外文翻译-安全工程专业中英文文献翻译

外文翻译安全工程专业中英文文献翻译翻译部份英文原文SPONTANEOUSCOMBUSTIONOFCOALCOALUNDERGOESSLOWOXIDATIONONEXPOSURETOAIRATAMBIENTTEMPERATURES,WITHTHEEVOLUTIONOFHEAT,GASESANDMOISTURE,THEHEATGENERATED,IFNOTDISSIPATED,GIVESRISETOANINCREASEINTHETEMPERATUREOFTHECOALASTHETEMPERATUREOFTHECOALRISES,THERATEOFOXIDATIONINCREASESIFTHISISALLOWEDTOPROCEEDUNCHECKEDITCANEVENTUALLYRESULTINTHEIGNITIONOFTHECOALTHISOXIDATIONPROCESSISKNOWNASSPONTANEOUSCOMBUSTIONORSPONTANEOUSHEATINGORSELFHEATINGSELFHEATING,THEREFORE,OCCURSWHENTHERATEOFHEATGENERATIONEXCEEDSTHERATEOFOXIDATIONDURINGRECENTYEARSTHEREHASBEENARENEWEDINTERESTINTHESPONTANEOUSCOMBUSTIONOFCOALINALLCOALMININGCOUNTRIESPARTICULARLYBECAUSEOFTHEUSEOFCAVINGMETHODSANDTHETHICKERSEAMSBEINGMINEDLARGESCALEBULKSTORAGEANDBULKTRANSPORTOFCOALHAVEALSOBECOMEMOREIMPORTANTWITHTHEINCREASEINCOALTRADEEVALUATIONOFTHEPOTENTIALOFCOALFORSPONTANEOUSCOMBUSTIONSEVERALMETHODSHAVEBEENUSEDTOEVALUATETHEPOTENTIALOFCOALFORSPONTANEOUSCOMBUSTIONBUTNONEISCLEARLYSUPERIORTHEMOSTCOMMONMETHODSUSEDAREDESCRIBEDBLOWOXYGENABSORPTIONINTHISMETHOD,ACOALSAMPLEISPLACEDINACONTAINERANDOXYGENORAIRISADDEDTOITTHEAMOUNTOFOXYGENABSORBEDBYTHECOALISESTIMATEDFROMTHEANALYSISOFTHEGASEOUSREACTIONPRODUCTSTHETEMPERATUREINCREASEPERUNITOFOXYGENCONSUMEDINDICATESPOTENTIALOFCOALFORSPONTANEOUSCOMBUSTIONHEATINGRATE/CROSSINGPOINTTEMPERATUREINTHISMETHOD,ACOALSAMPLEISPLACEDINABATHANDHEATEDATACONSTANTRATEINITIALLY,THETEMPERATUREOFTHECOALLAGSBEHINDTHETEMPERATUREOFTHEBATHBUTASCOALBEGINSTOSELFHEAT,THETEMPERATUREOFTHECOALFIRSTCOINCIDESWITHANDTHENEXCEEDSTHETEMPERATUREOFTHEBATHTHECROSSINGPOINTTEMPERATUREISKNOWNASTHERELATIVEIGNITIONTEMPERATUREUSUALLY,THECROSSINGPOINTTEMPERATUREISUSEDASAMEASUREOFTHEPOTENTIALOFCOALFORSPONTANEOUSCOMBUSTIONALTHOUGHTHEINDEXBASEDONTHERATIOOFHEATINGRATETOCROSSINGPOINTTEMPERATUREISMORESUITABLEBECAUSETHESPONTANEOUSCOMBUSTIONPOTENTIALOFCOALNOTONLYDEPENDSONTHEIGNITIONTEMPERATUREBUTALSOONTHERATEOFHEATGENERATIONADIABATICCALORIMETRYINTHISMETHOD,ACOALSAMPLEISPLACEDINANINSULATEDBATH,ANDTHEWHOLESYSTEMISHEATEDTOAPRESELECTEDTEMPERATUREOXYGENORAIRISTHENADDEDTOITANDOXIDATIONOFTHECOALRAISESITSTEMPERATURESINCENOHEATISLOSTTOTHESURROUNDINGS,THECHANGEINTHETEMPERATUREOFTHECOALINAGIVENTIME,THETIMENEEDEDTOREACHAPRESELECTEDTEMPERATURE,ORTHEAMOUNTOFHEATGENERATEDPERUNITTIMEINDICATESTHEPOTENTIALOFCOALFORSPONTANEOUSCOMBUSTIONISOTHERMALCALORIMETRYINTHISMETHOD,ACOALSAMPLEISPLACEDINALARGEBATHHELDATACONSTANTTEMPERATUREHEATGENERATEDINTHECOALSAMPLEDUETOSPONTANEOUSCOMBUSTIONISMEASUREDBYTHERMOCOUPLESANDDISSIPATEDINTHERELATIVELYLARGEHEATSINKTHEAMOUNTOFHEATGENERATEDPERUNITTIMEGIVESANINDICATIONOFTHEPOTENTIALOFCOALFORSPONTANEOUSCOMBUSTIONFACTORSCONTRIBUTINGTOSPONTANEOUSCOMBUSTIONCOALCHARACTERISTICSSOMECOALSAREMOREPRONETOSPONTANEOUSCOMBUSTIONTHANOTHERSTHERATEOFOXIDATIONOFCOALDEPENDSUPONMANYFACTORS,INCLUDINGRANK,PRESENCEOFPYRITE,PARTICLESIZE,MOISTURECONTENT,TEMPERATURE,EXTENTOFPREVIOUSOXIDATIONOFCOALANDTHECOMPOSITIONOFTHEAMBIENTAIRITISGENERALLYACCEPTEDTHATASTHERANKOFCOALDECREASES,THERISKOFSPONTANEOUSCOMBUSTIONINCREASESTHEPRESENCEOFPYRITEINCREASESTHEPOTENTIALOFCOALFORSPONTANEOUSCOMBUSTION,PARTICULARLYWHENTHEPYRITECONCENTRATIONEXCEEDS2ANDWHENITISVERYFINELYDISTRIBUTEDPYRITEACCELERATESSPONTANEOUSCOMBUSTIONBYSWELLINGANDCAUSINGDISINTEGRATIONOFTHECOALMASS,THEREBYINCREASINGTHESURFACEAREAAVAILABLEFOROXIDATIONTHESMALLERTHECOALPARTICLE,THEGREATERTHEEXPOSEDSURFACEAREAANDTHEGREATERTHETENDENCYTOWARDSPONTANEOUSCOMBUSTIONFRIABLECOALSWHICHPRODUCEACONSIDERABLEAMOUNTOFFINESWHENMINEDAREMOREVULNERABLETOSPONTANEOUSCOMBUSTIONTHECHANGESINMOISTURECONTENTOFTHECOALAFFECTTHEPOTENTIALOFCOALFORSPONTANEOUSCOMBUSTIONITHASBEENFOUNDTHATTHERATEOFOXIDATIONINCREASESWITHANINCREASEINMOISTURECONTENTALSO,WETTINGISANEXOTHERMICPROCESSANDDRYINGISANENDOTHERMICPROCESSAIRFLOWRATEFORSPONTANEOUSCOMBUSTIONTODEVELOP,THERATEOFHEATGENERATIONSHOULDBEMORETHANTHERATEOFHEATDISSIPATIONATVERYHIGHAIRFLOWRATESALMOSTUNLIMITEDOXYGENFORTHEOXIDATIONOFCOALISAVAILABLEBUTDISSIPATIONOFTHEHEATGENERATEDBYOXIDATIONISVERYEFFICIENTALOWFLOWRATERESTRICTSTHEAMOUNTOFOXYGENAVAILABLE,BUTDOESNOTALLOWTHEHEATGENERATEDTOBEDISSIPATEDACRITICALFLOWRATEISONETHATPROVIDESSUFFICIENTOXYGENFORWIDESPREADOXIDATIONBUTDOESNOTDISSIPATETHEHEATGENERATEDGEOLOGICALFACTORSTHEPRESENCEOFFAULTSINCOALSEAMSOFTENCONTRIBUTESTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFHEATINGINCOALMINESBYALLOWINGAIRANDWATERTOMIGRATEINTOTHECOALSEAMSZONESOFWEAKNESSWHICHUSUALLYDEVELOPINTHEAREAAROUNDTHEFAULTSALSOAIDINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFHEATINGTHETEMPERATURESOFTHESTRATAINCREASEWITHDEPTHTHEREFORE,THEOXIDATIONRATEWILLINCREASEWITHDEPTH,MAKINGDEEPERSEAMSMOREVULNERABLETOSPONTANEOUSCOMBUSTIONONTHEOTHERHAND,THEHIGHERRANKOFCOALFOUNDINTHESESEAMSDECREASESTHECHANCESOFHEATINGTHICKCOALSEAMSAREOFTENCONSIDEREDTOHAVEMOREPOTENTIALFORSPONTANEOUSCOMBUSTIONBECAUSETHEWORKINGOFTHESESEAMSISINVARIABLYACCOMPANIEDBYHIGHLOSSESOFCOALINTHEGOAFAREASTHELOWTHERMALCONDUCTIVITYOFCOALCOMPAREDWITHTHATOFSHALEORSANDSTONEISALSOACONTRIBUTORYFACTORWHENACOALSEAMUNDERASHALLOWOVERBURDENISMINED,THEGOAFAREASBECOMECONNECTEDTOTHESURFACEBYCRACKSANDFISSURESAIRANDWATERFROMTHESURFACECANGAINACCESSTOTHECOALANDINCREASETHEPOTENTIALFORSPONTANEOUSCOMBUSTIONSIMILARLY,WHENMULTISEAMSINCLOSEPROXIMITYAREWORKED,THECRACKSANDFISSURESDEVELOPEDINTHEINTERVENINGSTRATAINCREASETHEPOTENTIALFORSPONTANEOUSCOMBUSTIONOFTHESURROUNDINGUNMINEDSEAMS,PARTICULARLYTHEUNDERMINEDSEAMSMININGPRACTICESOMEOFTHEMOSTCOMMONPLACESWHERESPONTANEOUSHEATINGSOCCURAREGOAFAREASANDUNCONSOLIDATEDWASTES,PACKWALLAHIGHPROPORTIONOFCOAL,THEEDGESOFGOAVESWHEREHIGHSTRATAPRESSURECAUSESCRUSHING,ROOFFALLSANDFLOORHEAVES,CRUSHEDPILLARS,REGULATORSDOORSANDAIRCROSSINGSANDCONSTRICTIONSINTHEROADWAYSCOALLEFTINGOAFAREASISVERYLIABLETOSPONTANEOUSCOMBUSTIONASTHEAIRMOVEMENTTHEREISVERYSLUGGISH,ANDANYHEATGENERATEDASGRESULTOFOXIDATIONWILLNOTBEREMOVEDINCOALMINES,COALISLEFTINTHEROOFAND/ORFLOORTOSUPPORTTHEWEAKADJOININGSTRATAORBANDSOFINFERIORQUALITYCOALWHICHARELEFTUNMINEDHOWEVERONLONGSTANDING,ROOFFALLSANDFLOORHEAVESOCCURCAUSINGLARGESCALECRUSHINGOFTHELEFTCOALANDCREATINGCONDITIONSSUSCEPTIBLEFORHEATINGPILLARSTHATHAVEBEENSTANDINGFORALONGTIMEAREPRONETOHEATING,PARTICULARLYWHENTHEYARELIABLETOCRUSHINGREGULATORS,DOORSANDAIRCROSSINGSAREPOINTSOFHIGHAIRLEAKAGE,THEAIRMOVINGTHROUGHTHEFRACTURESINTHESOLIDCOALAROUNDTHEMTHEGREATERTHEPRESSUREDIFFERENCEACROSSTHEM,THEGREATERTHELEAKAGECONSTRICTIONSOFMINEROADWAYSALSOCAUSELEAKAGEOFAIRCHANGESINVENTILATION,EITHERINTENTIONALORACCIDENTAL,MAYCAUSEEXCESSIVEAIRLEAKAGESORMAYSUDDENLYBRINGMOISTAIRINTOCONTACTWITHDRYCOALGOAFAREAS,WHEREALARGEAMOUNTOFCOALISLEFTANDPARTICULARLYWHEREABLEEDERVENTILATIONSYSTEMISUSEDTOCLEARGASFROMTHEGOFA,PRESENTOPTIMALCONDITIONSFORSPONTANEOUSHEATINGINCUBATIONPERIODTHETERMINCUBATIONPERIODGENERALLYIMPLIESTHETIMEREQUIREDFORTHEOXIDATIONOFCOAL,INSUITABLECIRCUMSTANCES,TOCAUSEARISEINTEMPERATURETOITSIGNITIONPOINTITDEPENDSONTHECHARACTERISTICSOFTHECOAL,THEAIRLEAKAGEANDTHEHEATACCUMULATIONINTHEENVIRONMENTFORLOWRANKCOALS,THETIMEPERIODGENERALLYVARIESBETWEEN3AND6MONTHS,BUTWITHHIGHRANKCOALSTHEPERIODVARIESBETWEEN9AND18MONTHSTHEINCUBATIONPERIODCANBEEXTENDEDBYREDUCINGFISSURATIONAND/ORAIRLEAKAGEUNDERADVERSECONDITIONS,THEPERIODCANBELESSTHAN2WEEKS,ESPECIALLYWITHLOWRANKCOALSPREVENTIONOFSPONTANEOUSCOMBUSTIONPREVENTIONOFSPONTANEOUSCOMBUSTIONISBASEDONTWOFACTORS1ELIMINATIONOFCOALFROMTHEAREAAND2CONTROLOFVENTILATIONSOASTOEXCLUDEOXYGENENTIRELYFROMTHEAREA,ORTOSUPPLYASUFFICIENTFLOWOFAIRTODISSIPATETHEHEATEFFICIENTLYASITISGENERATEDANDBEFOREACRITICALTEMPERATUREISREACHEDTHEMETHODSADOPTEDDEPENDUPONTHELOCALSITUATIONMININGLAYOUTWHENDESIGNINGMININGLAYOUTSFORSEAMSLIABLETOSPONTANEOUSHEATINGITISESSENTIALTHATTHEGENERALLAYOUTOFTHEMINEISSIMPLEANDTHATEACHAREACANBEQUICKLYANDEFFECTIVELYSEALEDOFFTHERELATIVEPOSITIONSOFTHEVARIOUSDISTRICTSINTHESEAMANDSURROUNDINGSEAMSMUSTALSOBETAKENINTOACCOUNTITISESSENTIALTOFOLLOWDESCENDINGORDEROFEXTRACTIONWHENMININGMULTIPLESEAMSTHEPANELSYSTEMISANAPPROPRIATEONEFORMININGSEAMSLIABLETOSPONTANEOUSCOMBUSTIONTHISSYSTEMFACILITATESEFFECTIVESEALINGWITHAFEWSTOPPINGTHESIZEANDCONFIGURATIONOFTHEPANELSDEPENDUPONTHEMETHODOFMINING,THESEAMCONTOURSANDOTHERGEOLOGICALCONSIDERATIONSIFNECESSARY,THEPANELSMUSTBEOFASIZEWHICHWOULDPERMITCOMPLETEEXTRACTIONWITHINTHEINCUBATIONPERIODTHESIZEOFPANELBARRIERSNEEDSTOBESUFFICIENTFORSTABILITYWHENWORKINGSEAMSBYTHEBORDANDPILLARMETHOD,THESIZEOFTHEPILLARSMUSTBESUFFICIENTTOAVOIDEXCESSIVECRUSHINGTHISALSOAPPLIESTOCOALPILLARSLEFTATTHESTARTOFLONGWALLFACESWHENWORKINGASEAMBYALONGWALL,THERETREATINGMETHODISPREFERABLEASITELIMINATESLEAKAGECURRENTSTHROUGHTHEGOAFAREAONCOMPLETIONOFPRODUCTIONFROMAPANEL,RECLAMATIONOFMATERIALSHOULDBECOMPLETEDWITHOUTDELAYANDTHEPANELADEQUATELYSEALEDASQUICKLYASPOSSIBLEAIRLEAKAGEASFARASISPRACTICABLE,THEFORMATIONOFLEAKAGEPATHSSHOULDBEMINIMISEDBYPROVIDINGADEQUATESUPPORT,EGADEQUATELYSIZEDPILLARSANDGOODGATESIDEPACKSIFTHISISNOTSUFFICIENTTOPREVENTAIRLEAKAGE,LEAKAGEPATHSSHOULDBESEALEDOFFBYSEALANTCOATINGORINJECTIONFRACTURESEXTENDINGTOTHESURFACEOFFERASOURCEOFAIRLEAKAGEINTOSEALEDAREASARTIFICIALSEALINGFROMTHESURFACE,USUALLYBYSAND,CANPREVENTSUCHLEAKAGEDOORS,REGULATORSANDSTOPPINGSSHOULDBEPROPERLYSITEDUNNECESSARYSTOPPINGANDSTARTINGOFMAINANDBOOSTERFANSSHOULDBEAVOIDEDWHENAPANELHASCEASEDPRODUCTIONANDISTOBESTOPPEDOFF,THEVENTILATIONPRESSUREDIFFERENCESHOULDBEBALANCEDACROSSTHEOLDPANELBALANCINGTHEVENTILATIONPRESSUREISNOTASUBSTITUTEBUTACOMPLEMENTARYREQUIREMENTFOREFFECTIVESTOPPINGSINHIBITORSINSTORAGEAREASANDSURFACESTOCKPILES,CERTAINCHEMICALAGENTSCANBEAPPLIEDTOTHECOALSURFACEWHICHCANHINDERTHEPENETRATIONOFOXYGENINTOTHECOALBYSEALINGTHESURFACEPORESANDTHEREBYSTOPPINGINITIATIONOFAUTOOXIDATIONOFCOALATAMBIENTTEMPERATURESSURFACESTOCKPILESCANALSOBESEALEDOFFBYCONSOLIDATIONANDBITUMENSTOCKPILESCANBESODESIGNEDASTOREDUCEAIRMOVEMENTTHROUGHTHEMDETECTIONOFSPONTANEOUSCOMBUSTIONTHEDEVELOPMENTOFHEATINGUNDERGROUNDISACCOMPANIEDBYTHEPROGRESSIVEAPPEARANCEOF1HAZEFORMEDWHENAIRHEATEDBYANINCIPIENTFIREMEETSCOLDERAIR2SWEATINGORCONDENSATIONONTHEROOFANDEXPOSEDSURFACESDUETOTHEMOISTUREFORMEDBYCOMBUSTION3GOAFSTINKORFIRESTINKWITHACHARACTERISTICSMELL,VARIOUSLYDESCRIBEDASMUSTY,OILY,PETROLIC,AROMATICORTARRY4SMOKEINAIRWAYSAND5FIREINTHEPAST,RELIANCEHASBEENPLACEDONTHESEINDICATIONSFORTHEDETECTIONOFSPONTANEOUSCOMB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