功能角色---------传播学概论报告

角色一、传播学类百科全书21、ENCYCLOPEDIAOFCOMMUNICATIONANDINFORMATIONVOLUME2G2061EN19,P37222、WEBSTERSNEWWORLDDICTIONARYOFMEDIAANDCOMMUNICATIONSG2061W431P41023、THECOMMUNICATIONHANDBOOKADICTIONARY2二、心理学类百科全书31、社会心理学词典32、ENCYCLOPEDIAOFPSYCHOLOGY33、当代西方心理学新词典54、THEENCYCLOPEDIAOFHUMANBEHAVIORVOL265、简明心理学词典B846124P1957三、社会学百科全书71ENCYCLOPEDIAOFSOCIOLOGYC61EN1972THESOCIALSCIENCEENCYCLOPEDIA8四、引申概念8相关概念9五、重要的研究成果9六、个人的整理与理解101角色概念的要点102角色的分类113角色理论的范畴114角色理论的功能115角色理论的发展11七、检索作业心得12角色角色角色角色（ROLE）角色一一一一、传播学类百科全书传播学类百科全书传播学类百科全书传播学类百科全书1、ENCYCLOPEDIAOFCOMMUNICATIONANDINFORMATIONVOLUME2G2061EN19,P372INMOSTGROUPS,PARTICULARROLESIE,PATTERNSOFBEHAVIOREMERGEINACLASSICARTICLEONTHISSUBJECT,KENNETHBENNEANDPAULSHEATS1948IDENTIFIEDTHREEBROADCATEGORIESOFROLETHATTYPICALLYOCCURDURINGGROUPINTERACTIONSTASKCOMPLETIONROLES,GROUPBUILDINGANDSUPPORTROLES,ANDINDIVIDUALISTICROLESTASKCOMPLETIONROLESARETHOSEROLESTHATARERELATEDTOTHECOMPLETIONOFGIVENJOBORACTIVITYEXAMPLESOFTASKCOMPLETIONROLESINCLUDEINFORMATIONSEEKER,INFORMATIONGIVER,RECORDER,COORDINATOR,ANDEVALUATORCRITICGROUPBUILDINGANDSUPPORTROLESARETHOSEROLESTHATARERELATEDTOENCOURAGINGTHESOCIALDEVELOPMENTOFTHEGROUPEXAMPLESOFTHESEROLESINCLUDEENCOURAGER,HARMONIZER,COMPROMISER,GATEKEEPER/EXPEDITER,OBSERVERANDFOLLOWERINDIVIDUALISTICROLESAREGENERALLYTHELESSDESIRABLEROLESTHOSEROLESCONTRIBUTENEGATIVELYTOTHEGROUPBOTHINTERMSOFPROGRESSTOWARDCOMPLETIONOFATASKANDGROUPDEVELOPMENTANDCLIMATEEXAMPLESOFINDIVIDUALISTICROLESINCLUDEAGGRESSOR,BLOCKER,RECOGNITIONSEEKER,DOMINATOR,ANDSPECIALINTERESTPLEADER2、WEBSTERSNEWWORLDDICTIONARYOFMEDIAANDCOMMUNICATIONSG2061W431P410ROLEACHARACTERORPARTCHARACTERISTICSOCIALBEHAVIOROFANINDIVIDUAL3、THECOMMUNICATIONHANDBOOKADICTIONARYG20661D496P269ROLETHEPARTANINDIVIDUALPLAYSINAGROUP,ANDINDIVIDUALSFUNCTIONANDEXPECTED角色BEHAVIOR两个定义的差异两个定义的差异两个定义的差异两个定义的差异第一个定义用了第一个定义用了第一个定义用了第一个定义用了SOCIAL,第二个用了第二个用了第二个用了第二个用了INAGROUP，强调它的社会性强调它的社会性强调它的社会性强调它的社会性两者都强调它是一种个人的行为两者都强调它是一种个人的行为两者都强调它是一种个人的行为两者都强调它是一种个人的行为，不同的是第一个强调行为的特征性不同的是第一个强调行为的特征性不同的是第一个强调行为的特征性不同的是第一个强调行为的特征性,而第二个则将行而第二个则将行而第二个则将行而第二个则将行为细化为为细化为为细化为为细化为“FUNCTIONANDEXPECTEDBEHAVIOR”，强调了功能性和期望强调了功能性和期望强调了功能性和期望强调了功能性和期望。二二二二、心理学类百科全书心理学类百科全书心理学类百科全书心理学类百科全书1、社会心理学词典社会心理学词典社会心理学词典社会心理学词典B894C9133P145149角色原是戏剧、电影中的名词。