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CHEMISTRYNAMEANSWERKEYUNIT12KINETICS/EQUILIBRIUMSECTION181RATESOFREACTIONPAGES541547COLLISIONTHEORYPAGES5415441HOWARERATESOFCHEMICALCHANGEEXPRESSEDRATESOFCHEMICALCHANGEAREUSUALLYEXPRESSEDASTHEAMOUNTOFREACTANTCHANGINGPERUNITTIME2LOOKATFIGURE183ONPAGE542INATYPICALREACTION,ASTIMEPASSES,THEAMOUNTOFREACTANTDECREASESANDTHEAMOUNTOFPRODUCTINCREASES3WHATDOESCOLLISIONTHEORYSAYABOUTTHEENERGIESOFATOMS,IONS,ORMOLECULESREACTINGTOFORMPRODUCTSWHENTHEYCOLLIDECOLLISIONTHEORYSTATESTHATTHEPARTICLESMUSTHAVEENOUGHKINETICENERGYWHENTHEYCOLLIDETOFORMPRODUCTS4LOOKATTHEFIGURESBELOWONESHOWSACOLLISIONTHATRESULTSINTHEFORMATIONOFPRODUCTLABELITEFFECTIVECOLLISIONLABELTHEOTHERCOLLISIONINEFFECTIVECOLLISIONINEFFECTIVECOLLISIONEFFECTIVECOLLISION5ISTHEFOLLOWINGSENTENCETRUEORFALSEPARTICLESLACKINGTHENECESSARYKINETICENERGYTOREACTBOUNCEAPARTUNCHANGEDWHENTHEYCOLLIDE6LOOKATFIGURE185ONPAGE543WHICHARRANGEMENTOFATOMSCONTAINSTHELEASTAMOUNTOFENERGYAREACTANTSBACTIVATEDCOMPLEXCPRODUCTS7CIRCLETHELETTEROFTHETERMTHATCOMPLETESTHESENTENCECORRECTLYTHEMINIMUMAMOUNTOFENERGYTHATPARTICLESMUSTHAVEINORDERTOREACTISCALLEDTHE_AKINETICENERGYBACTIVATIONENERGYCPOTENTIALENERGYDCOLLISIONENERGY8ANACTIVATEDCOMPLEXISTHEARRANGEMENTOFATOMSATTHEPEAKOFTHEACTIVATIONENERGYBARRIER9CIRCLETHELETTEROFTHETERMTHATBESTDESCRIBESTHELIFETIMEOFANACTIVATEDCOMPLEXA1015SB1013SC1013SD101S10WHYISANACTIVATEDCOMPLEXSOMETIMESCALLEDTHETRANSITIONSTATEITISCALLEDTHETRANSITIONSTATEBECAUSEANACTIVATEDCOMPLEXISUNSTABLEANDISASLIKELYTOREFORMREACTANTSASITISTOFORMPRODUCTSFACTORSAFFECTINGREACTIONRATESPAGES54554711CHANGESINTHERATEOFCHEMICALREACTIONSDEPENDONCONDITIONSSUCHASTEMPERATURE,CONCENTRATION,ANDPARTICLESIZE12THEMAINEFFECTOFINCREASINGTHETEMPERATUREOFACHEMICALREACTIONISTOINCREASETHENUMBEROFPARTICLESTHATHAVEENOUGHKINETICENERGYTOREACTWHENTHEYCOLLIDE13WHATHAPPENSWHENYOUPUTMOREREACTINGPARTICLESINTOAFIXEDVOLUMETHECONCENTRATIONOFREACTANTSINCREASES,THECOLLISIONFREQUENCYINCREASES,AND,THEREFORE,THEREACTIONRATEINCREASES14ISTHEFOLLOWINGSENTENCETRUEORFALSETHESMALLERTHEPARTICLESIZE,THELARGERTHESURFACEAREAOFAGIVENMASSOFPARTICLES15WHATARESOMEWAYSTOINCREASETHESURFACEAREAOFSOLIDREACTANTSONEWAYISTODISSOLVETHESOLIDANOTHERWAYISTOGRINDTHESOLIDINTOAFINEPOWDER16ACATALYSTISASUBSTANCETHATINCREASESTHERATEOFAREACTIONWITHOUTBEINGUSEDUPITSELFDURINGTHEREACTION17WHATDOESACATALYSTDOACATALYSTPERMITSREACTIONSTOPROCEEDATALOWERENERGYTHANISNORMALLYREQUIREDACATALYSTLOWERSTHEACTIVATIONENERGYSECTION182REVERSIBLEREACTIONSANDEQUILIBRIUMPAGES549559REVERSIBLEREACTIONSPAGES5495511WHATHAPPENSINREVERSIBLEREACTIONSINREVERSIBLEREACTIONS,TWOOPPOSITEREACTIONSOCCURSIMULTANEOUSLY2ISTHEFOLLOWINGSENTENCETRUEORFALSECHEMICALEQUILIBRIUMISASTATEINWHICHTHEFORWARDANDREVERSEREACTIONSTAKEPLACEATDIFFERENTRATES3THEEQUILIBRIUMPOSITIONOFAREACTIONISGIVENBYTHERELATIVECONCENTRATIONSOFTHESYSTEMSCOMPONENTSATEQUILIBRIUM4USEFIGURE1810ONPAGE550TOANSWERTHESEQUESTIONSAWHICHGRAPH,LEFTORRIGHT,SHOWSANINITIALCONCENTRATIONOF100SO3ANDNOSO2RIGHTBCOMPARETHEINITIALCONCENTRATIONSOFTHESUBSTANCESSHOWNINTHEOTHERGRAPHTHEREISTWICEASMUCHSO2ASO2ANDNOSO3CWHATISTHEFAVOREDSUBSTANCEATEQUILIBRIUMHOWCANYOUTELLSO3,BECAUSEITHASTHEGREATESTCONCENTRATIONATEQUILIBRIUMFACTORSAFFECTINGEQUILIBRIUMLECHTELIERSPRINCIPLEPAGES5525555WHATISLECHTELIERSPRINCIPLELECHTELIERSPRINCIPLESTATESTHATIFASTRESSISAPPLIEDTOASYSTEMINDYNAMICEQUILIBRIUM,THESYSTEMCHANGESTORELIEVETHESTRESS6CIRCLETHELETTERSOFTHETERMSTHATCOMPLETETHESENTENCECORRECTLYSTRESSESTHATUPSETTHEEQUILIBRIUMOFACHEMICALSYSTEMINCLUDECHANGESIN_ACONCENTRATIONBTHEAMOUNTOFCATALYSTCPRESSUREDTEMPERATURE7WHENYOUADDAPRODUCTTOAREVERSIBLECHEMICALREACTION,THEREACTIONISALWAYSPUSHEDINTHEDIRECTIONOFREACTANTSWHENYOUREMOVEAPRODUCT,THEREACTIONISPULLEDINTHEDIRECTIONOFPRODUCTS8ISTHEFOLLOWINGSENTENCETRUEORFALSEINCREASINGTHETEMPERATUREOFACHEMICALREACTIONCAUSESTHEEQUILIBRIUMPOSITIONOFAREACTIONTOSHIFTINTHEDIRECTIONTHATABSORBSHEAT9HOWDOESINCREASINGPRESSUREAFFECTACHEMICALSYSTEMANINCREASEINPRESSURERESULTSINASHIFTINTHEEQUILIBRIUMPOSITIONTHATFAVORSTHEFORMATIONOFASMALLERVOLUMEOFGAS10DECREASINGTHEPRESSUREONTHESYSTEMSHOWNINFIGURE1813ONPAGE554RESULTSINASHIFTOFEQUILIBRIUMTOFAVORTHEREACTANTSEQUILIBRIUMCONSTANTSPAGES55655911THEEQUILIBRIUMCONSTANTKEQISTHERATIOOFPRODUCTCONCENTRATIONSTOREACTANTSCONCENTRATIONSATEQUILIBRIUM,WITHEACHCONCENTRATIONRAISEDTOAPOWEREQUALTOTHENUMBEROFMOLEOFTHATSUBSTANCEINTHEBALANCEDCHEMICALEQUATION12WHATARETHEEXPONENTSINTHEEQUILIBRIUMCONSTANTEXPRESSIONTHEEXPONENTSARETHECOEFFICIENTSFROMTHEBALANCEDCHEMICALEQUATION13WHATDOTHESQUAREBRACKETSINDICATEINTHEEQUILIBRIUMCONSTANTEXPRESSIONTHESQUAREBRACKETSINDICATETHECONCENTRATIONSOFSUBSTANCESINMOLESPERLITERMOL/L14ISTHEFOLLOWINGSENTENCETRUEORFALSETHEVALUEOFKEQFORAREACTIONDEPENDSONTHETEMPERATURE15AVALUEOFKEQGREATERTHAN1MEANSTHATPRODUCTSAREFAVOREDOVERREACTANTSAVALUEOFKEQLESSTHAN1MEANSTHATREACTANTSAREFAVOREDOVERPRODUCTSSECTION185THEPROGRESSOFCHEMICALREACTIONSPAGES575579RATELAWSPAGES5755771WHATISAONESTEPREACTIONITISAREACTIONWITHONLYONEACTIVATEDCOMPLEXBETWEENTHEREACTANTSANDTHEPRODUCTS2ISTHEFOLLOWINGSENTENCETRUEORFALSEARATELAWISANEXPRESSIONRELATINGTHERATEOFAREACTIONTOTHECONCENTRATIONOFPRODUCTS3WHATISASPECIFICRATECONSTANTKFORAREACTIONTHECONSTANTISAPROPORTIONALITYCONSTANTRELATINGTHECONCENTRATIONSOFREACTANTSTOTHERATEOFTHEREACTION4THEORDEROFAREACTIONISTHEPOWERTOWHICHTHECONCENTRATIONOFAREACTANTMUSTBERAISEDTOGIVETHEEXPERIMENTALLYOBSERVEDRELATIONSHIPBETWEENCONCENTRATIONANDRATE5INAFIRSTORDERREACTION,THEREACTIONRATEISDIRECTLYPROPORTIONALTOTHECONCENTRATIONOF_ATWOORMOREREACTANTSBBOTHREACTANTSANDPRODUCTSCONLYONEREACTANTREACTIONMECHANISMSPAGE5786WHATISAREACTIONPROGRESSCURVEAREACTIONPROGRESSCURVEISAGRAPHOFALLTHEENERGYCHANGESTHATOCCURASREACTANTSARECONVERTEDTOPRODUCTS7ANELEMENTARYREACTIONISONEINWHICHREACTANTSARECONVERTEDTOPRODUCTSINASINGLESTEP8ISTHEFOLLOWINGSENTENCETRUEORFALSEAREACTIONMECHANISMINCLUDESSOMEOFTHEELEMENTARYREACTIONSOFACOMPLEXREACTION9WHATISANINTERMEDIATEPRODUCTOFAREACTIONITISAPRODUCTOFONESTEPINTHEREACTIONMECHANISMTHATBECOMESAREACTANTINTHENEXTSTEPINTHEREACTION10LOOKATFIGURE1828ONPAGE578WHATISONEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHISGRAPHANDTHECHEMICALEQUATIONFORTHISREACTIONTHEGRAPHSHOWSTHATTHEREACTIONPROCEEDSTHROUGHFIVESTEPSTHECHEMICALEQUATIONSUMSUPTHEFIVESTEPSINTOWHATAPP
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