1981年-2011年全国考研英语试题真题含答案【精品文档】

1981年2011年全国硕士研究生英语真题（含答案）2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SECTIONIUSEOFENGLISHDIRECTIONSREADTHEFOLLOWINGTEXTCHOOSETHEBESTWORDSFOREACHNUMBEREDBLANKANDMARKA,B,CORDONANSWERSHEET110POINTSANCIENTGREEKPHILOSOPHERARISTOTLEVIEWEDLAUGHTERAS“ABODILYEXERCISEPRECIOUSTOHEALTH”BUT_SOMECLAIMSTOTHECONTRARY,LAUGHINGPROBABLYHASLITTLEINFLUENCEONPHYSICALFILNESSLAUGHTERDOES_SHORTTERMCHANGESINTHEFUNCTIONOFTHEHEARTANDITSBLOODVESSELS,_HEARTRATEANDOXYGENCONSUMPTIONBUTBECAUSEHARDLAUGHTERISDIFFICULTTO_,AGOODLAUGHISUNLIKELYTOHAVE_BENEFITSTHEWAY,SAY,WALKINGORJOGGINGDOES_,INSTEADOFSTRAININGMUSCLESTOBUILDTHEM,ASEXERCISEDOES,LAUGHTERAPPARENTLYACCOMPLISHESTHE_,STUDIESDATINGBACKTOTHE1930SINDICATETHATLAUGHTERMUSCLES,SUCHBODILYREACTIONMIGHTCONCEIVABLYHELP_THEEFFECTSOFPSYCHOLOGICALSTRESSANYWAY,THEACTOFLAUGHINGPROBABLYDOESPRODUCEOTHERTYPESOF_FEEDBACK,THATIMPROVEANINDIVIDUALSEMOTIONALSTATE_ONECLASSICALTHEORYOFEMOTION,OURFEELINGSAREPARTIALLYROOTED_PHYSICALREACTIONSITWASARGUEDATTHEENDOFTHE19THCENTURYTHATHUMANSDONOTCRY_THEYARESADBUTTHEYBECOMESADWHENTETEARSBEGINTOFLOWALTHOUGHSADNESSALSO_TEARS,EVIDENCESUGGESTSTHATEMOTIONSCANFLOW_MUSCULARRESPONSESINANEXPERIMENTPUBLISHEDIN1988,SOCIALPSYCHOLOGISTFRITZ1AAMONGBEXCEPTCDESPITEDLIKE2AREFLECTBDEMANDCINDICATEDPRODUCE3ASTABILIZINGBBOOSTINGCIMPAIRINGDDETERMINING4ATRANSMITBSUSTAINCEVALUATEDOBSERVE5AMEASURABLEBMANAGEABLECAFFORDABLEDRENEWABLE6AINTURNBINFACTCINADDITIONDINBRIEF7AOPPOSITEBIMPOSSIBLECAVERAGEDEXPECTED8AHARDENSBWEAKENSCTIGHTENSDRELAXES9AAGGRAVATEBGENERATECMODERATEDENHANCE10APHYSICALBMENTALCSUBCONSCIOUSDINTERNAL11AEXCEPTFORBACCORDINGTOCDUETODASFOR12AWITHBONCINDAT13AUNLESSBUNTILCIFDBECAUSE14AEXHAUSTSBFOLLOWSCPRECEDESDSUPPRESSES15AINTOBFROMCTOWARDSDBEYOND16AFETCHBBITECPICKDHOLD17ADISAPPOINTEDBEXCITEDCJOYFULDINDIFFERENT18AADAPTEDBCATEREDCTURNEDDREACTED19ASUGGESTINGBREQUIRINGCMENTIONINGDSUPPOSING20AEVENTUALLYBCONSEQUENTLYCSIMILARLYDCONVERSELYSECTIONIIREADINGCOMPREHENSIONPARTADIRECTIONSREADTHEFOLLOWINGFOURTEXTSANSWERTHEQUESTIONSBELOWEACHTEXTBYCHOOSINGA,B,CORDMARKYOURANSWERSONANSWERSHEET140POINTSTEXT1THEDECISIONOFTHENEWYORKPHILHARMONICTOHIREALANGILBERTASITSNEXTMUSICDIRECTORHASBEENTHETALKOFTHECLASSICALMUSICWORLDEVERSINCETHESUDDENANNOUNCEMENTOFHISAPPOINTMENTIN2009FORTHEMOSTPART,THERESPONSEHASBEENFAVORABLE,TOSAYTHELEAST“HOORAYATLAST”WROTEANTHONYTOMMASINI,ASOBERSIDEDCLASSICALMUSICCRITICONEOFTHEREASONSWHYTHEAPPOINTMENTCAMEASSUCHASURPRISE,HOWEVER,ISTHATGILBERTISCOMPARATIVELYLITTLEKNOWNEVENTOMMASINI,WHOHADADVOCATEDGILBERTSAPPOINTMENTINTHETIMES,CALLSHIM“ANUNPRETENTIOUSMUSICIANWITHNOAIROFTHEFORMIDABLECONDUCTORABOUTHIM”ASADESCRIPTIONOFTHENEXTMUSICDIRECTOROFANORCHESTRATHATHASHITHERTOBEENLEDBYMUSICIANSLIKEGUSTAVMAHLERANDPIERREBOULEZ,THATSEEMSLIKELYTOHAVESTRUCKATLEASTSOMETIMESREADERSASFAINTPRAISEFORMYPART,IHAVENOIDEAWHETHERGILBERTISAGREATCONDUCTOROREVENAGOODONETOBESURE,HEPERFORMSANIMPRESSIVEVARIETYOFINTERESTINGCOMPOSITIONS,BUTITISNOTNECESSARYFORMETOVISITAVERYFISHERHALL,ORANYWHEREELSE,TOHEARINTERESTINGORCHESTRALMUSICALLIHAVETODOISTOGOTOMYCDSHELF,ORBOOTUPMYCOMPUTERANDDOWNLOADSTILLMORERECORDEDMUSICFROMITUNESDEVOTEDCONCERTGOERSWHOREPLYTHATRECORDINGSARENOSUBSTITUTEFORLIVEPERFORMANCEAREMISSINGTHEPOINTFORTHETIME,ATTENTION,ANDMONEYOFTHEARTLOVINGPUBLIC,CLASSICALINSTRUMENTALISTSMUSTCOMPETENOTONLYWITHOPERAHOUSES,DANCETROUPES,THEATERCOMPANIES,ANDMUSEUMS,BUTALSOWITHTHERECORDEDPERFORMANCESOFTHEGREATCLASSICALMUSICIANSOFTHE20THCENTURYTHERERECORDINGSARECHEAP,AVAILABLEEVERYWHERE,ANDVERYOFTENMUCHHIGHERINARTISTICQUALITYTHANTODAYSLIVEPERFORMANCESMOREOVER,THEYCANBE“CONSUMED”ATATIMEANDPLACEOFTHELISTENERSCHOOSINGTHEWIDESPREADAVAILABILITYOFSUCHRECORDINGSHASTHUSBROUGHTABOUTACRISISINTHEINSTITUTIONOFTHETRADITIONALCLASSICALCONCERTONEPOSSIBLERESPONSEISFORCLASSICALPERFORMERSTOPROGRAMATTRACTIVENEWMUSICTHATISNOTYETAVAILABLEONRECORDGILBERTSOWNINTERESTINNEWMUSICHASBEENWIDELYNOTEDALEXROSS,ACLASSICALMUSICCRITIC,HASDESCRIBEDHIMASAMANWHOISCAPABLEOFTURNINGTHEPHILHARMONICINTO“AMARKEDLYDIFFERENT,MOREVIBRANTORGANIZATION”BUTWHATWILLBETHENATUREOFTHATDIFFERENCEMERELYEXPANDINGTHEORCHESTRASREPERTOIREWILLNOTBEENOUGHIFGILBERTANDTHEPHILHARMONICARETOSUCCEED,THEYMUSTFIRSTCHANGETHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENAMERICASOLDESTORCHESTRAANDTHENEWAUDIENCEITHOPSTOATTRACT21WELEARNFROMPARA1THATGILBERTSAPPOINTMENTHASAINCURREDCRITICISMBRAISEDSUSPICIONCRECEIVEDACCLAIMDAROUSEDCURIOSITY22TOMMASINIREGARDSGILBERTASANARTISTWHOISAINFLUENTIALBMODESTCRESPECTABLEDTALENTED23THEAUTHORBELIEVESTHATTHEDEVOTEDCONCERTGOERSAIGNORETHEEXPENSESOFLIVEPERFORMANCESBREJECTMOSTKINDSOFRECORDEDPERFORMANCESCEXAGGERATETHEVARIETYOFLIVEPERFORMANCESDOVERESTIMATETHEVALUEOFLIVEPERFORMANCES24ACCORDINGTOTHETEXT,WHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGISTRUEOFRECORDINGSATHEYAREOFTENINFERIORTOLIVECONCERTSINQUALITYBTHEYAREEASILYACCESSIBLETOTHEGENERALPUBLICCTHEYHELPIMPROVETHEQUALITYOFMUSICDTHEYHAVEONLYCOVEREDMASTERPIECES25REGARDINGGILBERTSROLEINREVITALIZINGTHEPHILHARMONIC,THEAUTHORFEELSADOUBTFULBENTHUSIASTICCCONFIDENTDPUZZLEDTEXT2WHENLIAMMCGEEDEPARTEDASPRESIDENTOFBANKOFAMERICAINAUGUST,HISEXPLANATIONWASSURPRISINGLYSTRAIGHTUPRATHERTHANCLOAKINGHISEXITINTHEUSUALVAGUEEXCUS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EHAVEBEEN“WRONGED”THENWEAREUNLIKELYTOBEGINACONSCIOUSEFFORTTOESCAPEFROMOURSITUATIONNEVERTHELESS,ASANYBIOGRAPHERKNOWS,APERSONSEARLYLIFEANDITSCONDITIONSAREOFTENTHEGREATESTGIFTTOANINDIVIDUALTHESOBERINGASPECTOFALLENSBOOKISTHATWEHAVENOONEELSETOBLAMEFOROURPRESENTCONDITIONEXCEPTOURSELVES50THEUPSIDEISTHEPOSSIBILITIESCONTAINEDINKNOWINGTHATEVERYTHINGISUPTOUSWHEREBEFOREWEWEREEXPERTSINTHEARRAYOFLIMITATIONS,NOWWEBECOMEAUTHORITIESOFWHATISPOSSIBLE翻译答案46、爱伦的贡献在于，他拿出“我们并不是机器人，所以能控制自己思想”这一公认的假设，并揭示了其谬误所在。47、尽管我们或许可以仅凭意识来维系“控制”这种错觉，现实中我们还是不断要面对一个问题“我为什么不能让自己做这个或完成那个”48、这似乎是在为忽视贫困者的行为作辩护，为剥削、为社会上层人群的优越及社会底层人群的卑微找理由。49、环境仿佛是为了激发我们的最大潜能而设，如果我们觉得自己遭受了“不公”，就不太可能有意识地去努力摆脱自己的处境。50、其正面意义在于，了解了一切都取决于我们自己，即有了诸多可能；此前我们是谙熟各种局限的专家，现在我们成了驾驭各种可能性的权威。