也称“脚色”，指戏剧中的人物。社会心理学的“角色”概念，则是指与与与与一定社会位置相联系的行为模式一定社会位置相联系的行为模式一定社会位置相联系的行为模式一定社会位置相联系的行为模式，是是是是占有占有占有占有某一社会位置的人应有的行为表现某一社会位置的人应有的行为表现某一社会位置的人应有的行为表现某一社会位置的人应有的行为表现（如应尽的义务，能享受的权利等）。它规定了一个人活动的特定范围，即应该做什么，不应该做什么，其中也包含有对人对己的感情、态度和价值观等心理成份。任何角色都不是孤立存在的，而是有其对应的角色伴侣，如丈夫和妻子，父母和子女、老师与学生、医生与病人等等，相互之间的权利和义务是紧密联系的。任何人都不能摆脱一定的角色束缚，但由于个人性格、文化水平和负责程度也不同。理想角色与实际角色是有差别的。当人们不能省仍自己的角色时便产生了“角色差距”，当一个人不能同时扮演几个角色而造成内心矛盾时便产生“角色冲突”。2、ENCYCLOPEDIAOFPSYCHOLOGYB8461/EN19KV7ROLETHOERYAROLEISCOMPREHENSIVEPATTERNOFBEHAVIORANDATTITUDETHATLINKEDTOANIDENTITY,角色ISSOCIALLYIDENTIFIEDMOREORLESSCLEARLYASANENTITY,ANDISSUBJECTTOBEINGPLAYEDRECOGNIZABLYBYDIFFERENTINDIVIDUALSBASICROLES,LIKETHOSEATTACHEDTOGENDERANDAGEIDENTITIES,ARETHEMOSTINCLUSIVE,AFFECTINGWHATISEXPECTEDOFANINDIVIDUALINAWIDEVARIETYOFSITUATIONSPOSITIONORSTATUSROLES,LIKEFAMILYOCCUPATIONALROLES,ARELINKEDTOSTATUSESINPARTICULARSETTINGS,THOUGHTHEYVARYINHOWMUCHTHEYCARRYOVERINTOOTHERSITUATIONABANKERWHOGAMBLESONHISDAYOFFMAYBESUSPECTFUNCTIONALGROUPROLES,SUCHAS“MEDIATOR”“DEVILSADVOCATE”AND“COUNSELOR”EMERGEINFORMALLYASINDIVIDUALSACQUIRESITUATIONALIDENTITIESDURINGSUSTAINEDINTERACTIONINAGROUPSETTINGVALUEROLES,LIKEHERO,SAINT,ANDVILLAIN,DEVELOPAROUNDVERYPOSITIVELYORNEGATIVELYVALUEDACTIVITYTHETERMROLETHEORYREFERSTOALOOSECOLLECTIONOFGENERALIZATIONSABOUT1THEORGANIZATIONOFROLESTOSOCIETYANDGROUPS2THEPROCESSESOFINTERACTIONBETWEENINCUMBENTSOFDIFFERENTROLES3THEWAYINDIVIDUALSLEARNANDMANAGETHEDIVERSECOMPLEMENTSOFROLESTHATTHEYPLAYUNDERVARIOUSCIRCUMSTANCEUNDERLYINGASSUMPTIONSARETHATSOCIALINTERACTIONAREALLLEVELSFROMTHEDYADTOENTIRESOCIETIESTENDSTOBEORGANIZEDINTOCLUSTERSOFBEHAVIORSTHATARETHOUGHTTOBELONGTOGETHER,THATINDIVIDUALSORIENTTHEIRSOCIALBEHAVIORINTERMSOFROLESTHEYPLAYANDROLESTHEYTRIBUTETOOTHERS,THATJUDGMENTSIFADEQUATEORINADEQUATEROLEPERFORMANCECONSTITUTEAMAJORBASISFORASSESSINGTHEWORTHOFINDIVIDUALS,ANDTHATMEANINGSAREASCRIBEDTOACTIONSACCORDINGTOTHEROLETHATAREPRESUMEDTOMANIFESTTHESTABILITYOFITSSYSTEMOFROLESANDOFTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENACTORSANDTHEIRROLESDEPENDSONTHREEVARIABLEFUNCTIONALITYTHEDEGREETOWHICHTHEROLECONSTITUENTSANEFFECTIVESTRATEGYFORDEALINGWITHRELEVANTSITUATIONSRESPONSIBILITYTHEEXTENTTOWHICHTHECOST/BENEFITRATIONFORTHEROLEINCUMBENTISACCEPTABLETHECONCEPTOFROLECAMEINTOGENERALUSEINTHEBEHAVIORALSCIENCESDURINGTHE1920SAND1930WBYANALOGYTOTHETHEATER,WHERETHESAMEACTORMIGHTPLAYVERYDIFFERENTPARTSINDIFFERENTPLAYS,ANDDIFFERENTACTORSCOULDPLAYTHESANEPARTQUIETSIMILARLYINTHEMOST角色IMPORTANTEARLYFORMULATIONS,GHMEADSTRESSEDARECIPROCITYOFROLETAKINGANDROLESROLEPLAYINGANTHROPOLOGISTSRLINTON1936IDENTIFIEDROLESASCOMPONENTSOFCULTURE,WHICHEVERYSOCIALSTATUSHAVINGITSACCOMPANYINGROLE,ANDTNEWCOMB1950MADEROLEACENTRALCONCEPTINHISFORMULATIONOFFILEDOFSOCIALPSYCHOLOGYAPPROACHESTOTHETHEORYAREMOSTBROADLYCLASSIFIEDASEITHERSTRUCTURALORINTERNATIONALSTRCURALISTS,FOLLOWINGLINTON,SEEROLEASSETSOFBEHAVIORALPRESCRIPTIONSATTACHEDTOPOSITIONSINORGANIZATIONSANDSTATUESINSOCIETYROLESARETHEREFOREBESTDESCRIBEDASCATALOGUESOFSPECIFICEXPECTEDBEHAVIORS,COMPLEMENTEDBYSETSOFPRIVILEGES,RMERTON1957INTRODUCEDAMOREDYNAMICVERSIONOFSTRUCTURALTHEORYINWHICHTHEINCUMBENTOFANYPOSITIONISSAIDTOPLAYSOMEWHATDIFFERENTROLESINRESPONSETOTHEVARIEDEXCEPTIONSOFDIFFERENTSIGNIFICANTOTHERSTHESESEVERALROLESLINKEDTOANYGIVENPOSITIONARECALLEDAROLESETINTERACTIONALAPPROACHES,DRAWINGUPONGHMEAD,SHIFTTHEEMPHASISFROMCONFORMITYTOROLEMAKINGTURNER,1962BYIMAGINATIVELYTAKINGTHEROLEOFOTHER,THEROLESINCUMBENTIMPROVISESASUITABLECOURSEOFACTIONTHATCOMBINESELEMENTSOFCREATIVITYWITHCONFORMITYPEOPLEPERCEIVEANDACTASIFROLECONTENTSWEREDEFINITEANDCONSENSUAL,WHICHOFTENACCEPTINGQUITEUNEXPECTEDBEHAVIORASASUITABLEORUNDERSTANDABLEMANIFESTATIONOFAROLEATTHEHEARTOFINTERPERSONAL,GROUP,ANDINTERGROUPPROCESSESISTHEALLOCATIONOFROLES,WHICHINVOLVESNEGATIONBETWEENASSIGNMENTTOAROLEBYOTHERSANDADOPTIONORACCEPTANCEOFAROLEBYTHEACTORAPROCESSOFALTERCATINGHASBEENIDENTIFIEDINWHICHANACTORATTEMPTSTOENTICEORFORCEOTHERSTOPLAYTHOSEROLESTHATENABLETHEFOCALPERSONTOPLAYAPREFERREDROLECRUCIALINACCEPTANCEOFASYSTEMOFROLESASTHEBASISFORINTERACTIONAREASSIGNINGANDWEIGHTINGOFRIGHTSANDDUTIES3、当代西方心理学新词典当代西方心理学新词典当代西方心理学新词典当代西方心理学新词典B846119P167亦称“脚色”，原是戏剧用语，指舞台戏剧中的人物。20世纪20年代，美国社会心理学家米德（GMEAD）首先将其引入社会心理学，称为社会角色，只有人的社会地位决定的行角色为方式。包括三种含义1）体现特定的社会角色的一套社会行为方式体现特定的社会角色的一套社会行为方式体现特定的社会角色的一套社会行为方式体现特定的社会角色的一套社会行为方式；2）反映个体在社反映个体在社反映个体在社反映个体在社会生活群体中所处的位置和身份会生活群体中所处的位置和身份会生活群体中所处的位置和身份会生活群体中所处的位置和身份，3）个体按照社会期望去履行责任和义务的行为规范个体按照社会期望去履行责任和义务的行为规范个体按照社会期望去履行责任和义务的行为规范个体按照社会期望去履行责任和义务的行为规范。其本质是社会对队色的客观期望与个人主观扮演能力的统一。最有影响力的角色理论是米德的“符号互动理论”。他将角色与互动结合在一起，指出互动式角色的互动，角色也是通过互动形成和表现自己的，是在人际符号互动中尝试和创造的结果。美国人类学家林顿（LINTON,R）提出了社会地位是角色的客观属性的反映。当个体根据他在社会中所处的地位而实现自己的权利和义务时，他就扮演者相同的角色。这对研究角色的本质具有深刻的意义。4、THEENCYCLOPEDIAOFHUMANBEHAVIORVOL2B8461P192SOCIALROLETHEPARTPLAYEDORFUNCTIONPERFORMEDBYANINDIVIDUALINASPECIFICGROUPSITUATION,SUCHASTHEROLEOFATEACHER,ORSQUADRONLEADERTHECONCEPTOFSOCIALROLEISBASEDONTHEFACTTHATEACHINDIVIDUALTENDSTOOCCUPYAFUNCTIONALPOSITIONINTHEGROUPSTOWHICHBEBELONGS,ANDOTHERMEMBERSOFEACHGROUPTENDTOAGREEONCERTAINEXCEPTIONSCONCERNINGTHISBEHAVIORINTHEIRGROUPINCURRENTSOCIALPSYCHOLOGYTHEPOSITIONTHEINDIVIDUALOCCUPIESISTERMEDHIS“ROLECATEGORY”SUCHASVICEPRESIDENT,ANDTHEATTITUDESANDBEHAVIORASSOCIATEDWITHTHATCATEGORYARETERMED“ROLEEXPECTATION”OR“ROLEBEHAVIORS”SOCIALROLEISAGENERALTERMWHICHINCLUDESBOTHOFTHEASPECTSSOCIALROLEISANEXTREMELYIMPORTANTCONCEPTFORTOWMAJORREASONSFIRST,ANYSOCIALSYSTEMCANVIEWEDATAGROUPOFRELATEDSOCIALROLESTHEELUCIDATIONOFTHESEROLESISANESSENTIALFACTORINDESCRIBINGTHATSYSTEMEACHROLEMUSTBEDEFINEDBYREFERENCETOOTHER,RELATEDROLES,OR“COUNTERPOSITIONS”ANDTOTHERIGHTSANDOBLIGATIONSWHICHEACHROLEPOSSESSESINTHESOCIALSYSTEMFOREXAMPLE,AFOREMANHASTHERIGHTTOMAKECERTAINDECISIONS,BUTASOBLIGATIONTODIRECTTHEWORKERSANDKEEPCERTAINRIGHTS,SUCHASTHERIGHT角色TOSTRIKE,PLUSANOBLIGATIONTOACCOMPLISHACERTAINAMOUNTOFWORKTHESECONDIMPORTANTFUNCTIONOFSOCIALROLEISINDEFININGTHEINDIVIDUALSSELFIMAGEANDINPARTICULARHISCONCEPTIONOFHIMSELFASAMEMBEROFSOCIETYTHISISONSIMPLEMATTER,SINCEEVERYPERSONPLAYSMANYROLESINLIFE,ANDTHESEROLESINTERLOCKINMANYWAYSOFTEN,HOWEVER,ONEROLEPLAYSAMAJORPARTINDETERMININGHISSELFIMAGEINAMERICANSOCIETYTHISISFREQUENTLYTHEOCCUPATIONALROLE,ALTHOUGHTHEREAREMANYINSTANCESINWHICHCHURCH,COMMUNITY,LODGES,ORHOUSEHOLDACTIVITIESARETHEDOMINANTFACTORONEIMPORTANTPERSONALITYTHEORY,TERMEDROLETHEORY,ISBASEDUPONTHEROLESANINDIVIDUALASSUMESINSOCIETYNEWSOMETURNERANDCONVERSE,19655、简明心理学词典简明心理学词典简明心理学词典简明心理学词典B846124P195角色亦称社会角色、脚色，愿意之戏剧舞台上的人物，由美国社会心理学家米德（MEAD，19631931）首先引入社会心理学理论中，指个人在社会关系中的特定位置和与之相关联的行为模式，它反映了社会赋予个人的身份和责任。