从文化角度看英汉习语翻译

2011年度本科生毕业论文（设计）从文化角度看英汉习语翻译院系外国语学院专业英语年级2007级学生姓名学号导师及职称副教授2011年5月2011ANNUALGRADUATIONTHESISPROJECTOFTHECOLLEGEUNDERGRADUATESTUDYONTHETRANSLATIONOFCHINESEANDENGLISHIDIOMSFROMACULTURALPERSPECTIVEDEPARTMENTENGLISHDEPARTMENT,COLLEGEOFFOREIGNLANGUAGESMAJORENGLISHGRADE2007STUDENTNAMESTUDENTNOTUTORFINISHEDBYMAY,2011毕业论文（设计）原创性声明本人所呈交的毕业论文（设计）是我在导师的指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。据我所知，除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文（设计）不包含其他个人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。对本论文（设计）的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中作了明确说明并表示谢意。作者签名日期2011年5月23日毕业论文（设计）授权使用说明本论文（设计）作者完全了解有关保留、使用毕业论文（设计）的规定，学校有权保留论文（设计）并向相关部门送交论文（设计）的电子版和纸质版。有权将论文（设计）用于非赢利目的的少量复制并允许论文（设计）进入学校图书馆被G1040G4199。学校G2230G4027G1636G995论文（设计）的全部或部G1491内容。保G2625的论文（设计）在解G2625G1802G3265用本规定。作者签名指导G2045师签名日期G21G19G20G20年G24月G21G22日日期G21G19G20G20年G24月G21G22日毕业论文（设计）答辩委员会答辩小组成员名单姓名职称单位备注教授外国语学院主席（组长）讲师外国语学院组员讲师外国语学院秘书A1A0A2A3A4A5A7A8A6A10摘要语言是文化的载体，而习语是语言文化的结晶，它如同一面镜子反映出了中外民族的文化特征。习语通常包括俗语、谚语、典故、俚语等类别，它常常用形象生动、浅显易懂的语言，准确地描述社会现象、法则，高度地阐述人文习俗、思想感情。习语在日常生活中的应用非常广泛，甚至成为辩论中唇枪舌战的武器。美国第16届总统亚伯拉罕林肯在他一篇著名演说中引用了圣经里的一句话“互相分裂的房子无法站立。”来号G2496美国人民G3254结一G14280反G4557G21669G3912G2058度，G1584G8502G1881战。G19555G11540文化G1144G8981的日G11422G20069G13333，G11013G1122习语在语言中的G18337G16213地G1313，习语的G13775G16805G1075G7101G5062引G17227了G13775G16805G11040的G18337G16282，G3252G8504G5700G2052G3921G3800地G13775G16805习语G4570G7389G2173G1122G17340文化G1144G8981。G7424文G16809G3282G11752G12362中G14533习语中G6164体现的文化G1881G9097，G5194G1186文化G16294度来G6518G12362G14533G8733习语的G13775G16805。关键词习语G727习语类别G727文化G1881G9097G727习语G13775G16805A9A11A12A13A14A15A16A17A18A19ABSTRACTLANGUAGEISTHECARRIEROFCULTUREANDIDIOMSARECOMMONLYRECOGNIZEDASTHEESSENCEORTHECRYSTALLIZATIONOFLANGUAGEITUSUALLYINCLUDESPROVERB,COLLOQUIALISM,SLANGANDALLUSIONANDSOONIDIOMSALSOREPRESENTTHESOCIALPHENOMENONANDNATURALRULESACCURATELYWITHLIVELYANDPLAINWORDSSOTHATTHEYMIGHTBECOMPAREDTOONEOFTHEMIRRORSWHICHBESTREFLECTTHESPECIALFEATURESOFANATIONORACULTUREINFACT,IDIOMSAREWIDELYUSEDINOURDAILYLIVES,EVENDEBATESAREOFTENINTERSPERSEDWITHIDIOMSWHICHBECOMEORALWEAPONSTHATAREDIFFICULTTOARGUEAGAINSTTHE16THUSPRESIDENTABRAHAMLINCOLNONCEQUOTEDANIDIOMDERIVEDFROMTHEBIBLE“AHOUSEDIVIDEDAGAINSTITSELFCANNOTSTAND”INONEOFHISFAMOUSSPEECH,CALLINGONPEOPLETOFIGHTAGAINSTSLAVERYANDCIVILWARWITHTHEINCREASINGLYFREQUENTDEVELOPMENTOFCULTURALEXCHANGES,IDIOMSPLAYANIMPORTANTROLEINLANGUAGEUSEANDANADEQUATETRANSLATIONOFIDIOMSISNOTONLYHELPFULBUTALSOESSENTIALINCROSSCULTURALCOMMUNICATIONTHISTHESISATTEMPTSTOMAKEABRIEFSTUDYOFTHECULTURALCONNOTATIONEXISTEDINCHINESEANDENGLISHIDIOMSANDEXPLORESTHEROLEOFTHECULTUREINUNDERSTANDINGANDTRANSLATINGCHINESEANDENGLISHIDIOMSKEYWORDSIDIOMSCLASSIFICATIONOFIDIOMSCULTURALCONNOTATIONTRANSLATIONOFIDIOMSA9A11A12A13A14A15A16A17A18A19TABLEOFCONTENTSPAGE1INTRODUCTION12DEFINITIONANDMAINCLASSIFICATIONOFIDIOMS321DEFINITIONSOFIDIOMS322MAINCLASSIFICATIONOFIDIOMS4221SLANG4222ALLUSION5223PROVERB5224COLLOQUIALISM63UNDERSTANDINGIDIOMSANDTRANSLATIONFROMACULTURALCONTEXT731RELATIONSHIPBETWEENIDIOMSANDCULTURE732RELATIONSHIPBETWEENTRANSLATIONANDCULTURE94DISCUSSIONOFIDIOMTRANSLATION1141LITERALTRANSLATION1142FREETRANSLATION1343IMAGESHIFTTRANSLATION145CONCLUSION17REFERENCES18ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS19A9A11A12A13A14A15A16A17A18A1911INTRODUCTIONLONGINHISTORY,LARGEINQUANTITYANDRICHINCULTURALINFORMATION,BOTHENGLISHANDCHINESEIDIOMSAREDEEPLYROOTEDINLIFENOWADAYS,PEOPLETAKESTRONGINTERESTSONCULTURALSTUDIESANDTALKINGABOUTCULTURALSTUDIESHASBECOMEAFASHIONINTHECIRCLEOFPRESENTCULTUREANDACADEMIAACCORDINGTOTHETRADITIONALTHEORYOFTRANSLATION,PEOPLECONSIDEREDTRANSLATINGASAPROCESSOFTRANSFERBETWEENTWOLANGUAGESRECENTLY,TOSOMEEXTENT,TRANSLATIONTENDSTOBECOMECULTURALRETHINKINGACCORDINGLY,SOMESCHOLARSBOTHATHOMEANDABROADHAVETRIEDTOREPLACETRANSLATIONWITHCULTURALTRANSLATIONSTUDIESANDINTERPRETATIONNATURALLY,WECANTHINKTHATTRANSLATIONISANACTIVITYTOREPRESENTTHEMEANINGANDIMPLICATIONTHATTHECONTEXTHASFROMACULTURALPERSPECTIVECONSEQUENTLY,TRANSLATIONISCONSIDEREDTOBEACROSSCULTURALCOMMUNICATION,WHICHINVOLVESNOTONLYTHETRANSFERBETWEENLANGUAGES,BUTALSOTHETRANSFERBETWEENCULTURESHOWEVER,THEPROBLEMOFTHEINTERPRETATIONANDEXPRESSIONOFCULTURALCONNOTATIONSHOULDBESOLVEDATTHEFIRSTPLACEINCROSSCULTURALCOMMUNICATIONITBRINGSHEADACHESTOTRANSLATIONTHEORISTSANDTRANSLATORSBECAUSETHETRANSLATORSNOTONLYSHOULDHAVEBILINGUALABILITIESBUTALSOSHOULDHAVETHEKNOWLEDGEOFTWOCULTURES