2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SECTIONIUSEOFENGLISHDIRECTIONSREADTHEFOLLOWINGTEXTCHOOSETHEBESTWORDSFOREACHNUMBEREDBLANKANDMARKA,B,CORDONANSWERSHEET110POINTSIN1924AMERICASNATIONALRESEARCHCOUNCILSENTTWOENGINEERSTOSUPERVISEASERIESOFINDUSTRIALEXPERIMENTSATALARGETELEPHONEPARTSFACTORYCALLEDTHEHAWTHORNEPLANTNEARCHICAGOITHOPEDTHEYWOULDLEARNHOWSTOPFLOORLIGHTINGWORKERSPRODUCTIVITY大1家INSTEAD,THESTUDIESENDEDGIVINGTHEIRNAMETOTHE“HAWTHORNE大2家EFFECT“,THEEXTREMELYINFLUENTIALIDEATHATTHEVERYTOBEING大3家EXPERIMENTEDUPONCHANGEDSUBJECTSBEHAVIORTHEIDEAAROSEBECAUSEOFTHEBEHAVIOROFTHEWOMENINTHE大4家HAWTHORNEPLANTACCORDINGTOOFTHEEXPERIMENTS,THEIRHOURLY大5家OUTPUTROSEWHENLIGHTINGWASINCREASED,BUTALSOWHENITWASDIMMEDITDIDNOTWHATWASDONEINTHEEXPERIMENTSOMETHINGWAS大6家大7家CHANGED,PRODUCTIVITYROSEANTHATTHEYWEREBEING大8家EXPERIMENTEDUPONSEEMEDTOBETOALTERWORKERSBEHAVIOR大9家ITSELF大10家AFTERSEVERALDECADES,THESAMEDATAWERETOECONOMETRIC大11家THEANALYSISHAWTHORNEEXPERIMENTSHASANOTHERSURPRISESTORETHEDESCRIPTIONSONRECORD,NOSYSTEMATICWASFOUNDTHAT大12家大13家LEVELSOFPRODUCTIVITYWERERELATEDTOCHANGESINLIGHTINGITTURNSOUTTHATPECULIARWAYOFCONDUCTINGTHEEXPERIMENTSMAYBEHAVELETTOINTERPRETATIONOFWHATHAPPED,LIGHTING大14家大15家WASALWAYSCHANGEDONASUNDAYWHENWORKSTARTEDAGAINONMONDAY,OUTPUTROSECOMPAREDWITHTHEPREVIOUSSATURDAYANDTO大16家大17家RISEFORTHENEXTCOUPLEOFDAYS,ACOMPARISONWITHDATAFOR大18家WEEKSWHENTHEREWASNOEXPERIMENTATIONSHOWEDTHATOUTPUTALWAYSWENTUPONMONDAY,WORKERSTOBEDILIGENTFORTHEFIRSTFEW大19家DAYSOFTHEWEEKINANYCASE,BEFOREAPLATEAUANDTHEN大20家SLACKENINGOFFTHISSUGGESTSTHATTHEALLEGED“HAWTHORNEEFFECT“ISHARDTOPINDOWN1AAFFECTEDBACHIEVEDCEXTRACTEDDRESTORED2AATBUPCWITHDOFF3ATRUTHBSIGHTCACTDPROOF4ACONTROVERSIALBPERPLEXINGCMISCHIEVOUSDAMBIGUOUS5AREQUIREMENTSBEXPLANATIONSCACCOUNTSDASSESSMENTS6ACONCLUDEBMATTERCINDICATEDWORK7AASFARASBFORFEARTHATCINCASETHATDSOLONGAS8AAWARENESSBEXPECTATIONCSENTIMENTDILLUSION9ASUITABLEBEXCESSIVECENOUGHDABUNDANT10AABOUTBFORCONDBY11ACOMPAREDBSHOWNCSUBJECTEDDCONVEYED12ACONTRARYTOBCONSISTENTWITHCPARALLELWITHDPECULIARTO13AEVIDENCEBGUIDANCECIMPLICATIONDSOURCE14ADISPUTABLEBENLIGHTENINGCRELIABLEDMISLEADING15AINCONTRASTBFOREXAMPLECINCONSEQUENCEDASUSUAL16ADULYBACCIDENTALLYCUNPREDICTABLYDSUDDENLY17AFAILEDBCEASEDCSTAR