三三三三、社会学百科全书社会学百科全书社会学百科全书社会学百科全书1ENCYCLOPEDIAOFSOCIOLOGYC61EN19ROLELIKEMANYOTHERCONCEPTIONSINSOCIOLOGY,ROLEISUSEINDIFFERENTWRITERS,ANDONLYACAREFULREADINGOFSOCIOLOGISTINQUESTIONWILLREVEALEXACTLYWHATHEMEANSGENERALLY,AROLECONSISTSOFTHEBEHAVIORSTYPICALLYPERFORMEDBYANINDIVIDUALINAPARTICULARSITUATIONTHEINDIVIDUALSASSUMPTIONOFAROLEIMPLIESHISACCEPTANCEOFTHENEEDTOACTINWAYSTHATARESOCIALLYAGREEDUPONASBEINGAPPROPRIATEDINTHATSITUATIONTODIFFERENTIATEROLEFROMSTATUS,AARONCICOURELPOINTSOUTTHATASTATUSGENERALLYREFERS角色TOANINSTITUTIONALIZEDROLETHUS,STATUSOFTENINVOLVEOCCUPATIONALORKINSHIPSYSTEMPHYSICIAN,LAYER,FACTORYWORKER,FATHER,MOTHER,UNCLEWHEREASTHEPHYSICIAN,BYVIRTUEOFHISPROFESSION,ENJOYSACERTAINSTATUS,HISROLEINANYSITUATIONWILLBEMOREFLUIDALONGWITHTHESTATUSOFPHYSICIAN,THEINDIVIDUALMAYESTABLISHSEVERALROLESHEMAYBETHEHUMORISTATLUNCH,THEFRIENDLYBUTEFFICIENTPROFESSIONALWITHPATIENTS,ANDTHECOLDTECHNICIANINTHEOPERATINGROOMSOMESOCIOLOGISTSFEELTHATROLEBEHAVIORS,LIKETHEBEHAVIORSAPPROPRIATETOCERTAINSTATUS,ARELEARNEDEARLYINLIFE,PERFECTEDTHROUGHPRACTICEINSCHOOLSAREEARLYADULTHOOD,ANDTHENPASSEDONTOOTHERS,INTHISVIEWROLEBEHAVIORITSELFISFAIRLYSTATIC,CONSISTINGOFAREHEARSEDSETOFPERFORMANCES,THESOCIOLOGISTTHENINVESTIGATESHOWTHESEWERELEARNEDANOTHERVIEWMAINTAINSTHATINDIVIDUALSARECONSTANTLYINTHEPROCESSOFCONSTRUCTINGROLESASTHEYINTERACTWITHOTHERSTHUSTHEPHYSICIANMAYACTMOREORLESSTHEHUMORIST,DEPENDINGONTHERESPONSEHESEEMSTOBEGETTINGTHISSIMPLISTICEXAMPLEISABASICCASEOFGENERALPHENOMENONOFPEOPLEADJUSTINGTHEIRINTERPRETINGITTHEOTHERSPRESENTTHEIRINTERPRETATIONSTHOROUGHROLESOFTHEIROWNBECAUSEROLESARECONSTRUCTEDINRESPONSETOOTHERROLESGEORGEHERBERTMEADREFERREDTOINTERACTIONASA“COOPERATIVEEXCHANGE”BETWEENTHEPARTICIPANTSAUTHORWFRANKIII,YALEUNIVERSITY2THESOCIALSCIENCEENCYCLOPEDIAC61/SO13P660AROLEISTHEEXPECTEDBEHAVIORASSOCIATEDWITHASOCIALPOSITION四四四四、引申引申引申引申概念概念概念概念角色互补ROLERECRUITMENT角色认知/定位ROLEORIENTATION角色行为ROLEBEHAVIOR角色角色冲突ROLESTRAINROLECONFLICT角色扮演ROLEPLAYING角色学习ROLELEARNING角色形式ROLEPATTERN角色期待ROLEEXPECTATION角色距离ROLEDISTANCE角色交易ROLEBARGAINING相关概念相关概念相关概念相关概念社会化SOCIALIZATION自我概念SELFCONCERTINO调节理论ADJUSTMENT冲突理论CONFLICT印象管理IMPRESSIONMANAGEMENT前台与后台FRONTREGIONSANDBACKREGIONS决策制定DECISIONMAKING小群体互动GROUPCOMMUNICATION社会地位STATUS刻版印象STEREOTYPE人际传播INTERPERSONALCOMMUNICATION五五五五、重要的研究成果重要的研究成果重要的研究成果重要的研究成果BAIRD,JOHN,E,JR,ANDWEINBERG,STANFORDB1948GROUPCOMMUNICATION,2NDEDITIONBROWNBENNE,KENNETH,ANDSHEATS,PAUL1948“FUNCTIONALROLESOFGROUPMEMBERS”JOURNALOFSOCIALISSUES44149RUBE