[毕业设计精品]基于单片机的超声波测距系统的研究与设计 外文翻译

26附录附录A外文翻译THEEQUIVALENTDCVALUEINTHEANALYSISOFELECTRONICCIRCUITSTOBECONSIDEREDINALATERCOURSE,BOTHDCANDACSOURCESOFVOLTAGEWILLBEAPPLIEDTOTHESAMENETWORKITWILLTHENBENECESSARYTOKNOWORDETERMINETHEDCORAVERAGEVALUEANDACCOMPONENTSOFTHEVOLTAGEORCURRENTINVARIOUSPARTSOFTHESYSTEMEXAMPLE1313DETERMINETHEAVERAGEVALUEOFTHEWAVEFORMSOFFIG1337FIG1337EXAMPLE1313SOLUTIONSABYINSPECTION,THEAREAABOVETHEAXISEQUALSTHEAREABELOWOVERONECYCLE,RESULTINGINANAVERAGEVALUEOFZEROVOLTSBUSINGEQ1326ASSHOWNINFIG133827INREALITY,THEWAVEFORMOFFIG1337BISSIMPLYTHESQUAREWAVEOFFIG1337AWITHADCSHIFTOF4VTHATISV2V14VEXAMPLE1314FINDTHEAVERAGEVALUESOFTHEFOLLOWINGWAVEFORMSOVERONEFULLCYCLEAFIG1339BFIG134028SOLUTIONSWEFOUNDTHEAREASUNDERTHECURVESINTHEPRECEDINGEXAMPLEBYUSINGASIMPLEGEOMETRICFORMULAIFWESHOULDENCOUNTERASINEWAVEORANYOTHERUNUSUALSHAPE,HOWEVER,WEMUSTFINDTHEAREABYSOMEOTHERMEANSWECANOBTAINAGOODAPPROXIMATIONOFTHEAREABYATTEMPTINGTOREPRODUCETHEORIGINALWAVESHAPEUSINGANUMBEROFSMALLRECTANGLESOROTHERFAMILIARSHAPES,THEAREAOFWHICHWEALREADYKNOWTHROUGHSIMPLEGEOMETRICFORMULASFOREXAMPLE,THEAREAOFTHEPOSITIVEORNEGATIVEPULSEOFASINEWAVEIS2AMAPPROXIMATINGTHISWAVEFORMBYTWOTRIANGLESFIG1343,WEOBTAINUSINGAREA1/2BASEHEIGHTFORTHEAREAOFATRIANGLEAROUGHIDEAOFTHEACTUALAREAACLOSERAPPROXIMATIONMIGHTBEARECTANGLEWITHTWOSIMILARTRIANGLESFIG134429WHICHISCERTAINLYCLOSETOTHEACTUALAREAIFANINFINITENUMBEROFFORMSWEREUSED,ANEXACTANSWEROF2AMCOULDBEOBTAINEDFORIRREGULARWAVEFORMS,THISMETHODCANBEESPECIALLYUSEFULIFDATASUCHASTHEAVERAGEVALUEAREDESIREDTHEPROCEDUREOFCALCULUSTHATGIVESTHEEXACTSOLUTION2AMISKNOWNASINTEGRATIONINTEGRATIONISPRESENTEDHEREONLYTOMAKETHEMETHODRECOGNIZABLETOTHEREADERITISNOTNECESSARYTOBEPROFICIENTINITSUSETOCONTINUEWITHTHISTEXTITISAUSEFULMATHEMATICALTOOL,HOWEVER,ANDSHOULDBELEARNEDFINDINGTHEAREAUNDERTHEPOSITIVEPULSEOFASINEWAVEUSINGINTEGRATION,WEHAVEWHEREISTHESIGNOFINTEGRATION,0ANDPARETHELIMITSOFINTEGRATION,AMSINAISTHEFUNCTIONTOBEINTEGRATED,ANDDAINDICATESTHATWEAREINTEGRATINGWITHRESPECTTOAINTEGRATING,WEOBTAINSINCEWEKNOWTHEAREAUNDERTHEPOSITIVEORNEGATIVEPULSE,WECANEASILYDETERMINETHEAVERAGEVALUEOFTHEPOSITIVEORNEGATIVEREGIONOFASINEWAVEPULSEBYAPPLYINGEQ1326FORTHEWAVEFORMOFFIG1345,30EXAMPLE1315DETERMINETHEAVERAGEVALUEOFTHESINUSOIDALWAVEFORMOFFIG1346SOLUTIONBYINSPECTIONITISFAIRLYOBVIOUSTHATTHEAVERAGEVALUEOFAPURESINUSOIDALWAVEFORMOVERONEFULLCYCLEISZEROEXAMPLE1316DETERMINETHEAVERAGEVALUEOFTHEWAVEFORMOFFIG1347SOLUTIONTHEPEAKTOPEAKVALUEOFTHESINUSOIDALFUNCTIONIS16MV2MV18MVTHEPEAKAMPLITUDEOFTHESINUSOIDALWAVEFORMIS,THEREFORE,18MV/29MVCOUNTINGDOWN9MVFROM2MVOR9MVUPFROM16MVRESULTSINANAVERAGEORDCLEVELOF7MV,ASNOTEDBYTHEDASHEDLINEOFFIG1347EXAMPLE1317DETERMINETHEAVERAGEVALUEOFTHEWAVEFORMOFFIG1348SOLUTION31EXAMPLE1318FORTHEWAVEFORMOFFIG1349,DETERMINEWHETHERTHEAVERAGEVALUEISPOSITIVEORNEGATIVE,ANDDETERMINEITSAPPROXIMATEVALUESOLUTIONFROMTHEAPPEARANCEOFTHEWAVEFORM,THEAVERAGEVALUEISPOSITIVEANDINTHEVICINITYOF2MVOCCASIONALLY,JUDGMENTSOFTHISTYPEWILLHAVETOBEMADEINSTRUMENTATIONTHEDCLEVELORAVERAGEVALUEOFANYWAVEFORMCANBEFOUNDUSINGADIGITALMULTIMETERDMMORANOSCILLOSCOPEFORPURELYDCCIRCUITS,SIMPLYSETTHEDMMONDC,ANDREADTHEVOLTAGEORCURRENTLEVELSOSCILLOSCOPESARELIMITEDTOVOLTAGELEVELSUSINGTHESEQUENCEOFSTEPSLISTEDBELOW1FIRSTCHOOSEGNDFROMTHEDCGNDACOPTIONLISTASSOCIATEDWITHEACHVERTICALCHANNELTHEGNDOPTIONBLOCKSANYSIGNALTOWHICHTHEOSCILLOSCOPEPROBEMAYBECONNECTEDFROMENTERINGTHEOSCILLOSCOPEANDRESPONDSWITHJUSTAHORIZONTALLINESETTHERESULTINGLINEINTHEMIDDLEOFTHEVERTICALAXISONTHEHORIZONTALAXIS,ASSHOWNINFIG1350A2APPLYTHEOSCILLOSCOPEPROBETOTHEVOLTAGETOBEMEASUREDIFNOTALREADYCONNECTED,ANDSWITCHTOTHEDCOPTIONIFADCVOLTAGEISPRESENT,THEHORIZONTALLINEWILLSHIFTUPORDOWN,ASDEMONSTRATEDINFIG1350BMULTIPLYINGTHESHIFTBYTHEVERTICALSENSITIVITYWILLRESULTINTHEDCVOLTAGEANUPWARDSHIFTISAPOSITIVEVOLTAGEHIGHER32POTENTIALATTHEREDORPOSITIVELEADOFTHEOSCILLOSCOPE,WHILEADOWNWARDSHIFTISANEGATIVEVOLTAGELOWERPOTENTIALATTHEREDORPOSITIVELEADOFTHEOSCILLOSCOPEINGENERAL,1USINGTHEGNDOPTION,RESETTHEHORIZONTALLINETOTHEMIDDLEOFTHESCREEN2SWITCHTOACALLDCCOMPONENTSOFTHESIGNALTOWHICHTHEPROBEISCONNECTEDWILLBEBLOCKEDFROMENTERINGTHEOSCILLOSCOPEONLYTHEALTERNATING,ORCHANGING,COMPONENTSWILLBEDISPLAYEDNOTETHELOCATIONOFSOMEDEFINITIVEPOINTONTHEWAVEFORM,SUCHASTHEBOTTOMOFTHEHALFWAVERECTIFIEDWAVEFORMOFFIG1351ATHATIS,NOTEITSPOSITIONONTHEVERTICALSCALEFORTHEFUTURE,WHENEVERYOUUSETHEACOPTION,KEEPINMINDTHATTHECOMPUTERWILLDISTRIBUTETHEWAVEFORMABOVEANDBELOWTHEHORIZONTALAXISSUCHTHATTHEAVERAGEVALUEISZEROTHATIS,THEAREAABOVETHEAXISWILLEQUALTHEAREABELOW3THENSWITCHTODCTOPERMITBOTHTHEDCANDTHEACCOMPONENTSOFTHEWAVEFORMTOENTERTHEOSCILLOSCOPE,ANDNOTETHESHIFTINTHECHOSENLEVELOFPART2,ASSHOWNINFIG1351BEQUATION1329CANTHENBEUSEDTODETERMINETHEDCORAVERAGEVALUEOFTHEWAVEFORMFORTHEWAVEFORMOFFIG1351B,THEAVERAGEVALUEISABOUTTHEPROCEDUREOUTLINEDABOVECANBEAPPLIEDTOANYALTERNATINGWAVEFORMSUCHASTHEONEINFIG1349INSOMECASESTHEAVERAGEVALUEMAYREQUIREMOVINGTHESTARTINGPOSITIONOFTHEWAVEFORMUNDERTHEACOPTIONTOADIFFERENTREGIONOFTHESCREENORCHOOSINGAHIGHERVOLTAGESCALEDMMSCANREADTHEAVERAGEORDCLEVELOFANYWAVEFORMBYSIMPLYCHOOSINGTHEAPPROPRIATESCALE33137EFFECTIVERMSVALUESTHISSECTIONWILLBEGINTORELATEDCANDACQUANTITIESWITHRESPECTTOTHEPOWERDELIVEREDTOALOADITWILLHELPUSDETERMINETHEAMPLITUDEOFASINUSOIDALACCURRENTREQUIREDTODELIVERTHESAMEPOWERASAPARTICULARDCCURRENTTHEQUESTIONFREQUENTLYARISES,HOWISITPOSSIBLEFORASINUSOIDALACQUANTITYTODELIVERANETPOWERIF,OVERAFULLCYCLE,THENETCURRENTINANYONEDIRECTIONISZEROAVERAGEVALUE0ITWOULDALMOSTAPPEARTHATTHEPOWERDELIVEREDDURINGTHEPOSITIVEPORTIONOFTHESINUSOIDALWAVEFORMISWITHDRAWNDURINGTHENEGATIVEPORTION,ANDSINCETHETWOAREEQUALINMAGNITUDE,THENETPOWERDELIVEREDISZEROHOWEVER,UNDERSTANDTHATIRRESPECTIVEOFDIRECTION,CURRENTOFANYMAGNITUDETHROUGHARESISTORWILLDELIVERPOWERTOTHATRESISTORINOTHERWORDS,DURINGTHEPOSITIVEORNEGATIVEPORTIONSOFASINUSOIDALACCURRENT,POWERISBEINGDELIVEREDATEACHINSTANTOFTIMETOTHERESISTORTHEPOWERDELIVEREDATEACHINSTANTWILL,OFCOURSE,VARYWITHTHEMAGNITUDEOFTHESINUSOIDALACCURRENT,BUTTHEREWILLBEANETFLOWDURINGEITHERTHEPOSITIVEORTHENEGATIVEPULSESWITHANETFLOWOVERTHEFULLCYCLETHENETPOWERFLOWWILLEQUALTWICETHATDELIVEREDBYEITHERTHEPOSITIVEORTHENEGATIVEREGIONSOFSINUSOIDALQUANTITYAFIXEDRELATIONSHIPBETWEENACANDDCVOLTAGESANDCURRENTSCANBEDERIVEDFROMTHEEXPERIMENTALSETUPSHOWNINFIG1352ARESISTORINAWATERBATHISCONNECTEDBYSWITCHESTOADCANDANACSUPPLYIFSWITCH1ISCLOSED,ADCCURRENTI,DETERMINEDBYTHERESISTANCERANDBATTERYVOLTAGEE,WILLBEESTABLISHEDTHROUGHTHERESISTORRTHETEMPERATUREREACHEDBYTHEWATERISDETERMINEDBYTHEDCPOWERDISSIPATEDINTHEFORMOFHEATBYTHERESISTORIFSWITCH2ISCLOSEDANDSWITCH1LEFTOPEN,THEACCURRENTTHROUGHTHERESISTORWILLHAVEAPEAKVALUEOFIMTHETEMPERATUREREACHEDBYTHEWATERISNOWDETERMINEDBYTHEACPOWERDISSIPATEDINTHEFORMOFHEATBYTHERESISTORTHEACINPUTISVARIEDUNTILTHETEMPERATUREISTHESAMEASTHATREACHEDWITHTHEDCINPUTWHENTHISISACCOMPLISHED,THEAVERAGEELECTRICALPOWERDELIVEREDTOTHERESISTORRBYTHEACSOURCEISTHESAMEASTHATDELIVEREDBYTHEDCSOURCETHEPOWERDELIVEREDBYTHEACSUPPLYATANYINSTANTOFTIMEIS34THEAVERAGEPOWERDELIVEREDBYTHEACSOURCEISJUSTTHEFIRSTTERM,SINCETHEAVERAGEVALUEOFACOSINEWAVEISZEROEVENTHOUGHTHEWAVEMAYHAVETWICETHEFREQUENCYOFTHEORIGINALINPUTCURRENTWAVEFORMEQUATINGTHEAVERAGEPOWERDELIVEREDBYTHEACGENERATORTOTHATDELIVEREDBYTHEDCSOURCE,WHICH,INWORDS,STATESTHATTHEEQUIVALENTDCVALUEOFASINUSOIDALCURRENTORVOLTAGEIS1/2OR0707OFITSMAXIMUMVALUETHEEQUIVALENTDCVALUEISCALLEDTHEEFFECTIVEVALUEOFTHESINUSOIDALQUANTITYINSUMMARY,ASASIMPLENUMERICALEXAMPLE,ITWOULDREQUIREANACCURRENTWITHAPEAKVALUEOF2101414ATODELIVERTHESAMEPOWERTOTHERESISTORINFIG1352ASADCCURRENTOF10ATHEEFFECTIVEVALUEOFANYQUANTITYPLOTTEDASAFUNCTIONOFTIMECANBEFOUNDBYUSINGTHEFOLLOWINGEQUATIONDERIVEDFROMTHEEXPERIMENTJUSTDESCRIBED35WHICH,INWORDS,STATESTHATTOFINDTHEEFFECTIVEVALUE,THEFUNCTIONITMUSTFIRSTBESQUAREDAFTERITISSQUARED,THEAREAUNDERTHECURVEISFOUNDBYINTEGRATIONITISTHENDIVIDEDBYT,THELENGTHOFTHECYCLEORTHEPERIODOFTHEWAVEFORM,TOOBTAINTHEAVERAGEORMEANVALUEOFTHESQUAREDWAVEFORMTHEFINALSTEPISTOTAKETHESQUAREROOTOFTHEMEANVALUETHISPROCEDUREGIVESUSANOTHERDESIGNATIONFORTHEEFFECTIVEVALUE,THEROOTMEANSQUARERMSVALUEINFACT,SINCETHERMSTERMISTHEMOSTCOMMONLYUSEDINTHEEDUCATIONALANDINDUSTRIALCOMMUNITIES,ITWILLUSEDTHROUGHOUTTHISTEXTEXAMPLE1319FINDTHERMSVALUESOFTHESINUSOIDALWAVEFORMINEACHPARTOFFIG1353SOLUTIONFORPARTA,IRMS070712103A8484MAFORPARTB,AGAINIRMS8484MANOTETHATFREQUENCYDIDNOTCHANGETHEEFFECTIVEVALUEINBABOVECOMPAREDTOAFORPARTC,VRMS070716973V120V,THESAMEASAVAILABLEFROMAHOMEOUTLETEXAMPLE1320THE120VDCSOURCEOFFIG1354ADELIVERS36WTOTHELOADDETERMINETHEPEAKVALUEOFTHEAPPLIEDVOLTAGEEMANDTHECURRENTIMIFTHEACSOURCEFIG1354BISTODELIVERTHESAMEPOWERTOTHELOAD36SOLUTIONEXAMPLE1321FINDTHEEFFECTIVEORRMSVALUEOFTHEWAVEFORMOFFIG1355SOLUTION37EXAMPLE1322CALCULATETHERMSVALUEOFTHEVOLTAGEOFFIG1357SOLUTIONEXAMPLE1323DETERMINETHEAVERAGEANDRMSVALUESOFTHESQUAREWAVEOFFIG135938SOLUTIONBYINSPECTION,THEAVERAGEVALUEISZEROTHEWAVEFORMSAPPEARINGINTHESEEXAMPLESARETHESAMEASTHOSEUSEDINTHEEXAMPLESONTHEAVERAGEVALUEITMIGHTPROVEINTERESTINGTOCOMPARETHERMSANDAVERAGEVALUESOFTHESEWAVEFORMSTHERMSVALUESOFSINUSOIDALQUANTITIESSUCHASVOLTAGEORCURRENTWILLBEREPRESENTEDBYEANDITHESESYMBOLSARETHESAMEASTHOSEUSEDFORDCVOLTAGESANDCURRENTSTOAVOIDCONFUSION,THEPEAKVALUEOFAWAVEFORMWILLALWAYSHAVEASUBSCRIPTMASSOCIATEDWITHITIMSINQTCAUTIONWHENFINDINGTHERMSVALUEOFTHEPOSITIVEPULSEOFASINEWAVE,NOTETHATTHESQUAREDAREAISNOTSIMPLY2AM24A2MITMUSTBEFOUNDBYACOMPLETELYNEWINTEGRATIONTHISWILLALWAYSBETHECASEFORANYWAVEFORMTHATISNOTRECTANGULARAUNIQUESITUATIONARISESIFAWAVEFORMHASBOTHADCANDANACCOMPONENTTHATMAYBEDUETOASOURCESUCHASTHEONEINFIG1361THECOMBINATIONAPPEARSFREQUENTLYINTHEANALYSISOFELECTRONICNETWORKSWHEREBOTHDCANDACLEVELSAREPRESENTINTHESAMESYSTEM39THEQUESTIONARISES,WHATISTHERMSVALUEOFTHEVOLTAGEVTONEMIGHTBETEMPTEDTOSIMPLYASSUMETHATITISTHESUMOFTHERMSVALUESOFEACHCOMPONENTOFTHEWAVEFORMTHATIS,VTRMS0707115V6V106V6V706VHOWEVER,THERMSVALUEISACTUALLYDETERMINEDBYWHICHFORTHEABOVEEXAMPLEIS40直流值相等。在电子电路的分析要考虑在后来的过程中，既DC和AC电压源会适用于同一个网络。这将是必要的了解或确定直流（或平均值）和交流电压或电流元件在系统的各个部分。例1313确定的波形平均值图。1337。图。1337例如1313。解决方案字母A通过检查，上述地区的轴以下面积等于多一个周期，在一个零电压的平均值结果。采用式。（1326）湾采用式。（1326）如图所示。1338。在现实生活中，波形图。1337（二）仅仅是方波无花果。1337（1）为4直流电压转变，也就是说，2版V1的4V的例1314查找下列波形的平均值在一个完G6984周期字母A图。133G28。41湾图。134G19。图。1338定G1053为波形的平均值无花果。1337（G69）G20045。图。133G28例如1314，G12544（1）。G7693G6466G6117G1216G2469现在G2081面的例子G7366G13459地区的G1363用G12628G2345的G1972G1321G1856式。如果G6117G1216G17947G2052一个G8503G5370波或G1231G1321G1866G1194G993G4559G5132的形G10378，G1306是，G6117G1216必G20047找G2052一G1135地区G1866G1194G6175G8585。G6117G1216G2499以G14731G2474G16825地区G14403G3921的G17936G17829G16809图G18337现G2419G3999波形G1363用了G14521G5190G4579G11709形或G1866G1194G10099G5725的形G10378，面积，G6117G1216G5062G13475G11705G17959通过G12628G2345的G1972G1321G1856式。例如，积G7509的（或G17139区）的G8503G5370波G14045G1926是G1952G72282G9869。G17936G17829的G1016个G989G16294形（图1343）这个波形，G6117G1216G5483G2052（G1363用面积G66二分G1055一G3534地G66为G989G16294形的面积G20652）一个G12907G11065的G8022G5577实G19481面积G1457G2338G19475G7368G6521G17829于G2499G14033G7389G1016个G12879G1296G989G16294形的G11709形（图1344）这G13955定G6521G17829实G19481面积。如果无G19492G1166G6980形式G1363用，是G1952G72282G9869确G2011的G12584案G2499以G5483G2052的。G4557于G993G16280G2029波形，这G12193方G8873G2499G14033是G10317G2047G7389用的G17176G7021，例如平均值是所期G7407的。G16825G9448G12651过程，G13485G1998了确G2011的解决G2162G8873是G1952G72282G9869G15999G12228为G6984G2524。G6984G2524是这G18336G2819一G1208图。1341在直流G12871G2721G5224波形图。133G28。图。134242在直流G12871G2721G5224波形图。134G19。图。1343G17936G17829的G8503G14045G1926形G10378G8503G5370波形的G1016个G7447G989G16294形。图。1344一G12193形G10378的G7368G3921的G17829G1296G8503G14045G1926波形的G8503G5370。43G16794G2047方G8873G13485G16847G13785，G4439是G8821G7389必要G12946通G4439的G1363用G13499G13505这个文本。这是一个G7389用的G6980学工具，G1306是，并G5224教训。在积G7509G4559找G16825地区的G14045G1926G8503G5370波G1363用一体化，G6117G1216G5062是集成，G19和P签署的一体化的G19492制，G1866中G6117罪一是要集成的功G14033，达表示，G6117G1216结G2524方面G12584G6984G2524，G6117G1216G5483G2052因为G6117G1216G11705G17959在G8503面（或G17139地区）的G14045搏，G6117G1216G2499以很容易地确定G8503（或G17139平均值）一个G8503G5370波G14045G1926地区运用方程。（1326）为了图波形。1345，（平均相同作为一个完G6984G14045G1926）例1315确定的G8503G5370平均值波形图。1346。解决方案通过检查相当明显一个纯G8503G5370波形超过一个完G6984周期的平均价值为零。例1316确定波形的平均价值图。1347。解G12584峰值G8503G5370函G6980的峰值16压G66为2MVG6618压。G8503G5370的波形峰值振幅因此，18毫伏/2G66G28压。