已阅读5页,还剩13页未读, 继续免费阅读
版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领
文档简介
GERMANYCONTENTPROFILE21HISTORY211GERMANICTRIBESANDFRANKISHEMPIRE212GERMANCONFEDERATIONANDEMPIRE313WEIMARREPUBLICANDTHETHIRDREICH414EASTANDWESTGERMANY715GERMANREUNIFICATIONANDTHEEU92GEOGRAPHY1021CLIMATE103POLITICS1131CONSTITUENTSTATES114ECONOMY1241URBANIZATION145CLTURE1551ART1652MUSIC1653LITERATUREANDPHILOSOPHY17PROFILEGERMANY,OFFICIALLYTHEFEDERALREPUBLICOFGERMANY,ISAFEDERALPARLIAMENTARYREPUBLICINWESTERNCENTRALEUROPECONSISTINGOF16CONSTITUENTSTATES,WHICHRETAINLIMITEDSOVEREIGNTYITSCAPITALCITYANDLARGESTCITYISBERLINGERMANYCOVERSANAREAOF357,021SQUAREKILOMETRESANDHASALARGELYTEMPERATESEASONALCLIMATEWITH806MILLIONINHABITANTS,ITISTHEMOSTPOPULOUSMEMBERSTATEINTHEEUROPEANUNIONGERMANYISAMAJORECONOMICANDPOLITICALPOWEROFTHEEUROPEANCONTINENTANDAHISTORICLEADERINMANYCULTURAL,THEORETICALANDTECHNICALFIELDS1HISTORY11GERMANICTRIBESANDFRANKISHEMPIRETHEGERMANICTRIBESARETHOUGHTTODATEFROMTHENORDICBRONZEAGEORTHEPREROMANIRONAGEFROMSOUTHERNSCANDINAVIAANDNORTHGERMANY,THEYEXPANDEDSOUTH,EASTANDWESTFROMTHE1STCENTURYBC,COMINGINTOCONTACTWITHTHECELTICTRIBESOFGAULASWELLASIRANIAN,BALTIC,ANDSLAVICTRIBESINCENTRALANDEASTEREUROPEUNDERAUGUSTUS,ROMEBEGANTOINVADEGERMANIAANAREAEXTENDINGROUGHLYFROMTHERHINETOTHEURALMOUNTAINSINAD9,THREEROMANLEGIONSLEDBYPUBLIUSQUINCTILIUSVARUSWEREDEFEATEDBYTHECHERUSCANLEADERARMINIUSBYAD100,WHENTACITUSWROTEGERMANIA,GERMANICTRIBESHADSETTLEDALONGTHERHINEANDTHEDANUBELIMESGERMANICUS,OCCUPYINGMOSTOFTHEAREAOFMODERNGERMANYAUSTRIA,SOUTHERNBAVARIAANDTHEWESTERNRHINELAND,HOWEVER,WEREROMANPROVINCESINTHE3RDCENTURYANUMBEROFLARGEWESTGERMANICTRIBESEMERGEDALEMANNI,FRANKS,CHATTI,SAXONS,FRISII,SICAMBRI,ANDTHURINGIIAROUND260,THEGERMANICPEOPLESBROKEINTOROMANCONTROLLEDLANDSAFTERANINVASIONBYTHEHUNSIN375,ANDWITHTHEDECLINEOFROMEFROM395,GERMANICTRIBESMOVEDFURTHERSOUTHWESTSIMULTANEOUSLYSEVERALLARGETRIBESFORMEDINWHATISNOWGERMANYANDDISPLACEDTHESMALLERGERMANICTRIBESLARGEAREASKNOWNSINCETHEMEROVINGIANPERIODASAUSTRASIAWEREOCCUPIEDBYTHEFRANKS,ANDNORTHERNGERMANYWASRULEDBYTHESAXONSANDSLAVS12GERMANCONFEDERATIONANDEMPIREFOLLOWINGTHEFALLOFNAPOLEON,THECONGRESSOFVIENNACONVENEDIN1814ANDFOUNDEDTHEGERMANCONFEDERATIONDEUTSCHERBUND,ALOOSELEAGUEOF39SOVEREIGNSTATESDISAGREEMENTWITHRESTORATIONPOLITICSPARTLYLEDTOTHERISEOFLIBERALMOVEMENT,FOLLOWEDBYNEWMEASURESOFREPRESSIONBYAUSTRIANSTATESMANMETTERNICHTHEZOLLVEREIN,ATARIFFUNION,