,EVENSEVERALCULTURESENGLISHIDIOMSANDCHINESEIDIOMSAREBEAUTIFULGEMSOFTHETWOLANGUAGESASWELLASTHECRYSTALLIZATIONNATIONALCULTURESBOTHCHINESEANDENGLISHHAVEHUNDREDSOFIDIOMS,WHOSESUCCINCTFORMSANDPROFOUNDMEANINGSMAKETHEMSELVESMORECONDENSEDAND1INTRODUCTION2EXPRESSIVEWHATSMORE,ITISONEOFTHEMOSTDIFFICULTTHINGSTOUNDERSTANDTHECULTURALCONNOTATIONANDGETTHEIMPLICATIONFROMLITERALWORDSOFIDIOMSIDIOMSVIVIDLYDESCRIBETHECULTURALCHARACTERISTICSOFDIFFERENTNATIONALITIESFORTHEIRRICHNATIONAL,HISTORICANDREGIONALCONNOTATIONSINORDERTOTRANSLATETHEIDIOMSAPPROPRIATELY,THETRANSLATORSNOTONLYSHOULDFAITHFULLYCONVEYTHEORIGINALSPIRITANDMEANINGS,BUTALSOSHOULDENRICHTHECHINESEANDENGLISHVOCABULARIESTOPROVIDEABROADERCULTURALVISIONASAMATTEROFFACT,IDIOMSHAVEBEENACCEPTEDANDHANDEDDOWNBYPEOPLEATTHEPRESENTTIMEBECAUSEOFTHEIRUNIVERSALVALUETHUS,IDIOMSHOLDANIMPORTANTPOSITIONINLANGUAGEUSE,ANADEQUATETRANSLATIONOFIDIOMSISNOTONLYHELPFULBUTALSOESSENTIALINCROSSCULTURALCOMMUNICATIONTHISTHESISEXPOUNDSTHECLOSERELATIONSHIPAMONGIDIOMS,CULTUREANDTRANSLATION,ANDTHEISSUESOFTHETRANSLATIONOFIDIOMSAREEXPLOREDFROMACULTURALPERSPECTIVEA9A11A12A13A14A15A16A17A18A1932DEFINITIONANDMAINCLASSIFICATIONOFIDIOMSANYKINDOFLANGUAGEHASITSOWNSETPHRASESANDFIXEDSENTENCESWHICHVULGARLYANDVIVIDLYDESCRIBEPEOPLESEMOTIONANDSOCIALPHENOMENONTHROUGHACCUMULATIONDURINGLONGTIMETHEYARECALLED“IDIOMS”INENGLISHAND“G8733语成语”ORG3“G10099语”INCHINESEIDIOMISAPARTICULARPARTOFLANGUAGEWHICHINCLUDESPROVERB,COLLOQUIALISM,SLANGANDALLUSIONANDSOON21DEFINITIONSOFIDIOMSTHEWORD“IDIOM”ISEQUALTO“习语”INCHINESE,WHICHPOSSESSESSEVERALDEFINITIONS,SUCHAS“ALANGUAGEOFAPEOPLEORACOUNTRY”OR“ADIALECT”ITPROBABLYMAYBEDEFINED,ACCORDINGTOOXFORDADVANCEDLEARNERSENGLISHCHINESEDICTIONARY,AS“PHRASEORSENTENCEWHOSEMEANINGISNOTCLEARFROMTHEMEANINGOFITSINDIVIDUALWORDSANDWHICHMUSTBELEARNTASAWHOLEUNIT”HORNBY,2002,P734GENERALLY,COMMONPEOPLETHINKTHATANIDIOMISALSOAKINDOFASETPHRASEORSENTENCEFIXEDBYLONGPRACTICALUSAGEFROMTHEABOVECOGNITIONOFIDIOMS,WECANEXTRACTTWOBASICCRITERIAONWHICHTODECIDEWHETHERORNOTANEXPRESSIONISANIDIOMFIRSTLY,ANIDIOMALLOWSLITTLEORNOVARIATIONINFORMUNDERNORMALCIRCUMSTANCES,WHICHHASARELATIVELYHIGHDEGREEOFSTABILITYOFTHELEXICALCOMPONENTSINLONGPRACTICALUSEMOREOFTENTHANNOT,ANYCHANGEINTHECOMPONENTSWILLRESULTINABSURDITIESOREVENMAKETHEIDIOMSMEANINGLESSFOR2DEFINITIONANDMAINCLASSIFICATIONOFIDIOMS4EXAMPLE,“G6330G17347G15394”ALIONINTHEWAY,WECANNOTREPLACETHEWORD“LION”WITH“TIGER”INADDITION,PEOPLEWILLSAY“ANICEKETTLEOFFISH”THISWORD“NICE”CANTBEDELETEDSECONDLY,ANIDIOMUSUALLYPOSSESSESANIMPLIEDMEANING,INOTHERWORDS,ITCANNOTBEINTERPRETEDONLYACCORDINGTOITSLITERALMEANINGINMOSTINSTANCES,IDIOMSCANNOTBEDEDUCEDFROMTHEIRINDIVIDUALCOMPONENTSANDSHOULDBELEARNEDASAWHOLEUNITTOCATCHITSMETAPHORICALMEANINGFORINSTANCE,THECHINESEIDIOM“G14028G7389成G12493”,ITLITERALLYMEANSTOHAVETHEBAMBOOINONESMINDBUTFIGURATIVELYMEANSTOHAVEREADYPLANSORDESIGNINONESMINDBESIDES,SOMEONEWILLSAY,“BLACKSHEEP”ITDOESNOTMEANTHATASHEEPISBLACKOPPOSITELY,ITMEANSANEVILMEMBEROFAGROUPORAGOODFORNOTHINGPERSON22MAINCLASSIFICATIONOFIDIOMSIDIOMSARECOMMONLYRECOGNIZEDASTHEESSENCEORTHECRYSTALLIZATIONOFLANGUAGEINABROADSENSE,IDIOMSMAYINCLUDEPROVERBS,COLLOQUIALISMS,SLANGSANDALLUSIONS221SLANGSLANGSAREVERYINFORMALWORDSANDEXPRESSIONSTHATAREMORECOMMONINSPOKENENGLISH,ESPECIALLYUSEDBYAPARTICULARGROUPOFPEOPLE,SUCHASCHILDREN,CRIMINALS,SOLDIERS,ETCSLANGSAREROOTEDINLOCALPEOPLESLIFEEXPERIENCESORTHEIRCUSTOMSANDOCCURREDINLITERARYWORKS,SUCHASDRAMA,TVSERIALS,MOVIESANDMONOLOGUEINTHENOVELUSUALLY,SLANGSCANBEDIVIDEDINTOTHREESORTSEUPHEMISM,CURSEWORDSANDVULGARLANGUAGEHEREARESOMETYPICALEXAMPLESREPRESENTEDTHETHREEONESRESPECTIVELYASFOLLOWSA20A21A22A23A24A25A26A27A28A295CLOSEONESEYESG2524G11536，G2447G1002DAMNYOUG9163G17146，G16825G8527的DONTTALKCRAPG993G16213G14005说G1855G17959222ALLUSIONALLUSIONSORIGINATEFROMMYTHANDLEGEND,HISTORYANDCLASSICANDTHEYAREACTUALLYORIGINSANDNATIONALCHARACTERISTICSOFIDIOMSALLUSIONSOFIDIOMSAREUSEDWHENSOMETHINGTHATISSAIDORWRITTENTHATREFERSTOORMENTIONSANOTHERPERSONORSUBJECTINANINDIRECTWAYONACCOUNTOFTHEDIFFERENTSOCIALBACKGROUND,CUSTOMSANDRELIGIOUSINFLUENCES,THEMEANINGSOFIDIOMSAREMUCHMOREREMOTEDFROMTHEIRLITERALSENSESIFLACKINGOFTHEKNOWLEDGEOFTHEALLUSIONSMADEINIDIOMS,WEWILLHARDLYREADBETWEENTHELINESANDCATCHWHATTHEYIMPLYITISSAIDTHATASMALLPARTOFENGLISHALLUSIONSDRAWONSOURCESFROMTHESTORYOFGREECEANDROME,ANDMOSTOFTHEMAREFROMTHEBIBLEFOREXAMPLE,“BONEOFTHEBONEANDFLESHOFTHEFLESH”,APHRASEOFBIBLICALORIGIN,ISNOWMETAPHORICALLYUSEDTOREFERTO“BLOODRELATION”OR“UNITYINTHOUGHT”ONTHEOTHERHAND,CHINESEALLUSIONSMOSTLYCOMEFROMHISTORYFOREXAMPLE,GIVEONESENEMYAWIFEANDLOSEONESSOLDIERSASWELLG17192了G3839人G2460G6252G1865APHRASEREFERSTOAHISTORICALSTORYINTHEPERIODOFSANGUO,ISNOWUSEDTODESCRIBEASTUPIDPERSON223PROVERBPROVERBISAWELLKNOWPHRASEORSENTENCETHATGIVESADVICEORSAYSSOMETHINGTHATISGENERALLYTRUEIDIOMSORIGINATEDFROMTHELIFE,ITISCOMPREHENSIVETOGENERALIZETHELIFEPHENOMENONINSOCIETYANDWIDELYUSEDAMONGCOMMONPEOPLE2DEFINITIONANDMAINCLASSIFICATIONOFIDIOMS6MOSTOFTHEIDIOMSARESCIENTIFICSUMMARYOFTHELABORINGPEOPLESVIEWONTHEIREXPERIENCEDLIFETHROUGHPARTICULARWORKINAWORD,THESETERSE,COLLOQUIALANDVIVIDPROVERBSARETHEWISDOMOFHUMANBEINGSHEREARESOMETYPICALONESREFLECTINGCOMMONPEOPLESLIVESASTHEFOLLOWINGFARMERSWILLSAY“MANYHANDSMAKELIGHTWORKG1259人G6354G7624G9791G9988高”OR“NOMILL,NOMEALG993G2183动G13785G993G5483G20147”SAILORSWILLSAY“HETHATSOWSTHEWINDWILLREAPTHEWHIRLWINDG10621G9791G13785G5529G14270G9966”OR“INACALMSEAEVERYMANISAPILOT在G5191G19757的G9035G8927G990,人人G18129是G20058G14334G2604”224COLLOQUIALISMCOLLOQUIALISMISAWORDORPHRASETHATISUSEDINDAILYCONVERSATIONANDONEMOSTIMPORTANTGROUPOFIDIOMSTHEFORMOFCOLLOQUIALISMISSETANDMANYOFTHEMARERATHERRIGIDANDCANNOTSHOWUPINANYOTHERFORMSCOLLOQUIALISMSPLAYANIMPORTANTROLEINBOTHENGLISHCHINESELANGUAGEBECAUSETHEYAREINEXHAUSTIBLESTOREHOUSESHERE,THEAUTHORSHALLSELECTTWOOFTHEMWITHCULTURALCONNOTATIONASTHEFOLLOWINGTAKETHEIDIOM“TOKICKTHEBUCKETG8527了，一G2641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9G5483G5859日，G20130G8712G17730G8981G17728G10411G3080里G2532G993出象G10285ADOGSMOUTHEMITSNOIVORYASIDIOMSCOMEFROMTHELIVESOFORDINARYPEOPLE,THEYSHOWTHEIRCULTURALORIGINSANDNATIONALIDENTITYA30A31A32A33A34A35A36A37A38A39114DISCUSSIONOFIDIOMTRANSLATIONTRANSLATIONISDIFFERENTFROMCOMMONCOMMUNICATIONSBECAUSEITINVOLVESALOTOFFACTORSITSWELLKNOWNTHATTRANSLATIONISNOTONLYTHECOMMUNICATIONBETWEENTWOLANGUAGES,BUTALSOTHECOMMUNICATIONANDTRANSMISSIONOFTWOKINDSOFCULTURALINFORMATIONTHEREFORE,IDIOMSAS“THEESSENCEOFTHELANGUAGE”AREDIFFICULTTOUNDERSTANDANDEVENMOREDIFFICULTTOTRANSLATETOCONQUERTHEDIFFERENCESBETWEENENGLISHANDCHINESEIDIOMSANDTHESPECIFICDIFFICULTIESCAUSEDBYTHEDIFFERENCES,APPROPRIATETRANSLATIONMETHODSSHOULDBECHOSENINTREATINGSPECIFICPROBLEMSINTHEFOLLOWING,THEAUTHORSHALLDISCUSSCERTAINMETHODSTHATCANBEUSEDINDEALINGWITHPARTICULARIDIOMSINTRANSLATIONBETWEENCHINESEANDENGLISH,ANDTRYTOANALYZETHEMONTHEBASEOFRELEVANCETHEORYHEREARETHREERELATIVELYPRACTICALMETHODSTHATCOULDBEUSEDINTHETRANSLATIONOFIDIOMS41LITERALTRANSLATIONTHESOCALLEDLITERALTRANSLATION,NOTONLYKEEPSTHEORIGINALCONTENTS,BUTALSOKEEPSTHEORIGINALFORMTHISTRANSLATIONMETHODISTOTRANSLATETHECONTEXTDIRECTLYANDCANCOMPLETELYRETAINTHEIDEASOFTHEORIGINALIMAGE,NATIONALIDENTITYANDLANGUAGESTYLEIFTHETARGETLANGUAGEUSESTHESAMEEXPRESSIONSTODESCRIBETHESAMECONTENT,ANDCANBRINGTHESAMEEFFECT,INTHISCASE,LITERALTRANSLATIONCANBECHOSENFORINSTANCE,THECHINESEIDIOM“G10495G2753G13781G21748”,WECANTAKETHEENGLISHIDIOM“TOSHED4DISCUSSIONOFIDIOMTRANSLATION12CROCODILETEARS”INSTEAD,BUTTHELITERALTRANSLATIONCANALSOBEUSEDIFPROPERINTHECONTEXTTOTRANSLATEITAS“THECATWEEPSOVERTHEMOUSESDEATH”HERE,THEANIMALS“CAT”AND“MOUSE”SHOULDBEWELLKNOWNTOTHEPEOPLEINTHEWORLDITISAPROBLEMTHATTHEENGLISHSPEAKINGPEOPLEDONOTEXACTLYHAVETHESAMEIDIOMWHENTHEIDIOMCANBETRANSLATEDLITERALLY,WEWILLNOTONLYTRANSLATETHEMEANINGOFIDIOMSBUTALSOINTRODUCESOMETHINGINTERESTINGTOTHEENGLISHPEOPLEANDALSOPROMOTETHECULTURALEXCHANGEOFTHETWONATIONSFROMLONGAGO,THECULTURALCOMMUNICATIONANDTRANSMISSIONAMONGNATIONSHASNEVERSTOPPEDSINCETHEMAY4THMOVEMENT,THETRANSLATORSATHOMEHAVEBROUGHTINMANYNEWANDMODERNWORDSANDIDEASFROMTHEFOREIGNORIGINALWORKSASARESULT,MANYIDIOMSORIGINALLYCOMINGFROMFOREIGNLANGUAGESAREUSEDBYUS,ESPECIALLYWESTERNLANGUAGESLIKEENGLISHALARGENUMBEROFENGLISHIDIOMSCOMEFROMTHEBIBLE,WHICHWERENOTBORNINTHEENGLISHLANGUAGE,BUTCOMEFROMHEBREWANDGREEKTHEENGLISHPEOPLEDONOTFEELUNCOMFORTABLEINUSINGTHEM,BUTFEELPROUDTHATTHEYMASTERTHEVIVIDANDRICHLANGUAGEINTHEWORLDTHECHINESEIDIOM“G1014G14092”LOSEFACEHASNOTONLYBECOMEASETPHRASEINENGLISH,BUTALSOBEENLITERALLYTRANSLATEDINTOMANYOTHERLANGUAGESINTHEWORLDSIMILARLY,THEIDIOM“G13452G13781G15394”ISVERYPOPULARAFTERITWASTRANSLATEDAS“PAPERTIGER”MODERNCHINESE,ASWELL,HASABSORBEDMANYFOREIGNIDIOMS,SUCHAS“SOURGRAPE”,TRANSLATEDAS“G18252葡萄”ANDTHEOTHERENGLISHIDIOM“EYEFOREYE,TOOTHFORTOOTH”,HAVEBEENLITERALLYTRANSLATEDAS“以G11536还G11536,以G10285还G10285”NOWADAYS,THEWESTERNERSAREREALLYINTERESTEDIN“功G3839”,THEYTRANSLATED“功G3839”AS“KUNGFU”,A30A31A32A33A34A35A36A37A38A3913THISISALSOAKINDOFLITERALTRAN