUCTIONANDCAPITALCONSTRUCTIONOFTHESECONDSEQUENCEAFTERTHELARGESCALEPOWERGENERATIONEQUIPMENTANDTHECORRESPONDINGPOWERTRANSMISSIONEQUIPMENT,ESTABLISHTOOLINGINDUSTRYINANIMPORTANTPOSITIONINTHENATIONALECONOMYSINCE1997,THEYHAVETOMOLDANDITSPROCESSINGTECHNOLOGYANDEQUIPMENTINCLUDEDINTHE“CURRENTNATIONALFOCUSONENCOURAGINGTHEDEVELOPMENTOFINDUSTRIES,PRODUCTSANDTECHNOLOGIESCATALOG“AND“TOENCOURAGEFOREIGNINVESTMENTINDUSTRYDIRECTORY“APPROVEDBYTHESTATECOUNCIL,FROM1997TO2000,MORETHAN80PROFESSIONALMOLDFACTORYOWNED70VATREFUNDOFPREFERENTIALPOLICIESTOSUPPORTMOLDINDUSTRYALLTHESEHAVEFULLYDEMONSTRATEDTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHESTATECOUNCILANDSTATEDEPARTMENTSTOOLINGINDUSTRYATTENTIONANDSUPPORTMOLDAROUNDTHEWORLDABOUTTHECURRENTANNUALOUTPUTOF60BILLIONUSDOLLARS,JAPAN,THEUNITEDSTATESANDOTHERINDUSTRIALIZEDCOUNTRIESDIEOFINDUSTRIALOUTPUTVALUEOFMORETHANMACHINETOOLINDUSTRY,BEGINNINGIN1997,CHINASINDUSTRIALOUTPUTVALUEHASEXCEEDEDTHEMOLDMACHINETOOLINDUSTRYOUTPUTACCORDINGTOSTATISTICS,HOMEAPPLIANCES,TOYSANDOTHERLIGHTINDUSTRIES,NEARLY90OFTHEPARTSAREINTEGRATEDWITHPRODUCTIONOFCHOPSTICKSINAIRCRAFT,AUTOMOBILES,AGRICULTURALMACHINERYANDRADIOINDUSTRIES,THEPROPORTIONEXCEEDED60SUCHASAIRCRAFTMANUFACTURING,THEUSEOFACERTAINTYPEOFFIGHTERDIESMORETHAN30,000UNITS,OFWHICHTHEHOST8000SETS,2000SETSOFENGINES,AUXILIARY20000SETSFROMTHEOUTPUTOFVIEW,SINCETHE80S,THEUNITEDSTATES,JAPANANDOTHERINDUSTRIALIZEDCOUNTRIESDIEINDUSTRYOUTPUTVALUEHASEXCEEDEDTHEMACHINETOOLINDUSTRY,ANDTHEREARESTILLRISINGPRODUCTIONTECHNOLOGY,ACCORDINGTOTHEINTERNATIONALASSOCIATIONPREDICTSTHATIN2000,THEPRODUCTBESTPIECESOFROUGH75,50WILLBEFINISHEDMOLDCOMPLETEDMETALS,PLASTICS,CERAMICS,RUBBER,BUILDINGMATERIALSANDOTHERINDUSTRIALPRODUCTS,MOSTOFTHEMOLDWILLBECOMPLETEDINMORETHAN50METALPLATES,MORETHAN80OFALLPLASTICPRODUCTS,ESPECIALLYTHROUGHTHEMOLDINTO2、THEHISTORICALDEVELOPMENTOFMOLDTHEEMERGENCEOFMOLDCANBETRACEDBACKTHOUSANDSOFYEARSAGO,POTTERYANDBRONZEFOUNDRY,BUTTHELARGESCALEUSEISWITHTHERISEOFMODERNINDUSTRYANDDEVELOPEDTHE19THCENTURY,WITHTHEARMSINDUSTRYGUNSSHELL,WATCHINDUSTRY,RADIOINDUSTRY,DIESAREWIDELYUSEDAFTERWORLDWARII,WITHTHERAPIDDEVELOPMENTOFWORLDECONOMY,ITBECAMEAMASSPRODUCTIONOFHOUSEHOLDAPPLIANCES,AUTOMOBILES,ELECTRONICEQUIPMENT,CAMERAS,WATCHESANDOTHERPARTSTHEBESTWAYFROMAGLOBALPERSPECTIVE,WHENTHEUNITEDSTATESINTHEFOREFRONTOFSTAMPINGTECHNOLOGYMANYDIEOFADVANCEDTECHNOLOGIES,SUCHASSIMPLEMOLD,HIGHEFFICIENCY,MOLD,DIEANDSTAMPINGTHEHIGHLIFEAUTOMATION,MOSTLYORIGINATEDINTHEUNITEDSTATESANDSWITZERLAND,FINEBLANKING,COLDINGERMANYEXTRUSIONTECHNOLOGY,PLASTICPROCESSINGOFTHESOVIETUNIONAREATTHEWORLDADVANCED50S,MOLDINDUSTRYFOCUSISBASEDONSUBSCRIBERDEMAND,PRODUCTIONCANMEETTHEPRODUCTREQUIREMENTSOFTHEMOLDMULTIDIEDESIGNRULEOFTHUMB,REFERENCEHASBEENDRAWINGANDPERCEPTUALKNOWLEDGE,ONTHEDESIGNOFMOLDPARTSOFALACKOFREALUNDERSTANDINGOFFUNCTIONFROM1955TO1965,ISTHEPRESSUREPROCESSINGOFEXPLORATIONANDDEVELOPMENTOFTHETIMESTHEMAINCOMPONENTSOFTHEMOLDANDTHESTRESSSTATEOFTHEFUNCTIONOFAMATHEMATICALSUBBRIDGE,ANDTOCONTINUETOAPPLYTOONSITEPRACTICALKNOWLEDGETOMAKESTAMPINGTECHNOLOGYINALLASPECTSOFALEAPINDEVELOPMENTTHERESULTISSUMMARIZEDMOLDDESIGNPRINCIPLES,ANDMAKESTHEPRESSUREMACHINE,STAMPINGMATERIALS,PROCESSINGMETHODS,PLUMWITHASTRUCTURE,MOLDMATERIALS,MOLDMANUFACTURINGMETHOD,THEFIELDOFAUTOMATIONDEVICES,ANEWLOOKTOTHEPRACTICALDIRECTIONOFADVANCE,SOTHATPRESSINGPROCESSINGAPPARATUSCAPABLEOFPRODUCINGQUALITYPRODUCTSFROMTHEFIRSTSTAGEINTOTHE70STOHIGHSPEED,LAUNCHTECHNOLOGY,PRECISION,SECURITY,DEVELOPMENTOFTHESECONDSTAGECONTINUETOEMERGEINTHISPROCESSAVARIETYOFHIGHEFFICIENCY,BUSINESSLIFE,HIGHPRECISIONMULTIFUNCTIONALAUTOMATICSCHOOLTOHELPWITHREPRESENTEDBYTHENUMBEROFWORKINGPLACESASMUCHASOTHERPROGRESSIVEDIEANDDOZENSOFMULTISTATIONTRANSFERSTATIONMODULEONTHISBASIS,HASDEVELOPEDBOTHACONTINUOUSPRESSINGSTATIONTHEREAREMORESLIDEFORMINGSTATIONOFTHEPRESSBENDINGMACHINEINTHEMEANTIME,THEJAPANESESTANDTOTHEWORLDSLARGESTTHEMOLDINTOTHEMICRONLEVELPRECISION,DIELIFE,ALLOYTOOLSTEELMOLDHASREACHEDTENSOFMILLIONSOFTIMES,CARBIDESTEELMOLDTOEACHOFHUNDREDSOFMILLIONSOFTIMESPMINUTESFORSTAMPINGTHENUMBEROFSMALLPRESSESUSUALLY200TO300,UPTO1200TIMESTO1500TIMESINTHEMEANTIME,INORDERTOMEETPRODUCTUPDATESQUICKLY,WITHTHESHORTDURATIONSUCHASCARSMODIFIED,REFURBISHEDTOYS,ETCNEEDAVARIETYOFECONOMICTYPEMOLD,SUCHASZINCALLOYDIED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RENDWITHTHEMOLDINTHEENTERPRISECOMPETITION,COOPERATION,PRODUCTIONANDMANAGEMENT,GLOBALIZATION,INTERNATIONALIZATION,ANDTHERAPIDDEVELOPMENTOFCOMPUTERHARDWAREANDSOFTWARETECHNOLOGY,THEINTERNETHASMADEINTHEMOLDINDUSTRY,VIRTUALDESIGN,AGILEMANUFACTURINGTECHNOLOGYBOTHNECESSARYANDPOSSIBLETHEUNITEDSTATESINITS“21STCENTURYMANUFACTURINGENTERPRISESTRATEGY“THATTHEAUTOINDUSTRYBY2006TOACHIEVEAGILEMANUFACTURING/VIRTUALENGINEERINGSOLUTIONSTOAUTOMOTIVEDEVELOPMENTCYCLESHORTENEDFROM40MONTHSTO4MONTHS二、THEINJECTIONANDCOMPRESSIONMOLDINGINJECTIONMOLDINGSIPRINCIPALLYUSEDFORTHEPRODUCTIONOFTHETHERMOPLASTICPARTS,ALTHOUGHSOMEPROGRESSHASBEENMADEINDEVELOPINGAMETHODFORINJECTIONMOLDINGSOMETHERMOSETTINGMATERIALSTHEPROBLEMOFINJECTINGAMELTEDPLASTICINTOAMOLDCAVITYFORMARESERVOIROFMELTEDMATERIALHASBEENEXTREMELYDIFFICULTTOSOLVEFORTHERMOSETTINGPLASTICSWHICHCUREANDHARDENUNDERSUCHCONDITIONSWITHINAFEWMINUTESTHEPRINCIPLEOFINJECTIONMOLDINGISQUITESIMILARTOTHATOFDIECASTINGTHEPROCESSCONSISTSOFFEEDINGAPLASTICCOMPOUNDINPOWDEREDORGRANULARFORMFROMAHOPPERTHROUGHMETERINGANDMELTINGSTAGESANDTHENINJECTINGITINTOAMOLDAFTERABRIEFCOOLLINGPERIOD,THEMOLDISOPENEDANDTHESOLIDIFIEDPARTEJECTEDINJECTIONMOLDINGMACHINESCANBEARRANGEDFORMANUALOPERATION,AUTOMATICSINGLECUCLEOPERATION,ANDFULLAUTOMATICOPERATIONTHEADVANTAGEOFINJECTIONMOLDINGAREIAHIGHMOLDINGSPEEDADAPTEDFORMASSPRODUCTIONISPOSSIBLEIITHEREISAWIDECHOICEOFTHERMOPLASTICMATERIALSPROVIDINGAVARIETYOFUSEFULLPROPERTIESIIIITISPOSSIBLETOMOLDTHREADS,UNDERCUTS,SIDEHOLES,ANDLARGETHINSECTIONSSEVERALMETHODSAREUSEDTOFORCEORINJECTTHEMELTEDPLASTICINTOTHEMOLDTHEMOSTCOMMONLYUSEDSYSTEMINTHELARGERMACHINESISTHEINLINERECIPROCATINGSCREWTHESCREWACTSASACOMBINATIONANDPLASTICIZINGUNITASTHEPLASTICISFEDTOTHEROTATINGSCREW,ITPASSESTHROUGHTHREEZONESASSHOWNFEED,COMPRESSION,ANDMETERINGAFTERTHEFEEDZONE,THESCREWFLIGHTDEPTHISGRADUALLYREDUCED,FORCINGTHEPLASTICTOCOMPRESSTHEWORKISCONVERTEDTOHEATBYSHEARINGTHEPLASTIC,MAKINGITASEMIFLUIDMASSINTHEMETERINGZONE,ADDITIONALHEATISAPPLIEDBYCONDUCTIONFROMTHEBARRELSURFACEASTHECHAMBERINFRONTOFTHESCREWBECOMESFILLED,ITFORCESTHESCREWBACK,TRIPPINGALIMITSWITCHTHATACTIVATESAHYDRAULICCYLINDERTHATFORCESTHESCREWFORWARDANDINJECTSTHEFLUIDPLASTICINTOTHECLOSEDMOLDANANTIFLOWBACKVALVEPREVENTSPLASTICUNDERPRESSUREFROMESCAPINGBACKINTOTHESCREWFLIGHTSTHECLAMPINGFORCETHATAMACHINEISCAPABLEOFEXERTINGISPARTOFTHESIZEDESIGNATIONANDISMEASUREDINTONSARULEOFTHUMBCANBEUSEDTODETERMINETHETONNAGEREQUIREDFORAPARTICULARJOBITISBASEDONTWOTONSOFCLAMPFORCEPERSQUAREINCHOFPROJECTEDAREAIFTHEFLOWPATTERNISDIFFICULTANDTHEPARTSARETHIN,THISMAYHAVETOGOTOTHREEORFOURTONSMANYRECIPROCATINGSCREWMACHINESARECAPABLEOFHANDINGTHERMOSETTINGPLASTICMATERIALSPREVIOUSLYTHESEMATERIALSWEREHANDLEDBYCOMPRESSIONORTRANSFERMOLDINGTHERMOSETTINGMATERIALSCUREORPOLYMERIZEINTHEMOLDANDAREEJECTEDHOTINTHERANGEOF375410THERMOPLASTICPARTSMUSTBEALLOWEDTOCOOLINTHEMOLDINORDERTOREMOVETHEMWITHOUTDISTORTIONTHUSTHERMOSETTINGCYCLESCANBEFASTEROFCOURSETHEMOLDMUSTBEHEATEDRATHERTHANCHILLED,ASWITHTHERMOPLASTICSTHEIMPORTANCEOFINJECTINGTHEMOLDARE、PLASTICSHAVETHEDENSITYSMALL,THEQUALITYLIGHT,THESPECIFICTENACITYBIG,THEINSULATINGPROPERTYGOOD,THEDIELECTRICLOSSLOW,THECHEMICALSTABILITYSTRONG,THEFORMATIONPRODUCTIVITYHIGHANDTHEPRICEINEXPENSIVEANDSOONTHEMERITS,OBTAINEDDAYBYDAYTHEWIDESPREADAPPLICATIONINTHENATIONALECONOMYANDPEOPLESDAILYLIFEEACHDOMAIN,ASEARLYASINTHEBEGINNINGOF1990S,THEPLASTICANNUALOUTPUTALREADYSURPASSEDTHESTEELANDIRONANDTHENONFERROUSMETALANNUALOUTPUTSUMTOTALACCORDINGTOTHEVOLUMECOMPUTATIONINMECHANICALANDELECTRICALFOREXAMPLESOCALLEDBLACKELECTRICALAPPLIANCES,DOMAINSANDSOONMEASURINGAPPLIANCE,CHEMICAL,THEAUTOMOBILEANDASTRONAUTICSAVIATION,THEPLASTICHASBECOMETHEMETALTHEGOODSUBSTITUTIONMATERIAL,HADTHEMETALMATERIALPLASTICTENDENCY、TAKETHEAUTOMOBILEINDUSTRYASTHEEXAMPLE,ASARESULTOFTHEAUTOMOBILELIGHTWEIGHT,THELOWENERGYCONSUMPTIONDEVELOPMENTREQUEST,THEAUTOMOBILESPAREPARTMATERIALCONSTITUTIONOCCURREDOBVIOUSLYHASMODELLEDTHEBANDSTEELTHECHANGE,ATPRESENTOURCOUNTRYAUTOMOBILEPLASTICACCOUNTSFOR5WHICHTHEAUTOMOBILEWASSELFPOSSESSEDTO6,BUTOVERSEASHASREACHED13,FORECASTACCORDINGTOTHEEXPERT,THEAUTOMOBILEPLASTICBICYCLEAMOUNTUSEDWILLALSOBEABLEFURTHERTOINCREASEONMODERNVEHICLES,REGARDLESSOFISOUTSIDEINSTALLSTHEASSORTEDITEMS,THEINTERNALINSTALLATIONASSORTEDITEMS,THEFUNCTIONANDTHESTRUCTURALELEMENT,ALLMAYUSETHEPLASTICMATERIAL,OUTSIDEINSTALLSTHEASSORTEDITEMSTOHAVETHEBUMPER,THEFENDER,THEWHEELHUBCAP,THEAIRDEFLECTORANDSOONAFTERTHEINTERNALINSTALLATIONASSORTEDITEMSHAVEINTHEDISPLAYBOARD,THEVEHICLEDOORTHEBOARD,THEVICEDISPLAYBOARD,THESUNDRYGOODSBOXLID,THECHAIR,THEGUARDSHIELDANDSOONTHEFUNCTIONANDTHESTRUCTURALELEMENTHAVETHEFUELTANK,THERADIATORHEADER,THESPATIALFILTERHOOD,THEFANBLADEANDSOONSTATISTICSHAVEINDICATED,OURCOUNTRYIN2000AUTOMOBILEOUTPUTMORETHAN200TENTHOUSAND,THEVEHICLEAMOUNTEDTO1,380,000TONSWITHTHEPLASTICLOOKEDFROMTHEDOMESTICANDFOREIGNAUTOMOBILEPLASTICAPPLICATIONSITUATIONTHAT,THEAUTOMOBILEPLASTICAMOUNTUSEDALREADYBECAMEONEOFWEIGHTAUTOMOBILEPRODUCTIONTECHNICALLEVELSYMBOLS、INJECTIONOFAMOLDINGFORMATIONASPLASTICWORKPIECEMOSTEFFECTIVEFORMATIONMETHODSBECAUSEMAYBYONETIMETAKESHAPEEACHKINDOFSTRUCTURECOMPLEX,THESIZEPRECISEANDHASTHEMETALTOINLAYAPRODUCT,ANDTHEFORMATIONCYCLEISSHORT,MAYBYMOLDMULTICAVITIES,THEPRODUCTIVITYBEHIGH,WHENMASSPRODUCTIONSTHECOSTISVERYINEXPENSIVE,EASYTOREALIZETHEAUTOMATEDPRODUCTION,THEREFOREHOLDSTHEEXTREMELYIMPORTANTSTATUSINTHEPLASTICPROCESSINGPROFESSIONSTATISTICSHAVEINDICATED,PLASTICMOLDCOMPOSITIONALLMOLDSINCLUDINGMETALPATTERN382,THEPLASTICPRODUCTGROSSWEIGHTABOUT32ISUSESININJECTINGTHEFORMATION,80ABOVEENGINEERINGPLASTICSPRODUCTALLMUSTUSETHEINJECTIONFORMATIONWAYPRODUCTION4COUNTSACCORDINGTOTHECUSTOMS,OURCOUNTRYIN2000ALTOGETHERIMPORTEDMOLD977,000,000USDOLLARS,INWHICHPLASTICMOLDINGFORMSALTOGETHER550,000,000USDOLLARS,OCCUPIEDFOR563,2001YEARSALTOGETHERTOIMPORTMOLD1,112,000,000USDOLLARS,INWHICHPLASTICMOLDINGFORMSALTOGETHER616,000,000USDOLLARS,ACCOUNTEDFOR554FROMTHEVARIETY,THEIMPORTVOLUMEBIGGESTISTHEPLASTICMOLDINGFORMS、COUNTSACCORDINGTOTHECUSTOMS,OURCOUNTRYIN2000ALTOGETHERIMPORTEDMOLD977,000,000USDOLLARS,INWHICHPLASTICMOLDINGFORMSALTOGETHER550,000,000USDOLLARS,OCCUPIEDFOR563,2001YEARSALTOGETHERTOIMPORTMOLD1,112,000,000USDOLLARS,INWHICHPLASTICMOLDINGFORMSALTOGETHER616,000,000USDOLLARS,ACCOUNTEDFOR554FROMTHEVARIETY,THEIMPORTVOLUMEBIGGESTISTHEPLASTICMOLDINGFORMSINCOMPRESSIONMOLDINGTHEPALSTICMATERIALASPOWDERORPREFORMSISPLACEDINTOAHEATEDSTEELMOLDCAVITY,SINCETHEPARTINGSURFACEISINAHORIZONTALPLANE,THEUPPERHALFOFTHEMOLDDESCENDSVERTICALLYITCLOSESTHEMOLDCAVITYANDPRESSURESFORAPREDETERMINEDPERIODAPRESSUREOFFROM2TO3TONSSQUAREINCHANDATEMPERAUREATAPPROXIMATELY350FCONVERTSTHEPLASTICTOASEMILIQUIDWHICHFLOWSTOALLPARTSOFTHEMOLDCAVITYUSUALLYFROM1TO15MINUTESISREQUIREDFORCURING,ALTOUGHARECENTLYDEVELOPEDALKYDPLASTICWILLCUREINLESSTHAN25SECENDSTHEMOLDISTHENOPENDEDANDTHEMOLDEDPARTREMOVEDIFMETALINSERSAREDESIREDINTHEPARTS,THEYSHOULDBEPLACEDINTHEMOLDCAVITYONPINSORINTHEHOLESBEFORETHEPLASTICISLOADEDALSO,THEPREFORMSSHOULDBEPREHEATEDBEFORELOADINGINTOTHEMOLDCAVITYTOELIMINATEGASES,INPROVEFLOW,ANDDECREASECURINGTIMEDIELETRICHEATINGISACONVENIENTMETHODOFHEATINGTHEPREFORMSSINCETHEPLASTICMATERIALISPLACEDDIRECTLYINTOTHEMOLDCAVITY,THEMOLDITSELFCANBESIMPLERTHANTHOSEUSEDFOROTHERMOLDINGPRECESSESGATESANDSPRUESAREUNNECESSARYTHISALSORESULTSINASAVINGINMATERIAL,BECAUSETRIMMEDOFFGATESANDSPRUESWOULDBEACOMPLETELOSSOFTHETHERMOSETTINGPLASTICTHEPRESSREQUIRETHEFULLATTENTIONOFONEOPERATORHOWEVER,SEVERALSMALLERPRESSESCANBEOPERATEDBYONEOPERATORTHEPRESSESARECONVENIENTLYLOCATEDSOTHEOPERATORCANEASILYMOVEFROMONETOTHENEXTBYTHETIMEHEGETSAROUNDTOAPARTICULARPRESSAGAIN,THATMOLDWILLBEREADYTOOPENTHETHERMOSETTINGPLASTICSWHICHHARDENUNDERHEATANDPRESSUREARESUITABLEFORCOMPRESSIONMOLDINGANDTRANSFERMOLDINGITISNOTPRACTICALTOMOIDSHERMOPLASTICMATERIALSBYTHESEMETHODS,SINCETHEMOLDSWOULDHAVETOBEALTERNATELYHEATEDANDCOOLEDINORDERTOHARDENANDEJECTTHERMOPLASTICPARTSFORMTHEMOLD,COOLINGWOULDBENECESSARYTYPESOFMOLDSFORCOMPRESSIONMOLDINGTHEMOLDSUSEDFORCOMPRESSIONMOLDINGARECLASSIFIEDINTOFOURBASICTYPES,NAMELY,POSITIVEMOLDS,LANDEDPOSITIVEMOLD,FLASHTYPEMOLDS,ANDSEMIPOSITIVEMOLDSINAPOSITIV