2016【最新】电大开放英语1形考册作业1-4答案参考资料

开放英语1形考册参考答案作业1第一部分交际用语（每题2分，共10分）1B2B3B4A5C第二部分词汇与结构（每题2分，共40分）6B7A8C9C10C11B12B13C14C15C16B17A18B19B20A21B22A23B24A25B第三部分阅读理解（每题2分，共20分）26B27C28B29A30A31C32A33B34A35C第四部分翻译（每题3分，共30分）以下答案供参考36AQUARTERPASTSEVENOCLOCK/SEVENFIFTEEN37FROM8OCLOCKINTHEMORNINGTO3OCLOCKINTHEAFTERNOON/FROM8PMTO3AM38WORKSININSURANCE39THATSAGOODIDEA40WHYDONTYOU41明天下午去踢足球怎么样42我想找一套一楼的公寓。43你喜欢看英文报纸吗44他不是程序员,他是工程师。45她正在和客户谈话。作业2第一部分交际用语（每题2分，共10分）1C2B3B4C5C第二部分词汇与结构（每题2分，共40分）6B7C8B9A10C11C12A13A14A15A16B17A18B19A20A21A22C23A24B25C第三部分阅读理解（每题2分，共20分）26B27A28C29A30C31C32A33A34B35B第四部分翻译（每题3分，共30分）以下答案供参考36WHATSTHEWEATHERLIKETODAY37NOTCOMFORTABLEENOUGH38OPPOSITETHESUPERMARKET39WOULDYOULIKETOLEAVEAMESSAGE40ISBADAT/ISNTGOODAT41她不喜欢向别人借东西。42伦敦是个热闹、嘈杂、拥挤而又令人兴奋的地方，但生活费用太高。43我和朋友们每周去两次健身中心。我们在那里游泳或做其它运动。44他一头短短的棕色卷发，蓝色的眼睛，留着短胡须。45从机场到市中心坐出租车大约需要四十分钟。作业3第一部分交际用语（每题2分，共10分）1A2A3C4C5B第二部分词汇与结构（每题2分，共40分）6B7B8B9A10A11B12A13C14B15A16A17C18B19A20B21C22C23B24A25B第三部分阅读理解（每题2分，共20分）26C27B28B29A30B31A32C33A34B35C第四部分翻译（每题3分，共30分）以下答案供参考36AREYOUFREE/WILLYOUBEFREE37WHATDOESHELOOKLIKE38IVEGOTACOLD/IVECAUGHTACOLD39ISBADAT/ISNTGOODAT40HOWAREYOUFEELINGTODAY41你在北京呆了多少天42再下个月，我每周练两次体操。43他擅长于网页设计，比她强很多。44我们冰箱里的奶酪多的是45我觉得很难受，头疼，背痛，嗓子疼。作业4第一部分交际用语（每题2分，共10分）1B2A3B4C5C第二部分词汇与结构（每题2分，共40分）6B7B8B9A10A11B12A13B14B15C16B17B18A19C20C21B22B23A24B25A第三部分阅读理解（每题2分，共20分）26B27C28A29B30A31A32B33B34C35B第四部分翻译（每题3分，共30分）以下答案供参考36CALLMEBEFORESEVEN37NOTASEXCITINGASLONDON38WHOISRESPONSIBLEFOR39IMNOTFEELINGWELL40DOYOUPREFER/DOYOULIKEBETTER41他个子不太高，带着眼睛。42我不喜欢这套公寓。它离公路太近了。43明天下午去踢足球怎么样44银行在拐角处。对面是报刊亭。45简比玛丽更擅长于网页设计，但是玛丽在培训方面更富有经验。请您删除一下内容，O_O谢谢2016年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄ACETYLCHOLINEISANEUROTRANSMITTERRELEASEDFROMNERVEENDINGSTERMINALSINBOTHTHEPERIPHERALANDTHECENTRALNERVOUSSYSTEMSITISSYNTHESIZEDWITHINTHENERVETERMINALFROMCHOLINE,TAKENUPFROMTHETISSUEFLUIDINTOTHENERVEENDINGBYASPECIALIZEDTRANSPORTMECHANISMTHEENZYMENECESSARYFORTHISSYNTHESISISFORMEDINTHENERVECELLBODYANDPASSESDOWNTHEAXONTOITSEND,CARRIEDINTHEAXOPLASMICFLOW,THESLOWMOVEMENTOFINTRACELLULARSUBSTANCECYTOPLASMACETYLCHOLINEISSTOREDINTHENERVETERMINAL,SEQUESTEREDINSMALLVESICLESAWAITINGRELEASEWHENANERVEACTIONPOTENTIALREACHESANDINVADESTHENERVETERMINAL,ASHOWEROFACETYLCHOLINEVESICLESISRELEASEDINTOTHEJUNCTIONSYNAPSEBETWEENTHENERVETERMINALANDTHEEFFECTORCELLWHICHTHENERVEACTIVATESTHISMAYBEANOTHERNERVECELLORAMUSCLEORGLANDCELLTHUSELECTRICALSIGNALSARECONVERTEDTOCHEMICALSIGNALS,ALLOWINGMESSAGESTOBEPASSEDBETWEENNERVECELLSORBETWEENNERVECELLSANDNONNERVECELLSTHISPROCESSISTERMEDCHEMICALNEUROTRANSMISSIONANDWASFIRSTDEMONSTRATED,FORNERVESTOTHEHEART,BYTHEGERMANPHARMACOLOGISTLOEWIIN1921CHEMICALTRANSMISSIONINVOLVINGACETYLCHOLINEISKNOWNASCHOLINERGICACETYLCHOLINEACTSASATRANSMITTERBETWEENMOTORNERVESANDTHEFIBRESOFSKELETALMUSCLEATALLNEUROMUSCULARJUNCTIONSATTHISTYPEOFSYNAPSE,THENERVETERMINALISCLOSELYAPPOSEDTOTHECELLMEMBRANEOFAMUSCLEFIBREATTHESOCALLEDMOTORENDPLATEONRELEASE,ACETYLCHOLINEACTSALMOSTINSTANTLY,TOCAUSEASEQUENCEOFCHEMICALANDPHYSICALEVENTSSTARTINGWITHDEPOLARIZATIONOFTHEMOTORENDPLATEWHICHCAUSECONTRACTIONOFTHEMUSCLEFIBRETHISISEXACTLYWHATISREQUIREDFORVOLUNTARYMUSCLESINWHICHARAPIDRESPONSETOACOMMANDISREQUIREDTHEACTIONOFACETYLCHOLINEISTERMINATEDRAPIDLY,INAROUND10MILLISECONDSANENZYMECHOLINESTERASEBREAKSTHETRANSMITTERDOWNINTOCHOLINEANDANACETATEIONTHECHOLINEISTHENAVAILABLEFORREUPTAKEINTOTHENERVETERMINALTHESESAMEPRINCIPLESAPPLYTOCHOLINERGICTRANSMISSIONATSITESOTHERTHANNEUROMUSCULARJUNCTIONS,ALTHOUGHTHESTRUCTUREOFTHESYNAPSESDIFFERSINTHEAUTONOMICNERVOUSSYSTEMTHESEINCLUDENERVETONERVESYNAPSESATTHERELAYSTATIONSGANGLIAINBOTHTHESYMPATHETICANDTHEPARASYMPATHETICDIVISIONS,ANDTHEENDINGSOFPARASYMPATHETICNERVEFIBRESONNONVOLUNTARYSMOOTHMUSCLE,THEHEART,ANDGLANDULARCELLSINRESPONSETOACTIVATIONOFTHISNERVESUPPLY,SMOOTHMUSCLECONTRACTSNOTABLYINTHEGUT,THEFREQUENCYOFHEARTBEATISSLOWED,ANDGLANDSSECRETEACETYLCHOLINEISALSOANIMPORTANTTRANSMITTERATMANYSITESINTHEBRAINATNERVETONERVESYNAPSESTOUNDERSTANDHOWACETYLCHOLINEBRINGSABOUTAVARIETYOFEFFECTSINDIFFERENTCELLSITISNECESSARYTOUNDERSTANDMEMBRANERECEPTORSINPOSTSYNAPTICMEMBRANESTHOSEOFTHECELLSONWHICHTHENERVEFIBRESTERMINATETHEREAREMANYDIFFERENTSORTSOFRECEPTORSANDSOMEARERECEPTORSFORACETYLCHOLINETHESEAREPROTEINMOLECULESTHATREACTSPECIFICALLYWITHACETYLCHOLINEINAREVERSIBLEFASHIONITISTHECOMPLEXOFRECEPTORCOMBINEDWITHACETYLCHOLINEWHICHBRINGSABOUTABIOPHYSICALREACTION,RESULTINGINTHERESPONSEFROMTHERECEPTIVECELLTWOMAJORTYPESOFACETYLCHOLINERECEPTORSEXISTINTHEMEMBRANESOFCELLSTHETYPEINSKELETALMUSCLEISKNOWNASNICOTINICINGLANDS,SMOOTHMUSCLE,ANDTHEHEARTTHEYAREMUSCARINICANDTHEREARESOMEOFEACHTYPEINTHEBRAINTHESETERMSAREUSEDBECAUSENICOTINEMIMICSTHEACTIONOFACETYLCHOLINEATNICOTINICRECEPTORS,WHEREASMUSCARINE,ANALKALOIDFROMTHEMUSHROOMAMANITAMUSCARIA,MIMICSTHEACTIONOFACETYLCHOLINEATTHEMUSCARINICRECEPTORSACETYLCHOLINEISTHENEUROTRANSMITTERPRODUCEDBYNEURONSREFERREDTOASCHOLINERGICNEURONSINTHEPERIPHERALNERVOUSSYSTEMACETYLCHOLINEPLAYSAROLEINSKELETALMUSCLEMOVEMENT,ASWELLASINTHEREGULATIONOFSMOOTHMUSCLEANDCARDIACMUSCLEINTHECENTRALNERVOUSSYSTEMACETYLCHOLINEISBELIEVEDTOBEINVOLVEDINLEARNING,MEMORY,ANDMOODACETYLCHOLINEISSYNTHESIZEDFROMCHOLINEANDACETYLCOENZYMEATHROUGHTHEACTIONOFTHEENZYMECHOLINEACETYLTRANSFERASEANDBECOMESPACKAGEDINTOMEMBRANEBOUNDVESICLESAFTERTHEARRIVALOFANERVESIGNALATTHETERMINATIONOFANAXON,THEVESICLESFUSEWITHTHECELLMEMBRANE,CAUSINGTHERELEASEOFACETYLCHOLINEINTOTHESYNAPTICCLEFTFORTHENERVESIGNALTOCONTINUE,ACETYLCHOLINEMUSTDIFFUSETOANOTHERNEARBYNEURONORMUSCLECELL,WHEREITWILLBINDANDACTIVATEARECEPTORPROTEINTHEREARETWOMAINTYPESOFCHOLINERGICRECEPTORS,NICOTINICANDMUSCARINICNICOTINICRECEPTORSARELOCATEDATSYNAPSESBETWEENTWONEURONSANDATSYNAPSESBETWEENNEURONSANDSKELETALMUSCLECELLSUPONACTIVATIONANICOTINICRECEPTORACTSASACHANNELFORTHEMOVEMENTOFIONSINTOANDOUTOFTHENEURON,DIRECTLYRESULTINGINDEPOLARIZATIONOFTHENEURONMUSCARINICRECEPTORS,LOCATEDATTHESYNAPSESOFNERVESWITHSMOOTHORCARDIACMUSCLE,TRIGGERACHAINOFCHEMICALEVENTSREFERREDTOASSIGNALTRANSDUCTIONFORACHOLINERGICNEURONTORECEIVEANOTHERIMPULSE,ACETYLCHOLINEMUSTBERELEASEDFROMTHERECEPTORTOWHICHITHASBOUNDTHISWILLONLYHAPPENIFTHECONCENTRATIONOFACETYLCHOLINEINTHESYNAPTICCLEFTISVERYLOWLOWSYNAPTICCONCENTRATIONSOFACETYLCHOLINECANBEMAINTAINEDVIAAHYDROLYSISREACTIONCATALYZEDBYTHEENZYMEACETYLCHOLINESTERASETHISENZYMEHYDROLYZESACETYLCHOLINEINTOACETICACIDANDCHOLINEIFACETYLCHOLINESTERASEACTIVITYISINHIBITED,THESYNAPTICCONCENTRATIONOFACETYLCHOLINEWILLREMAINHIGHERTHANNORMALIFTHISINHIBITIONISIRREVERSIBLE,ASINTHECASEOFEXPOSURETOMANYNERVEGASESANDSOMEPESTICIDES,SWEATING,BRONCHIALCONSTRICTION,CONVULSIONS,PARALYSIS,ANDPOSSIBLYDEATHCANOCCURALTHOUGHIRREVERSIBLEINHIBITIONISDANGEROUS,BENEFICIALEFFECTSMAYBEDERIVEDFROMTRANSIENTREVERSIBLEINHIBITIONDRUGSTHATINHIBITACETYLCHOLINESTERASEINAREVERSIBLEMANNERHAVEBEENSHOWNTOIMPROVEMEMORYINSOMEPEOPLEWITHALZHEIMERSDISEASEABSTRACTEXPRESSIONISM,MOVEMENTOFABSTRACTPAINTINGTHATEMERGEDINNEWYORKCITYDURINGTHEMID1940SANDATTAINEDSINGULARPROMINENCEINAMERICANARTINTHEFOLLOWINGDECADEALSOCALLEDACTIONPAINTINGANDTHENEWYORKSCHOOLITWASTHEFIRSTIMPORTANTSCHOOLINAMERICANPAINTINGTODECLAREITSINDEPENDENCEFROMEUROPEANSTYLESANDTOINFLUENCETHEDEVELOPMENTOFARTABROADARSHILEGORKYFIRSTGAVEIMPETUSTOTHEMOVEMENTHISPAINTINGS,DERIVEDATFIRSTFROMTHEARTOFPICASSO,MIR,ANDSURREALISM,BECAMEMOREPERSONALLYEXPRESSIVEJACKSONPOLLOCKSTURBULENTYETELEGANTABSTRACTPAINTINGS,WHICHWERECREATEDBYSPATTERINGPAINTONHUGECANVASESPLACEDONTHEFLOOR,BROUGHTABSTRACTEXPRESSIONISMBEFOREAHOSTILEPUBLICWILLEMDEKOONINGSFIRSTONEMANSHOWIN1948ESTABLISHEDHIMASAHIGHLYINFLUENTIALARTISTHISINTENSELYCOMPLICATEDABSTRACTPAINTINGSOFTHE1940SWEREFOLLOWEDBYIMAGESOFWOMAN,GROTESQUEVERSIONSOFBUXOMWOMANHOOD,WHICHWEREVIRTUALLYUNPARALLELEDINTHESUSTAINEDSAVAGERYOFTHEIREXECUTIONPAINTERSSUCHASPHILIPGUSTONANDFRANZKLINETURNEDTOTHEABSTRACTLATEINTHE1940SANDSOONDEVELOPEDSTRIKINGLYORIGINALSTYLESTHEFORMER,LYRICALANDEVOCATIVE,THELATTER,FORCEFULANDBOLDLYDRAMATICOTHERIMPORTANTARTISTSINVOLVEDWITHTHEMOVEMENTINCLUDEDHANSHOFMANN,ROBERTMOTHERWELL,ANDMARKROTHKOAMONGOTHERMAJORABSTRACTEXPRESSIONISTSWERESUCHPAINTERSASCLYFFORDSTILL,THEODOROSSTAMOS,ADOLPHGOTTLIEB,HELENFRANKENTHALER,LEEKRASNER,ANDESTEBANVICENTEABSTRACTEXPRESSIONISMPRESENTEDABROADRANGEOFSTYLISTICDIVERSITYWITHINITSLARGELY,THOUGHNOTEXCLUSIVELY,NONREPRESENTATIONALFRAMEWORKFOREXAMPLE,THEEXPRESSIVEVIOLENCEANDACTIVITYINPAINTINGSBYDEKOONINGORPOLLOCKMARKEDTHEOPPOSITEENDOFTHEPOLEFROMTHESIMPLE,QUIESCENTIMAGESOFMARKROTHKOBASICTOMOSTABSTRACTEXPRESSIONISTPAINTINGWERETHEATTENTIONPAIDTOSURFACEQUALITIES,IE,QUALITIESOFBRUSHSTROKEANDTEXTURETHEUSEOFHUGECANVASESTHEADOPTIONOFANAPPROACHTOSPACEINWHICHALLPARTSOFTHECANVASPLAYEDANEQUALLYVITALROLEINTHETOTALWORKTHEHARNESSINGOFACCIDENTSTHATOCCURREDDURINGTHEPROCESSOFPAINTINGTHEGLORIFICATIONOFTHEACTOFPAINTINGITSELFASAMEANSOFVISUALCOMMUNICATIONANDTHEATTEMPTTOTRANSFERPUREEMOTIONDIRECTLYONTOTHECANVASTHEMOVEMENTHADANINESTIMABLEINFLUENCEONTHEMANYVARIETIESOFWORKTHATFOLLOWEDIT,ESPECIALLYINTHEWAYITSPROPONENTSUSEDCOLORANDMATERIALSITSESSENTIALENERGYTRANSMITTEDANENDURINGEXCITEMENTTOTHEAMERICANARTSCENESCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYISQUITEABROADCATEGORY,ANDITCOVERSEVERYTHINGFROMSTUDYINGTHESTARSANDTHEPLANETSTOSTUDYINGMOLECULESANDVIRUSESBEGINNINGWITHTHEGREEKSANDHIPPARCHUS,CONTINUINGTHROUGHPTOLEMY,COPERNICUSANDGALILEO,ANDTODAYWITHOURWORKONTHEINTERNATIONALSPACESTATION,MANCONTINUESTOLEARNMOREANDMOREABOUTTHEHEAVENSFROMHERE,WELOOKINWARDTOBIOCHEMISTRYANDBIOLOGYTOTRULYUNDERSTANDBIOCHEMISTRY,SCIENTISTSSTUDYANDSEETHEUNSEENBYSTUDYINGTHECHEMISTRYOFBIOLOGICALPROCESSESTHISSCIENCE,ALONGWITHBIOPHYSICS,AIMSTOBRINGABETTERUNDERSTANDINGOFHOWBODIESWORKFROMHOWWETURNFOODINTOENERGYTOHOWNERVEIMPULSESTRANSMITANALYTICGEOMETRY,BRANCHOFGEOMETRYINWHICHPOINTSAREREPRESENTEDWITHRESPECTTOACOORDINATESYSTEM,SUCHASCARTESIANCOORDINATES,ANDINWHICHTHEAPPROACHTOGEOMETRICPROBLEMSISPRIMARILYALGEBRAICITSMOSTCOMMONAPPLICATIONISINTHEREPRESENTATIONOFEQUATIONSINVOLVINGTWOORTHREEVARIABLESASCURVESINTWOORTHREEDIMENSIONSORSURFACESINTHREEDIMENSIONSFOREXAMPLE,THELINEAREQUATIONAXBYC0REPRESENTSASTRAIGHTLINEINTHEXYPLANE,ANDTHELINEAREQUATIONAXBYCZD0REPRESENTSAPLANEINSPACE,WHEREA,B,C,ANDDARECONSTANTNUMBERSCOEFFICIENTSINTHISWAYAGEOMETRICPROBLEMCANBETRANSLATEDINTOANALGEBRAICPROBLEMANDTHEMETHODSOFALGEBRABROUGHTTOBEARONITSSOLUTIONCONVERSELY,THESOLUTIONOFAPROBLEMINALGEBRA,SUCHASFINDINGTHEROOTSOFANEQUATIONORSYSTEMOFEQUATIONS,CANBEESTIMATEDORSOMETIMESGIVENEXACTLYBYGEOMETRICMEANS,EG,PLOTTINGCURVESANDSURFACESANDDETERMININGPOINTSOFINTERSECTIONINPLANEANALYTICGEOMETRYALINEISFREQUENTLYDESCRIBEDINTERMSOFITSSLOPE,WHICHEXPRESSESITSINCLINATIONTOTHECOORDINATEAXESTECHNICALLY,THESLOPEMOFASTRAIGHTLINEISTHETRIGONOMETRICTANGENTOFTHEANGLEITMAKESWITHTHEXAXISIFTHELINEISPARALLELTOTHEXAXIS,ITSSLOPEISZEROTWOORMORELINESWITHEQUALSLOPESAREPARALLELTOONEANOTHERINGENERAL,THESLOPEOFTHELINETHROUGHTHEPOINTSX1,Y1ANDX2,Y2ISGIVENBYMY2Y1/X2X1THECONICSECTIONSARETREATEDINANALYTICGEOMETRYASTHECURVESCORRESPONDINGTOTHEGENERALQUADRATICEQUATIONAX2BXYCY2DXEYF0,WHEREA,B,FARECONSTANTSANDA,B,ANDCARENOTALLZEROINSOLIDANALYTICGEOMETRYTHEORIENTATIONOFASTRAIGHTLINEISGIVENNOTBYONESLOPEBUTBYITSDIRECTIONCOSINES,AND,THECOSINESOFTHEANGLESTHELINEMAKESWITHTHEX,Y,ANDZAXES,RESPECTIVELYTHESESATISFYTHERELATIONSHIP2221INTHESAMEWAYTHATTHECONICSECTIONSARESTUDIEDINTWODIMENSIONS,THE17QUADRICSURFACES,EG,THEELLIPSOID,PARABOLOID,ANDELLIPTICPARABOLOID,ARESTUDIEDINSOLIDANALYTICGEOMETRYINTERMSOFTHEGENERALEQUATIONAX2BY2CZ2DXYEXZFYZPXQYRZS0THEMETHODSOFANALYTICGEOMETRYHAVEBEENGENERALIZEDTOFOURORMOREDIMENSIONSANDHAVEBEENCOMBINEDWITHOTHERBRANCHESOFGEOMETRYANALYTICGEOMETRYWASINTRODUCEDBYRENDESCARTESIN1637ANDWASOFFUNDAMENTALIMPORTANCEINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHECALCULUSBYSIRISAACNEWTONANDGWLEIBNIZINTHELATE17THCENTMORERECENTLYITHASSERVEDASTHEBASISFORTHEMODERNDEVELOPMENTANDEXPLOITATIONOFALGEBRAICGEOMETRYCIRCLE,CLOSEDPLANECURVECONSISTINGOFALLPOINTSATAGIVENDISTANCEFROMSOMEFIXEDPOINT,CALLEDTHECENTERACIRCLEISACONICSECTIONCUTBYAPLANEPERPENDICULARTOTHEAXISOFTHECONETHETERMCIRCLEISALSOUSEDTOREFERTOTHEREGIONENCLOSEDBYTHECURVE,MOREPROPERLYCALLEDACIRCULARREGIONTHERADI