应用文类型及其写作方法

1、Ways of developing paragraphs:Development by timeDevelopment by processDevelopment by SpaceDevelopment by Example and generalizationDevelopment by comparison and contrastDevelopment by cause and effectDevelopment by classificationDevelopment by definitionDevelopment by a combination of methods1. Dev

2、elopment by timeIn telling a story or recounting an event, the easiest and clearest way is to describe things in order of time: earlier things are mentioned before later things, the first things first and the last thing last.Example: My heart gave a leap when I heard the announcement that our train

3、would soon arrive at its destination Beijing. Like other passengers, I began to collect my things and put my mug, towel, atlas, apples, and other things into my bag. To the tune of a beautiful song the train pulled into the station and gently stopped by a platform. I walked out of the train and was

4、carried forward by the stream of people into an underground passage and then into a big hall. As I stepped out of the station, I was dazzled by the bright autumn shies of Beijing. Though I had been on the train for more than thirty hours and spent an sleepless night, I didnt feel tired at all, and I

5、 believed my days in Beijing would be as sunny as the skies. 2. Development by process When we have to explain how something is done, you usually follow a chronological sequence and give a step-by step description. As the steps must occur one after another, the exact order in which they are carried

6、out is most important.Example:It is necessary for a person to know how to post a parcel, since almost everyone has relatives and friends living far away and he may like to send them something. Different objects are packed in different ways. Things like bottle of medicine and watches should be put in

7、to wooden boxes to avoid breakage. After you have packed the objects, put down your address and that of the addressee on the wrapping. Give the parcel to the postal clerk for him to check. He will then give you a firm to fill in. Having filled in the form, you give it together with the parcel to the

8、 clerk. He will weigh the parcel and tell you how much you should pay. You pay the money and get receipt. BE sure to keep your receipt until you are sure that the addressee has received the parcel. If anything wrong should happen to your parcel, you can show the receipt to the clerk and ask to be re

9、imbursed. 3. Development by Space Before we begin to describe a place, whether it is a large country or a small room, we have to decide on the order in which to name the different parts or details. For this we should find out the space relationships between them and arrange out description according

10、ly.Example:Mr. Cook, a renowned American historian, arranges the books on his bookshelves in a unique way. In the upper right hand corner, there are books about the development if the early colonies in New England and the War of Independence. Right under them can be found books on the slave trade, t

11、he plantation system and the growth of the southern states. The left side of the shelf contains hundreds of books concerning subjects of the Westward Movement, Indian culture, the cowboys contributions to American society and the Gold Rush in California. From the description above, one can see e tha

12、t Mr. Cook regards his bookshelves as a map of the U. S. and arranges his history books accordingly. It is odd, but it is convenient.4. Development by Example and generalization Supporting a topic sentence with examples or illustrations makes a general statement specific and easy to understand. Vivi

13、d illustrations light up abstract ideas and make them clear, interesting, memorable, or convincing.Example:This term several useful and interesting courses had e been offered. An Introduction to European Culture, for instance, gives us a lot of background knowledge of the history of European philoso

14、phy, literature, and arts. From time to time we see slide shows of famous paintings and hear tapes of famous pieces of music, and they make the lectures all the more interesting. American Society and Culture is another course that attracts a large audience. The teacher, who visited the United States

15、 not long ago, discusses new trends and changes in American life as well as American history and traditions. We like these and other courses very much, because they help us not only to improve our English but broaden our vision. The following paragraph, which is mainly descriptive, contains many det

16、ails. It starts with a topic sentence. Then details are given to back up the opening statement. This is the general-to-specific pattern.Example:My little niece, a ten-month-old baby, is the most lovely child I have even seen. Her face is like a red apple and her eyes are like bright stars. When you

17、carry her in your arms, she likes to put her arms around your neck. All the grownups in the family love her very much and often try to make her smile. But quite often it is she who makes us laugh. Once I winked at her and she smiled. When I did it again, she watched me attentively. Then she tried to

18、 imitate. While we closed one eye to wink, she had to close both eyes at the same time, and then quickly opened them again. And that was her way to wink. We all burst into laughter. When we looked at her again, she was staring at us, puzzled, as if she was asking: “What are you laughing at?”5. Devel

19、opment by comparison and contrast6. Development by cause and effect7. Development by classification8. Development by definition9. Development by a combination of methods应用文类型及其写作方法第一节 段首句作文一、 写作要求段首句作文是四级考试中常见的一种题型。通常分两种：一种是段首句点明每段的主题，这种段首句被称为主题句；另一种是段首句作为开场白，引出文章的思路，这种段首句被称为提示句。不管是何种，段首句作文都属于控制性作文的