倒G6980G125442至G28压压（或G28压从G6616机动车辆）在一个G667压或DC平均水平的成果，G8503如由图虚G13459。1347。图。134544找G2052的一个平均值的一半G8503G14045G1926波形的G8503G5370。图。1346例如1315。图。1347例如1316。例1317确定波形的平均价值图。1348。解决方案例1318为了图波形。134G28，确定是否平均价值是G8503面还是G17139面，并确定G1866G17829G1296值。解决方案从波形的G1998现，平均价值是积G7509的，在2压附G17829。G7389时候，这个判决G12879型将要作G1998。仪表直流水平或G1231G1321波形的平均值，G2499以G2469现G1363用一G6980字万用表（DMM）或示波器。G4557于纯粹的直流电路，G12628G2345地设置的直流G6980字多用表，并G16847G2474电压或电流的水平。示波器仅G19492于电压等级G1363用的一系列步骤列举如下1。首先选择从直流G6521地，G6521地，交流相关的选G20045列表每个垂直通G17959。G6521地模块45选择的G1231G1321信号G1866中示波器探头G2499G14033会连G6521进入示波器，只需水平G13459G2721G5224。设置结果在垂直轴中间的水平G13459轴，如图所示。135G19（1）。图。134G28例如1318。（二）垂直灵敏度5G19MV/DIV时。移25股利。（一）图。135G19G1363用示波器测量直流电压（一）设置G6521地的条件（二）的垂直转移时转移G2052区选择一个直流电压产生的。2。G5224聘示波器探头的电压进行测量（如尚未连G6521），并G2011换G2052DC的选择。如果直流电压是目G2081，水平G13459将转向上涨或下跌，因为显示了图。135G19（G69）G20045。乘以垂直移位敏感性将导致直流电压。一个上移是一个G8503电压（G20652潜力在红色或积G7509的主导作用示波器），而向下转移是G17139电压（较G1314的潜G14033示波器的红色或积G7509G10313头）。一G14336来说，伏G66（垂直转移G13464。）G66（垂直灵敏度在V/分区。）（132G28）为了图波形。135G19（G69）G20045，伏G66（25分区。）（5G19毫伏/分区。）G66125压示波器也G2499用于测量DC或平均水平波形的G1231G1321G1363用以下G20046G52191。G1363用G6521地选G20045，G18337置水平G13459中间在G4643G5161上。2。G2011换G2052交流（信号的所G7389G13464成部分的直流探头连G6521将G15999G19471G8502进入示波器只G7389交G7379，或G6925变，部分将显示）。G16843G8892G5859一G1135明确的G9869的位置上的波形，例如作为下半波G6984流无花果波形。1351（1），G2375说明G1866G4557G13449G3364G7643位置。G4557于G1182后，只要G5756G1363用AC选G20045时，G16843G16772G1315，G16757G12651机将G8978G2469上述波形G2462以下水平轴这G7691的平均值为零，也就是说，面积上述轴将等于下面的区G3507。3。G9994后G2011换G2052DC（G1813G16780同时直流和交流G13464件G4557进入波形示波器），并G8892G5859转移G125442部分选择的水平，如图所示。1351（G69）G20045。方程（132G28），G9994后G2499以用于确46定DC或平均值波形。为了图波形。1351（二），平均价值G13434变G20130量G66伏G66（G19G28分区。）（5伏/分区。）G6645V图。1351确定G19762G8503G5370波形的平均值G1363用示波器（1）垂直G9204G17959的交流方式（二）在垂直通G17959DC模式。上述的程G5219G2499以适用于G1231G1321交流如波形图G1055一。134G28。在G7588G1135G5785G1929下的平均值G2499G14033需要动G16770下波形的G17227G3999位置交流选择G4643G5161的一个G993同地区或选择G7368G20652电压G16280模。G6980字万用表G2499以G16847G2474G1231G1321波形或DC平均水平只需选择适当的G16280模。