FURTHEREDECONOMICUNITYINTHEGERMANSTATESNATIONALANDLIBERALIDEALSOFTHEFRENCHREVOLUTIONGAINEDINCREASINGSUPPORTAMONGMANY,ESPECIALLYYOUNG,GERMANSTHEHAMBACHFESTIVALINMAY1832WASAMAINEVENTINSUPPORTOFGERMANUNITY,FREEDOMANDDEMOCRACYINTHELIGHTOFASERIESOFREVOLUTIONARYMOVEMENTSINEUROPE,WHICHESTABLISHEDAREPUBLICINFRANCE,INTELLECTUALSANDCOMMONERSSTARTEDTHEREVOLUTIONSOF1848INTHEGERMANSTATESKINGFREDERICKWILLIAMIVOFPRUSSIAWASOFFEREDTHETITLEOFEMPEROR,BUTWITHALOSSOFPOWERHEREJECTEDTHECROWNANDTHEPROPOSEDCONSTITUTION,LEADINGTOATEMPORARYSETBACKFORTHEMOVEMENTCONFLICTBETWEENKINGWILLIAMIOFPRUSSIAANDTHEINCREASINGLYLIBERALPARLIAMENTERUPTEDOVERMILITARYREFORMSIN1862,ANDTHEKINGAPPOINTEDOTTOVONBISMARCKTHENEWMINISTERPRESIDENTOFPRUSSIABISMARCKSUCCESSFULLYWAGEDWARONDENMARKIN1864PRUSSIANVICTORYINTHEAUSTROPRUSSIANWAROF1866ENABLEDHIMTOCREATETHENORTHGERMANCONFEDERATIONNORDDEUTSCHERBUNDANDTOEXCLUDEAUSTRIA,FORMERLYTHELEADINGGERMANSTATE,FROMTHEFEDERATIONSAFFAIRSAFTERTHEFRENCHDEFEATINTHEFRANCOPRUSSIANWAR,THEGERMANEMPIREWASPROCLAIMEDIN1871INVERSAILLES,UNITINGALLSCATTEREDPARTSOFGERMANYEXCEPTAUSTRIAKLEINDEUTSCHLAND,OR“LESSERGERMANY“WITHALMOSTTWOTHIRDSOFITSTERRITORYANDPOPULATION,PRUSSIAWASTHEDOMINATINGCONSTITUENTOFTHENEWSTATETHEHOHENZOLLERNKINGOFPRUSSIARULEDASITSCONCURRENTEMPEROR,ANDBERLINBECAMEITSCAPITALINTHEGRNDERZEITPERIODFOLLOWINGTHEUNIFICATIONOFGERMANY,BISMARCKSFOREIGNPOLICYASCHANCELLOROFGERMANYUNDEREMPERORWILLIAMISECUREDGERMANYSPOSITIONASAGREATNATIONBYFORGINGALLIANCES,ISOLATINGFRANCEBYDIPLOMATICMEANS,ANDAVOIDINGWARASARESULTOFTHEBERLINCONFERENCEIN1884GERMANYCLAIMEDSEVERALCOLONIESINCLUDINGGERMANEASTAFRICA,GERMANSOUTHWESTAFRICA,TOGO,ANDCAMEROONUNDERWILHELMII,HOWEVER,GERMANY,LIKEOTHEREUROPEANPOWERS,TOOKANIMPERIALISTICCOURSELEADINGTOFRICTIONWITHNEIGHBOURINGCOUNTRIESMOSTALLIANCESINWHICHGERMANYHADPREVIOUSLYBEENINVOLVEDWERENOTRENEWED,ANDNEWALLIANCESEXCLUDEDTHECOUNTRYTHEASSASSINATIONOFAUSTRIASCROWNPRINCEON28JUNE1914TRIGGEREDWORLDWARIGERMANY,ASPARTOFTHECENTRALPOWERS,SUFFEREDDEFEATAGAINSTTHEALLIESINONEOFTHEBLOODIESTCONFLICTSOFALLTIMEINTOTAL,APPROXIMATELYTWOMILLIONGERMANSOLDIERSWEREKILLEDINWORLDWARITHEGERMANREVOLUTIONBROKEOUTINNOVEMBER1918,ANDEMPERORWILHELMIIANDALLGERMANRULINGPRINCESABDICATEDANARMISTICEENDEDTHEWARON11NOVEMBER,ANDGERMANYSIGNEDTHETREATYOFVERSAILLESINJUNE1919GERMANSPERCEIVEDTHETREATYASHUMILIATINGANDUNJUSTANDITWASLATERSEENBYHISTORIANSASINFLUENTIALINTHERISEOFHITLER13WEIMARREPUBLICANDTHETHIRDREICHATTHEBEGINNINGOFTHEGERMANREVOLUTIONINNOVEMBER1918,GERMANYWASDECLAREDAREPUBLICHOWEVER,THESTRUGGLEFORPOWERCONTINUED,WITHRADICALLEFTCOMMUNISTSSEIZINGPOWERINBAVARIATHEREVOLUTIONCAMETOANENDON11AUGUST1919,WHENTHEDEMOCRATICWEIMARCONSTITUTIONWASSIGNEDBYPRESIDENTFRIEDRICHEBERTAFTERATUMULTUOUSPERIODSEEINGTHEOCCUPATIONOFTHERUHRBYBELGIANANDFRENCHTROOPSANDTHERISEOFINFLATIONCULMINATINGINTHEHYPERINFLATIONOF192223,ADEBTRESTRUCTURINGPLANTHEDAWESPLANANDTHECREATIONOFANEWCURRENCYIN1924USHEREDINTHEGOLDENTWENTIES,ANERAOFINCREASINGNATIONALCONFIDENCE,ARTISTICINNOVATION,LIBERALCULTURALLIFEANDECONOMICPROSPERITYTHISENDEDWITHTHEGREATDEPRESSIONOF1929INSEPTEMBER1930THENAZIPARTYWONJUSTUNDER18OFTHEVOTESINTHEFEDERALELECTIONOF1930FORMINGACOALITIONGOVERNMENTPROVEDIMPOSSIBLEANDCHANCELLORHEINRICHBRNINGSGOVERNMENTASKEDPRESIDENTPAULVONHINDENBURGTOGRANTHIMARTICLE48POWERSSOTHATHECOULDENACTEMERGENCYPOLICIESWITHOUTPARLIAMENTARYAPPROVALHINDENBURGAPPROVEDTHEREQUESTANDBRNINGSGOVERNMENTPURSUEDAPOLICYOFFISCALAUSTERITYANDDEFLATIONWHICHCAUSEDHIGHERUNEMPLOYMENTANDLEFTGERMANS,ESPECIALLYTHEUNEMPLOYED,WITHFEWERSOCIALSERVICESBY1932NEARLY30OFGERMANYSWORKFORCEWASUNEMPLOYEDANDINTHESPECIALFEDERALELECTIONOF1932THENAZIPARTYWON37OFTHEVOTEBUTCOULDNOTFORMACOALITIONGOVERNMENTAFTERASERIESOFUNSUCCESSFULCABINETS,PRESIDENTPAULVONHINDENBURGAPPOINTEDADOLFHITLERASCHANCELLOROFGERMANYON30JANUARY1933ON27FEBRUARY1933THEREICHSTAGBUILDINGWENTUPINFLAMES,THEREICHSTAGFIREDECREEWASPASSEDABROGATINGBASICCIVILRIGHTSANDTHEENABLINGACTOF1933GAVEHITLERUNRESTRICTEDLEGISLATIVEPOWERHITLERESTABLISHEDACENTRALISEDTOTALITARIANSTATEANDOPENEDGERMANYSFIRSTCONCENTRATIONCAMPSINFEBRUARY1933INSEPTEMBER1933GERMANSVOTEDTOWITHDRAWFROMTHELEAGUEOFNATIONSHITLERBEGANTOPURSUEMILITARYREARMAMENTANDUSEDDEFICITSPENDINGTOEMPLOYMILLIONSOFGERMANSINPUBLICWORKSPROJECTSANDINDUSTRYINAUGUST1934THECABINETENACTEDTHE“LAWCONCERNINGTHEHIGHESTSTATEOFFICEOFTHEREICH“WHICHALTEREDTHETRADITIONALLOYALTYOATHOFSERVICEMENSOTHATTHEYAFFIRMEDLOYALTYTOHITLERPERSONALLYRATHERTHANTOTHEOFFICEOFSUPREMECOMMANDERORTHESTATEANDINASPECIALREFERENDUM90PERCENTOFTHEELECTORATEAPPROVEDMERGINGTHEPRESIDENCYWITHTHECHANCELLORSHIPIN1935THENAZIREGIMEREINTRODUCEDCOMPULSORYMILITARYSERVICE,WITHDREWFROMTHETREATYOFVERSAILLESANDINTRODUCEDTHENUREMBERGLAWSWHICHTARGETEDJEWSANDOTHERGROUPSGERMANYREACQUIREDCONTROLOFTHESAARIN1935ANDIN1936SENTTROOPSINTOTHERHINELAND,WHICHHADBEENFORBIDDENBYTHETREATYOFVERSAILLESAUSTRIAWASANNEXEDIN1938ANDDESPITETHEMUNICHAGREEMENTINSEPTEMBER1938,GERMANYOCCUPIEDCZECHOSLOVAKIAON15MARCH1939HITLERSGOVERNMENTTHENPREPAREDFORTHEINVASIONOFPOLANDBYSIGNINGTHEMOLOTOVRIBBENTROPPACTANDPLANNINGAFAKEPOLISHATTACKON1SEPTEMBER1939THEGERMANWEHRMACHTLAUNCHEDTHEIRINVASIONOFPOLAND,ANDSWIFTLYOCCUPIEDTHECOUNTRYALONGWITHTHESOVIETREDARMYASARESULTOFTHEINVASIONTHEUNITEDKINGDOMANDFRANCEDECLAREDWARONGERMANY,MARKINGTHEBEGINNINGOFWORLDWARIIASTHEWARPROGRESSED,GERMANYANDTHEOTHERAXISPOWERSQUICKLYGAINEDCONTROLOFMOSTOFCONTINENTALEUROPEANDNORTHAFRICA,THOUGHPLANSTOFORCETHEUNITEDKINGDOMTOANARMISTICEORSURRENDERFAILEDON22JUNE1941,GERMANYBROKETHEMOLOTOVRIBBENTROPPACTANDINVADEDTHESOVIETUNIONJAPANSATTACKONPEARLHARBORLEDGERMANYTODECLAREWARONTHEUNITEDSTATESINDECEMBER1941THEBATTLEOFSTALINGRADWASATURNINGPOINTINTHEWARANDFORCEDTHEGERMANARMYTORETREATONTHEEASTERNFRONTINSEPTEMBER1943,GERMANYSALLYITALYSURRENDERED,ANDADDITIONALGERMANTROOPSWERENEEDEDTODEFENDAGAINSTALLIEDFORCESINITALYTHEDDAYINVASIONOFFRANCEOPENEDAWESTERNFRONTINTHEWARANDDESPITEAGERMANCOUNTEROFFENSIVEALLIEDFORCESHADENTEREDGERMANYBY1945FOLLOWINGHILTERSSUICIDEANDTHEBATTLEOFBERLIN,THEGERMANARMEDFORCESSURRENDEREDON8MAY1945THEWARWASHUMANITYSBLOODIESTCONFLICTANDCAUSEDTHEDEATHSOFAROUND40MILLIONPEOPLEINEUROPEALONEGERMANARMYWARCASUALTIESWEREBETWEEN325MILLIONAND53MILLIONSOLDIERS,ANDBETWEEN1AND3MILLIONGERMANCIVILIANSWEREKILLEDINWHATLATERBECAMEKNOWNASTHEHOLOCAUST,THENAZIREGIMEENACTEDPOLICIESWHICHTARGETEDMINORITIESASWELLASPOLITICALANDRELIGIOUSOPPOSITIONOVER10MILLIONCIVILIANSWEREMURDEREDBYTHENAZISDURINGTHEHOLOCAUST,INCLUDINGSIXMILLIONJEWS,BETWEEN220,000AND1,500,000ROMANIPEOPLE,275,000PERSONSWITHMENTALAND/ORPHYSICALDISABILITIES,THOUSANDSOFJEHOVAHSWITNESSES,THOUSANDSOFHOMOSEXUALS,ANDHUNDREDSOFTHOUSANDSOFMEMBERSOFTHEPOLITICALANDRELIGIOUSOPPOSITIONSIXMILLIONUKRAINIANSANDPOLESANDANESTIMATED28MILLIONSOVIETWARPRISONERSWEREALSOKILLEDBYTHENAZIREGIMELOSINGTHEWARRESULTEDINTERRITORIALLOSSESFORGERMANY,THEEXPULSIONOFMILLIONSOFETHNICGERMANSFROMTHEFORMEREASTERNTERRITORIESOFGERMANYANDFORMERLYOCCUPIEDCOUNTRIESGERMANY,LIKEMANYOFTHECOUNTRIESITHADOCCUPIED,SUFFEREDMASSRAPEANDTHEDESTRUCTIONOFNUMEROUSMAJORCITIESDUETOBOMBINGANDFIGHTINGDURINGTHEWARAFTERWORLDWARII,NAZIS,FORMERNAZISANDOTHERSWERETRIEDFORWARCRIMES,INCLUDINGCRIMESRELATEDTOTHEHOLOCAUST,ATTHENUREMBERGTRIALS14EASTANDWESTGERMANYAFTERTHESURRENDEROFGERMANY,THEREMAININGGERMANTERRITORYANDBERLINWEREPARTITIONEDBYTHEALLIESINTOFOURMILITARYOCCUPATIONZONESTOGETHER,THESEZONESACCEPTEDMORETHAN65MILLIONOFTHEETHNICGERMANSEXPELLEDFROMEASTERNAREASTHEWESTERNSECTORS,CONTROLLEDBYFRANCE,THEUNITEDKINGDOM,ANDTHEUNITEDSTATES,WEREMERGEDON23MAY1949TOFORMTHEFEDERALREPUBLICOFGERMANYBUNDESREPUBLIKDEUTSCHLANDON7OCTOBER1949,THESOVIETZONEBECAMETHEGERMANDEMOCRATICREPUBLICDEUTSCHEDEMOKRATISCHEREPUBLIK,ORDDRTHEYWEREINFORMALLYKNOWNAS“WESTGERMANY“AND“EASTGERMANY“EASTGERMANYSELECTEDEASTBERLINASITSCAPITAL,WHILEWESTGERMANYCHOSEBONNASAPROVISIONALCAPITAL,TOEMPHASISEITSSTANCETHATTHETWOSTATESOLUTIONWASANARTIFICIALANDTEMPORARYSTATUSQUOTHEFEDERALREPUBLICOFGERMANYBECAMEAMAJORRECIPIENTOFRECONSTRUCTIONAIDUNDERTHEMARSHALLPLANWESTGERMANY,ESTABLISHEDASAFEDERALPARLIAMENTARYREPUBLICWITHA“SOCIALMARKETECONOMY“,WASALLIEDWITHTHEUNITEDSTATES,THEUKANDFRANCEKONRADADENAUERWASELECTEDTHEFIRSTFEDERALCHANCELLORBUNDESKANZLEROFGERMANYIN1949ANDREMAINEDINOFFICEUNTIL1963UNDERHISANDLUDWIGERHARDSLEADERSHIP,THECOUNTRYENJOYEDPROLONGEDECONOMICGROWTHBEGINNINGINTHEEARLY1950S,THATBECAMEFAMOUSASTHE“ECONOMICMIRACLE“GERMANWIRTSCHAFTSWUNDERWESTGERMANYJOINEDNATOIN1955ANDWASAFOUNDINGMEMBEROFTHEEUROPEANECONOMICCOMMUNITYIN1957EASTGERMANYWASANEASTERNBLOCSTATEUNDERPOLITICALANDMILITARYCONTROLBYTHEUSSRVIATHELATTERSOCCUPATIONFORCESANDTHEWARSAWPACTTHOUGHEASTGERMANYCLAIMEDTOBEADEMOCRACY,POLITICALPOWERWASEXERCISEDSOLELYBYLEADINGMEMBERSPOLITBROOFTHECOMMUNISTCONTROLLEDSOCIALISTUNITYPARTYOFGERMANY,SUPPORTEDBYTHESTASI,ANIMMENSESECRETSERVICE,ANDAVARIETYOFSUBORGANISATIONSCONTROLLINGEVERYASPECTOFSOCIETYASOVIETSTYLECOMMANDECONOMYWASSETUPTHEGDRLATERBECAMEACOMECONSTATEWHILEEASTGERMANPROPAGANDAWASBASEDONTHEBENEFITSOFTHEGDRSSOCIALPROGRAMMESANDTHEALLEGEDCONSTANTTHREATOFAWESTGERMANINVASION,MANYOFITSCITIZENSLOOKEDTOTHEWESTFORFREEDOMANDPROSPERITYTHEBERLINWALL,BUILTIN1961TOSTOPEASTGERMANSFROMESCAPINGTOWESTGERMANY,BECAMEASYMBOLOFTHECOLDWAR,HENCEITSFALLIN1989,FOLLOWINGDEMOCRATICREFORMSINPOLANDANDHUNGARY,BECAMEASYMBOLOFTHEFALLOFCOMMUNISM,GERMANREUNIFICATIONANDDIEWENDETENSIONSBETWEENEASTANDWESTGERMANYWEREREDUCEDINTHEEARLY1970SBYCHANCELLORWILLYBRANDTSOSTPOLITIKINSUMMER1989,HUNGARYDECIDEDTODISMANTLETHEIRONCURTAINANDOPENTHEBORDERS,CAUSINGTHEEMIGRATIONOFTHOUSANDSOFEASTGERMANSTOWESTGERMANYVIAHUNGARYTHISHADDEVASTATINGEFFECTSONTHEGDR,WHEREREGULARMASSDEMONSTRATIONSRECEIVEDINCREASINGSUPPORTTHEEASTGERMANAUTHORITIESUNEXPECTEDLYEASEDTHEBORDERRESTRICTIONS,ALLOWINGEASTGERMANCITIZENSTOTRAVELTOTHEWESTORIGINALLYINTENDEDTOHELPRETAINEASTGERMANYASASTATE,THEOPENINGOFTHEBORDERACTUALLYLEDTOANACCELERATIONOFTHEWENDEREFORMPROCESSTHISCULMINATEDINTHETWOPLUSFOURTREATYAYEARLATERON12SEPTEMBER1990,UNDERWHICHTHEFOUROCCUPYINGPOWERSRENOUNCEDTHEIRRIGHTSUNDERTHEINSTRUMENTOFSURRENDER,ANDGERMANYREGAINEDFULLSOVEREIGNTYTHISPERMITTEDGERMANREUNIFICATIONON3OCTOBER1990,WITHTHEACCESSIONOFTHEFIVEREESTABLISHEDSTATESOFTHEFORMERGDRNEWSTATESOR“NEUELNDER“15GERMANREUNIFICATIONANDTHEEUBASEDONTHEBERLIN/BONNACT,ADOPTEDON10MARCH1994,BERLINONCEAGAINBECAMETHECAPITALOFTHEREUNIFIEDGERMANY,WHILEBONNOBTAINEDTHEUNIQUESTATUSOFABUNDESSTADTFEDERALCITYRETAININGSOMEFEDERALMINISTRIESTHERELOCATIONOFTHEGOVERNMENTWASCOMPLETEDIN1999SINCEREUNIFICATION,GERMANYHASTAKENAMOREACTIVEROLEINTHEEUROPEANUNIONANDNATOGERMANYSENTAPEACEKEEPINGFORCETOSECURESTABILITYINTHEBALKANSANDSENTAFORCEOFGERMANTROOPSTOAFGHANISTANASPARTOFANATOEFFORTTOPROVIDESECURITYINTHATCOUNTRYAFTERTHEOUSTINGOFTHETALIBANTHESEDEPLOYMENTSWERECONTROVERSIALSINCE,AFTERTHEWAR,GERMANYWASBOUNDBYDOMESTICLAWONLYTODEPLOYTROOPSFORDEFENCEROLESIN2005,ANGELAMERKELBECAMETHEFIRSTFEMALECHANCELLOROFGERMANYASTHELEADEROFAGRANDCOALITIONGERMANYHOSTEDTHE2007G8SUMMITINHEILIGENDAMM,MECKLENBURGIN2009,ALIBERALCONSERVATIVECOALITIONUNDERMERKELASSUMEDLEADERSHIPOFTHECOUNTRYIN2013,ANOTHERGRANDCOALITIONWASESTABLISHEDINATHIRDMERKELCABINET2GEOGRAPHYGERMANYISINWESTERNANDCENTRALEUROPE,WITHDENMARKBORDERINGTOTHENORTH,POLANDANDTHECZECHREPUBLICTOTHEEAST,AUSTRIAANDSWITZERLANDTOTHESOUTH,FRANCEANDLUXEMBOURGTOTHESOUTHWEST,ANDBELGIUMANDTHENETHERLANDSTOTHENORTHWESTITLIESMOSTLYBETWEENLATITUDES47AND55NTHETIPOFSYLTISJUSTNORTHOF55,ANDLONGITUDES5AND16ETHETERRITORYCOVERS357,021KM2137,847SQMI,CONSISTINGOF349,223KM2134,836SQMIOFLANDAND7,798KM23,011SQMIOFWATERITISTHESEVENTHLARGESTCOUNTRYBYAREAINEUROPEANDTHE62NDLARGESTINTHEWORLDELEVATIONRANGESFROMTHEMOUNTAINSOFTHEALPSHIGHESTPOINTTHEZUGSPITZEAT2,962METRESOR9,718FEETINTHESOUTHTOTHESHORESOFTHENORTHSEANORDSEEINTHENORTHWESTANDTHEBALTICSEAOSTSEEINTHENORTHEASTTHEFORESTEDUPLANDSOFCENTRALGERMANYANDTHELOWLANDSOFNORTHERNGERMANYARETRAVERSEDBYSUCHMAJORRIVERSASTHERHINE,DANUBEANDELBEGLACIERSAREFOUNDINTHEALPINEREGION,BUTAREEXPERIENCINGDEGLACIATIONSIGNIFICANTNATURALRESOURCESAREIRONORE,COAL,POTASH,TIMBER,LIGNITE,URANIUM,COPPER,NATURALGAS,SALT,NICKEL,ARABLELANDANDWATER21CLIMATEMOSTOFGERMANYHASATEMPERATESEASONALCLIMATEINWHICHHUMIDWESTERLYWINDSPREDOMINATETHECOUNTRYISSITUATEDINBETWEENTHEOCEANICWESTERNEUROPEANANDTHECONTINENTALEASTERNEUROPEANCLIMATETHECLIMATEISMODERATEDBYTHENORTHATLANTICDRIFT,THENORTHERNEXTENSIONOFTHEGULFSTREAMTHISWARMERWATERAFFECTSTHEAREASBORDERINGTHENORTHSEACONSEQUENTLYINTHENORTHWESTANDTHENORTHTHECLIMATEISOCEANICGERMANYGETSANAVERAGEOF789MM31INPRECIPITATIONPERYEARRAINFALLOCCURSYEARROUND,WITHNOOBLIGATORYDRYSEASONWINTERSAREMILDANDSUMMERSTENDTOBEWARM,TEMPERATURESCANEXCEED30C86FTHEEASTHASAMORECONTINENTALCLIMATEWINTERSCANBEVERYCOLDANDSUMMERSVERYWARM,ANDLONGERDRYPERIODSCANOCCURCENTRALANDSOUTHERNGERMANYARETRANSITIONREGIONSWHICHVARYFROMMODERATELYOCEANICTOCONTINENTALINADDITIONTOTHEMARITIMEANDCONTINENTALCLIMATESTHATPREDOMINATEOVERMOSTOFTHECOUNTRY,THEALPINEREGIONSINTHEEXTREMESOUTHAND,TOALESSERDEGREE,SOMEAREASOFTHECENTRALGERMANUPLANDSHAVEAMOUNTAINCLIMATE,CHARACTERISEDBYLOWERTEMPERATURESANDGREATERPRECIPITATION3POLITICSGERMANYISAFEDERAL,PARLIAMENTARY,REPRESENTATIVEDEMOCRATICREPUBLICTHEGERMANPOLITICALSYSTEMOPERATESUNDERAFRAMEWORKLAIDOUTINTHE1949CONSTITUTIONALDOCUMENTKNOWNASTHEGRUNDGESETZBASICLAWAMENDMENTSGENERALLYREQUIREATWOTHIRDSMAJORITYOFBOTHCHAMBERSOFPARLIAMENTTHEFUNDAMENTALPRINCIPLESOFTHECONSTITUTION,ASEXPRESSEDINTHEARTICLESGUARANTEEINGHUMANDIGNITY,THESEPARATIONOFPOWERS,THEFEDERALSTRUCTURE,ANDTHERULEOFLAWAREVALIDINPERPETUITYTHEPRESIDENTISTHEHEADOFSTATEANDINVESTEDPRIMARILYWITHREPRESENTATIVERESPONSIBILITIESANDPOWERSHEISELECTEDBYTHEBUNDESVERSAMMLUNGFEDERALCONVENTION,ANINSTITUTIONCONSISTINGOFTHEMEMBERSOFTHEBUNDESTAGANDANEQUALNUMBEROFSTATEDELEGATESTHESECONDHIGHESTOFFICIALINTHEGERMANORDEROFPRECEDENCEISTHEBUNDESTAGSPRSIDENTPRESIDENTOFTHEBUNDESTAG,WHOISELECTEDBYTHEBUNDESTAGANDRESPONSIBLEFOROVERSEEINGTHEDAILYSESSIONSOFTHEBODY31CONSTITUENTSTATESGERMANYCOMPRISESSIXTEENSTATESWHICHARECOLLECTIVELYREFERREDTOASLNDEREACHSTATEHASITSOWNSTATECONSTITUTIONANDISLARGELYAUTONOMOUSINREGARDTOITSINTERNALORGANISATIONBECAUSEOFDIFFERENCESINSIZEANDPOPULATIONTHESUBDIVISIONSOFTHESESTATESVARY,ESPECIALLYASBETWEENCITYSTATESSTADTSTAATENANDSTATESWITHLARGERTERRITORIESFLCHENLNDERFORREGIONALADMINISTRATIVEPURPOSESFIVESTATES,NAMELYBADENWRTTEMBERG,BAVARIA,HESSE,NORTHRHINEWESTPHALIAANDSAXONY,CONSISTOFATOTALOF22GOVERNMENTDISTRICTSREGIERUNGSBEZIRKEASOF2009GERMANYISDIVIDEDINTO403DISTRICTSKREISEATAMUNICIPALLEVELTHESECONSISTOF301RURALDISTRICTSAND102URBANDISTRICTS4ECONOMYGERMANYHASASOCIALMARKETECONOMYWITHAHIGHLYSKILLEDLABOURFORCE,ALARGECAPITALSTOCK,ALOWLEVELOFCORRUPTION,ANDAHIGHLEVELOFINNOVATIONITHASTHELARGESTANDMOSTPOWERFULNATIONALECONOMYINEUROPE,THEFOURTHLARGESTBYNOMINALGDPINTHEWORLD,THEFIFTHLARGESTBYPPP,ANDWASTHEBIGGESTNETCONTRIBUTORTOTHEEUBUDGETIN2011THESERVICESECTORCONTRIBUTESAPPROXIMATELY71OFTHETOTALGDP,INDUSTRY28,ANDAGRICULTURE1THEOFFICIALAVERAGENATIONALUNEMPLOYMENTRATEINAPRIL2014WAS68HOWEVER,THEOFFICIALAVERAGENATIONALUNEMPLOYMENTRATEALSOINCLUDESPEOPLEWITHAPARTTIMEJOBTHATARELOOKINGFORAFULLTIMEJOBTHEUNOFFICIALAVERAGENATIONALUNEMPLOYMENTRATEIN2013WAS53MAJORPORTS汉堡HAMBURG不来梅BREMEN埃姆登EMDEN库克斯港CUXHAVENGERMANYISANADVOCATEOFCLOSEREUROPEANECONOMICANDPOLITICALINTEGRATIONITSCOMMERCIALPOLICIESAREINCREASINGLYDETERMINEDBYAGREEMENTSAMONGEUROPEANUNIONEUMEMBERSANDBYEULEGISLATIONGERMANYINTRODUCEDTHECOMMONEUROPEANCURRENCY,THEEURO,ON1JANUARY2002ITSMONETARYPOLICYISSETBYTHEEUROPEANCENTRALBANK,WHICHISHEADQUARTEREDINFRANKFURTTWODECADESAFTERGERMANREUNIFICATION,STANDARDSOFLIVINGANDPERCAPITAINCOMESREMAINSIGNIFICANTLYHIGHERINTHESTATESOFTHEFORMERWESTGERMANYTHANINTHEFORMEREASTTHEMODERNISATIONANDINTEGRATIONOFTHEEASTERNGERMANECONOMYISALONGTERMPROCESSSCHEDULEDTOLASTUNTILTHEYEAR2019,WITHANNUALTRANSFERSFROMWESTTOEASTAMOUNTINGTOROUGHLY80BILLIONINJANUARY2009THEGERMANGOVERNMENTAPPROVEDA50BILLIONECONOMICSTIMULUSPLANTOPROTECTSEVERALSECTORSFROMADOWNTURNANDASUBSEQUENTRISE
温馨提示
- 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
- 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
- 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
- 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
- 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
- 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。
最新文档
- 2026年延边职业技术学院单招职业技能考试必刷测试卷及答案1套
- 2026年湖南电气职业技术学院单招职业适应性测试题库含答案
- 2026年广东省云浮市单招职业适应性测试必刷测试卷及答案1套
- 江门恩平市公用事业投资经营管理有限公司及属下公司招聘笔试真题2024
- 2026年广西自然资源职业技术学院单招职业适应性考试题库及答案1套
- 2026年桂林生命与健康职业技术学院单招综合素质考试必刷测试卷附答案
- 2025年铅山县事业单位联考招聘考试真题汇编必考题
- 2026年烟台城市科技职业学院单招职业倾向性考试必刷测试卷带答案
- 2026年常德科技职业技术学院单招职业适应性测试题库带答案
- 西藏自治区定向选调生考试真题2024
- FDM技术医疗导管抗菌改性策略
- 2025年广东省常用非金属材料检测技术培训考核考前通关必练题库-含答案
- 人教版高中英语选择性必修一词汇表(背默版)
- 安徽省江南十校2024-2025学年高二上学期12月联考历史试卷历史试题
- 医院临床科室标准化管理方案
- 门诊预检分诊课件
- GB/T 22838.3-2025卷烟和滤棒物理性能的测定第3部分:圆周非接触光学法
- 2025年福建泉州慧昊新能源集团有限公司招聘3人考试笔试参考题库附答案解析
- GB/T 176-2025水泥化学分析方法
- 2026四川农商银行校园招聘1065人历年真题库附答案解析
- (2025年)治安管理处罚法全文试题及答案
评论
0/150
提交评论