20、范畴。一般要求考生写三段，每段都给出段首句，要求根据段首句来补充和扩写， 使之成为一个完整的段落。因此，续写的文字必须与段首句在意义上连成一体，形式上互为统一，否则旧有扣题不紧，偏离主题之嫌。因此，写作时应注意以下两点：1 认真审题，抓住段首句的中心思想以及所限定的范围，也就是围绕主导思想展开段落，以免扩充的材料偏离方向。2 段落之间的过度要自然，前后要照应，句子之间的衔接要自然、流畅，以便达到结构上的连贯。二、 范文点评范文一题目：What do you think of Computer Network?Computer network plays an important role in

21、 our life. However, computer network can create some problems, too.There is no doubt that computer network contributes greatly in our life.写作步骤（1） 分析题目：如何看待计算机网络题型：段首句作文（不能偏离段首句暗示的范围）（2） 根据各段首句主导思想，列出提纲：A: the important role in life a. bringing convenience to the school b. bringing convenience at ho

22、me c. bringing convenience in the officeB: some problemsa. valueless informationb. virus C: contributions（3） 将提纲扩充成文：What do you think of computer network?Computer network plays an important role in our life. Something like “information expressway”, the Internet brings many conveniences into school,

23、 homes and offices. College students can track down the library catalogue, and can even use it to finish their papers. Housewives can do shopping and pay money without leaving their homes. Businessmen can sign a contract and managements can give an order through the electronic media. Men and women c

24、an have a conversation with people by sending and receiving electronic mails. With a computer and modern any person can call up information throughout the world.However, computer network can create some problems, too. Sometimes, it takes people much time to sort out the junk mails. If the network is

25、 separated or infected by virus, valuable information may be revealed or even lost. Therefore, the safety of the Internet becomes a growing public concern nowadays.Despite the problems existing in the computer network, one thing is certain: it has contributed and will contribute greatly to peoples w

26、ay of thinking and living. There is no doubt that computer network contributes greatly in our life.范文二题目：Energy CrisisThe energy crisis is threatening mankinds survival.Energy is of great important to man. We must use eng. everywhere in our life. Therefore, 写作步骤（1）分析题目：能源危机题型：段首句作文（第三句只是提示句）（2）列出提纲：

27、 A: 能源消耗，人口增长，能源越来越少 B: 没有能源，人类将失去现代的生活 C: 采取措施，合理利用、节约能源，并开发新能源（3）扩充成文：Energy CrisisToday, the energy crisis is threatening mankinds survival. For one thing, with the development of industry and agriculture, the world has consumed a great deal of energy. Energy suppliers are becoming fewer and fewe

28、r, and some of them have even gone forever. For another, the world population has been increasing at a fantastic speed, which makes the situation even more serious.Energy is of great important to man. If there were no energy, we would lose our colorful modern life. We would have to give up cars and

29、trains and travel by horse-drawn carriages. The information stored in our computers would all disappear. In a word, we wouldnt be able to exist in the world once we lose all the energy resources.Therefore, we should take active measures to protect or energy resources: we should let people know the i

30、mportance of saving energy and use our energy reasonably. And what is more, we should make efforts to develop new energy resources, such as solar energy, thermal energy and so on.练习：1. Title: Lifelong learning (1) In a world where knowledge and information are growing at an explosive pace, _ _. (2)

31、One way to learn is learning how to learn. _ _. (3) Another approach to learn is to attempt something challenging. _ _.1. Lifelong LearningIn a world where knowledge and information are growing at an explosive pace, there is formal learning procedure that can possibly keep up. If you are not continu

32、ally updating your knowledge, you will be left far behind. Here are ways to have your lifelong learning.One way to learn is learning how to learn. With the rapid advance in science and technology, information quickly becomes out of date. So you must learn how to use the knowledge resources available

33、 to you, such as the Internet, the library, media and other people. Determine what you need to find out, figure out how to do that, and then learn it.Another approach to learn is to attempt something challenging. To set out to do something involves your learning something new in order to get it fini

34、shed. Through this creative process, not only will you have a tangible accomplishment, you also will have learned something valuable. And the knowledge acquired as well as the ability to learn will stay with you.In a word, you will reap much benefit from your lifelong learning.2. Title: My view on L

35、ove affairs among College Students.(1) There are two kinds of attitudes toward love affairs among college students: One is positive, the other is negative. _.(2) As far as I a concerned, _.(3) In short, _.2. My view on Love affairs among College Students.There are two kinds of attitudes toward love

36、affairs among college students: One is positive, the other is negative. Some people argue that college student should not fall in love for the sake of learning. They maintain that dating is a time-consuming and money-consuming process. If a student falls in love, he or she is sure to fall behind in

37、his study. But others hold that a student having an opposite-sex friend will have greater incentive in study and make greater progress than those who do not fall in love.As far as I a concerned, college students had better not fall in love since their main task is learning. On one hand, they are not

38、 mature enough psychologically, and they are changeable and easy to follow fashion blindly. On the other hand, with the passing of their valuable time dating, their interest in studies will be lost, which will likely lead to failure in examination. In reality, there are many miserable examples cause

39、d by early involvement in love.In short, college students should control their passion and focus on their studies. If they develop morally, intellectually physically in college, it is not difficult for them to find an ideal husband or wife after graduation.3. Title: No Pains, No Gains (1) No great w

40、ork can be performed without effort. _. (2) Diligence is the key factor of success. _. (3) To do nothing is to bring ruin upon oneself. _.3. No Pains, No GainsNo great work can be performed without effort. We envy famous men and imagine that their fame was due to some stroke of luck. But when we kno

41、w their histories, we find that it is long years of patient toil and constant effort that have brought about their success. Just as we cannot reach the top of a mountain without climbing, we cannot achieve success without effort and hard work.Diligence is the key factor of success. Diligence gives e

42、very man and woman, every boy and girl, proper work to do. Many men have become great because of their hard work. Diligence can make a fool wise and a poor man rich. Thus, we know that diligence is a good thing.To do nothing is to bring ruin upon oneself. Idleness is the root of all evils. Many men

43、love idleness. They eat delicious things and wear beautiful clothes, and waste both time and money in pastime. Such a man does not know how to study and work. We have many evils to overcome and much good to do. To get fruitful results we must guard against idleness which leads to much wickedness.4.

44、Title: Traveling (或提纲式作文)Nowadays traveling on holidays has become a fashion in China with the development of economy. Traveling has many advantages. On the whole, I think traveling does more good than harm.Nowadays traveling on holidays has become a fashion in China with the development of economy.

45、 When the demands on food, clothes and some other necessities of life are far beyond satisfied, people have come to spend their extra money on traveling.Traveling has many advantages. Firstly, it provides opportunities for people to taste strange food and to know novel customs that they otherwise wo

46、uld not know. Secondly, through traveling, one may make friends along the way. Thirdly, in traveling, people can broaden their view, enrich their experience of life and expand their scope of knowledge, especially of geography and history. However, traveling also has some disadvantages. For example,

47、perilous peaks and furious rapids may endanger travelers lives. Accommodations and bad weather trouble travelers a lot.On the whole, I think traveling does more good than harm. Those so called disadvantages can even be regarded as good conditions. If both your finance and health permit, you might as

48、 well do some traveling from time to time. Perhaps an exotic atmosphere and charming scenes can attract you so much that you even forget to return.5. Title: What do you think of Internet Internet plays an important role in our life. First of all, there is too much rubbish on the net. There is no dou

49、bt that internet has contributed and will contribute greatly to our life. Internet plays an important role in our life. When you search trough the net, the world seems smaller then ever, and New York seems no farther than your home town. Every hour, thousand of people, including young children, univ

50、ersity students, scientists, businessmen, seek various information through Internet. You can discuss international crisis, football match, or your viewpoint on love and marriage with known or unknown people. In this way, you may make some friends, who share common views with you. When you are in tro

51、uble, you may ask for help through Internet. Whats more, various meeting are held on the net. “What a wonder!” You may say. Yes, Internet is one of the most interesting things man has ever invented. But as many other inventions, it has its own problems. First of all, there is too much rubbish on the

52、 net. Some people are just overenthusiastic to offer valueless information. This, in turn, has led to the increasing difficulty in finding what you want. Officials also find it hard to prevent Internet from the invasion of criminals. And sometimes the cost is so prohibiting to many Chinese There is

53、no doubt that Internet has contributed and will contribute greatly to our life because it is one of the most convenient ways of communication. Once you know it, you cannot resist it. Thousands of people have fallen in love with it. But wont it serve us better if stricter administration is applied to

54、 it?6. Title: Study Abroad Nowadays study abroad has come into fashion. Each year thousands of students and scholars fly to foreign countries to study. Many people are keen on going abroad, especially to America, Canada, Australia, Britain, Japan and other developed countries, therefore the number o

55、f people who take GRE and TOEFL test are on the rise. Attending schools abroad has a lot of advantages. Firstly, many foreign universities can offer better studying conditions and have more advanced teaching equipments, so we can acquire much more advanced knowledge of science and technology there.

56、Secondly, students who study abroad may get in touch with people from various countries; hence they can serve as meditates between people of different cultures so as to promote international understanding. Thirdly, we can grasp and improve a foreign language more quickly and polishing it through mor

57、e frequently using of it. However, study abroad also presents some disadvantages. For example, we may have language barriers in the first few months or financial difficulties before getting a scholarship. Besides these, being far away from their native country and without relatives and friends around, students ma have a sense of loneliness. In spite of these, the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. So