137G7389G6940（均方G7693）值本G14422将G5332G3999G994G7389关直流和交流的G6980量G7447力交G1196G13485G17139G17745。这将G5122G2173G6117G1216确定的振幅一个G8503G5370交流电流必G20047将G4439作为一G12193同G7691的G7447力G10317G2047是直流电流。G13475G5132G2469生的G19394G20076，G5602G1052G2499G14033G8503G5370交流的G6980量，以G6564G1391G1940功G10587的是，G13475过一个完G6984周期，G1940在G1231G1321一个方向的电流为零（平均价值G19）G731G4439G1972G1058G11487来，动力，积G7509G2469表波形的G8503G5370部分G6776G3250在G17139部分，而G1000由于G1016个幅度相等，G1940功G10587G1268G17877是零。G9994而，G10714解，G993G16782方向，电流通过电G19471器将G6564G1391G1231G1321G16280模G7447力的电G19471。换G2489G16817说，在G8503面还是G17139面部分的G8503G5370交流电流，功G10587，G8503在每个交G1196时间G11648间的电G19471。交G1196的G7447力在每个G11648间当G9994会，而G6925变G8503G5370交流电流的G3835G4579，G1306将在G1940流量无G16782是G8503面还是G17139面一G16314G2375G2469的较完G6984周期G1940流量。G1940功G10587流会平等的G1016G1505交G1196无G16782是G8503面还是G17139面地区G8503G5370量。G1055间的交流和直流电压和电流的G3278定关系，G2499以来G14270图所示的实G20576G16025置。1352。在G19475电G19471水G9032由交换机连G6521G2052DC和AC电源。如果G5332关1是G4565G19393的，一个直流电流G44，由电G19471G53和电G8756确定电压G40，将G5326G12447通过电G19471G53的G9213度达成的水是由在G9052G13803的直流电源G9921电G19471的形式。图。1352一G12193实G20576G16025置，G5326G12447DC和ACG1055间的G6980量关系。如果G5332关2关G19393，G5332关1G12175G2447G5332G6930，AC电流通过电G19471将G7389进G1998G2487峰值。达G2052G9213度水是决定于形式G13803G6967的交流电源G9921量电G19471。交流G17767入是多G12193多G7691的，直至G9213度是相同达成的直流G17767入。当实现这一G9869，在平均电力交G1196交流电源的电G19471G53是相同，所G2469表的直流电源。由AC电源G6564G1391在G1231G1321时间G11648间的力量47因此，和平均G7447力的来源G6564G1391的交流仅仅是G12544一G1231期G1881，因为一G1325G5370波的平均值为零，G2375G1363G9022G9538G2499G14033G7389G1016G1505的G2419G3999G17767入电流波形的G20069G10587。等值的平均功G10587交流G2469电机交G1196G16825交G1196由直流电源，G1866中，在G16340G17778上，G6363G1998直流值相等的G8503G5370电流或电压1/G662G66或G197G197G4439的G7380G3835价值。等G6940直流值G15999G12228为G7389G6940的G8503G5370值G6980量。G5647G1055，作为一个G12628G2345的例子，G4439需要一个AC电流一峰值G662G66（1G19）G661414交G1196同G7691的G7447力电G19471图。1352为1G19G12584直流电流的G7389G6940G1231G1321价值G6980量G12586G2022作为时间函G6980G2499以通过G1363用下面的G2469现方程来G14270实G20576G2030G2030G6563述48而在G2487头上说，为了找G2052G7389G6940的价值，函G6980G44（G