英语写作资料：给GRE班学生的Argument模版

1、给GRE班学生的Argument模版第一部分：Diction Variety，写Argument的时候遣词的多样性。Author：author, writer, arguer, speaker, Concludes that：reaches/arrives at/comes to the conclusion that, advocates that, claims that, Recommends：suggests that, recommends that, Expects：predict, anticipate, expect, Support：support, strengthen,

2、bolster, enhance, uphold, fortify, corroborate, Show Assumption：argues that, claims that, assumes that, reasons that, Show Evidence：provide, cite, point out, present, produce, Statistical Evidence：survey, poll, statistics, study, research, Flawed：groundless, unwarranted, unreliable, untenable, quest

3、ionable, problematic, unfounded, open to doubt, indefensible, ambiguous, flawed, fraught, 第二部分：Sentence Variety，造句的多样性（6-9因为句式单一，反面教材）。1. In this argument, the arguer recommends that To justify the claim, the arguer provides the evidence that In addition, he cites the result of a recent study that 2

4、. In this argument, the arguer advocates that This recommendation is based on the observation that Meanwhile, the arguer assumes that 3. The conclusion in this argument is that In support of this prediction, the arguer claims that Moreover, the arguer assumes that 4. In an attempt to, the article cl

5、aims that. The evidence cited is that Additionally, the author points out that . 5. In this argument the author reaches the conclusion that. The basis for this recommendation is that. An additional reason given in support of this recommendation is that.The author also cites.as an example in support

6、of this recommendation. 6. The conclusion of this argument is that .The author employs several lines of reasoning to reach this conclusion. In the first, the author reasons that In the second, the author points out that 7. The speaker proposes that, and N reasons are offered in support of this argum

7、ent. First, . Second, 8. In this argument, the author concludes that The authors line of reasoning is that 9. In this argument, the author concludes that The author bases this conclusion on the following claims about XXXXX: 第三部分：你的结论（7-10因为承认了原文的部分正确性，反面教材）1. A careful examination of this argument w

8、ould reveal how groundless it is. 2. This line of reasoning is unconvincing for a couple of reasons. 3. This argument is problematic (questionable) for a couple of reasons. 4. The argument is fraught with vague, oversimplified and unwarranted assumptions. 5. The argument is unfounded because the spe

9、aker oversimplifies the problem and its solutions. 6. This argument is unconvincing because several questionable assumptions must be made for the stated evidence to support the authors conclusion. 7. At first glance, the argument appears to be somehow plausible, but further reflection reveals that i

10、t suffers from at least XX logic flaws. 8. At first glance, the authors argument appears to be somewhat convincing, but further reflection reveals that it omits some important concerns that should be addressed to substantiate the argument. 9. At first glance, the authors argument appears to be someh

11、ow appealing, while a close examination will reveal how groundless it is. We do not have to look very far to see the invalidity of this argument. This argument is problematic for the following reasons. 10. While the authors argument has some merit, it suffers from two critical problems.附：Structure V

12、ariety（可以在结构上做出变化）1. Citing facts from / Based on the fact that, the arguer concludes that 2. The authors conclusion that is flawed because it relies on the dubious assumption that Further, the author assumes that And we also do not know whether 3. The idea that is based on N questionable assumption

13、s: In the first place, it can be shown that ; In the second place, it can be shown that It is, therefore, most likely that下面是四个开头的例子，仅供参考： Citing facts drawn from the color-film processing industry that indicate a downward trend in the costs of film processing over a 24-year period, the author argue

14、s that Olympic Foods will likewise be able to minimize costs and thus maximize profits in the future. In support of this conclusion the author cites the general principle that as organizations learn how to do things better, they become more efficient. This principle, coupled with the fact that Olymp

15、ic Foods has had 25 years of experience in the food-processing industry, leads to the authors rosy prediction. This argument is unconvincing because it suffers from two critical flaws. In this argument the author concludes that the city should allocate some of its arts funding to public television.

16、The conclusion is based on two facts: (1) attendance at the citys art museum has increased proportionally with increases in visual-arts program viewing on public television, and (2) public television is being threatened by severe cuts in corporate funding. While this argument is somewhat convincing,

17、 a few concerns need to be addressed. A newspaper publisher is recommending that the price of its paper, The Mercury, be reduced below the price of a competing newspaper The Bugle. This recommendation is in response to a severe decline in circulation of The Mercury during the 5 -year period followin

18、g the introduction of The Bugle. The publishers line of reasoning is that lowering the price of The Mercury will increase its readership, thereby increasing profits because a wider readership attracts more advertisers. This line of reasoning is problematic in two critical respects.The editorial reco

19、mmends that the school board of Nova High spend a greater portion of available funds on the purchase of additional computers and adopt interactive computer instruction throughout the curriculum. Two reasons are offered in support of this recommendation. First, the introduction of interactive compute

20、r instruction in three academic subjects was immediately followed by a decline in the school dropout rate. Second, impressive achievements in college were experienced by last years graduates. This argument is unconvincing for two reasons.第四部分：结尾的模版1. In conclusion, the arguer fails to validate the c

21、onclusion that A. To solidify the argument, the arguer should provide more concrete evidence to demonstrate/prove that B. In addition, the arguer would have to rule out the abovementioned possibilities that would undermine the arguers claim. 2. To sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility because the

22、 evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer claims. To make the argument more convincing/solidify the argument, the arguer would have to provide more/specific information/evidence concerning A. 3. As it stands, the argument is not well reasoned. To make it logical

23、ly acceptable, the arguer should demonstrate that A. Additionally, the arguer should provide more evidence to validate/substantiate the conclusion. 4. To conclude, the argument is not persuasive as it stands. Before we accept the claim, the arguer should present more substantial facts to prove that

24、A. Besides, to better access the argument, we still need more information concerning B. 5. In summary, the conclusion reached in this argument is invalid and misleading. To make the argument more convincing/persuasive, the arguer would have to prove that A. Moreover, I would suspend my judgment abou

25、t the credibility of the recommendation until the arguer can provide concrete evidence that B. 6. In sum, the author fails to validate the conclusion that D. To make it logically acceptable, the author should demonstrate that A and that B. In addition, the arguer would have to provide more concrete

26、evidence, especially the information concerning C, to rule out the abovementioned possibility that would undermine the authors claim.附：结尾的例子（观点总结）1. In conclusion, each of the studies cited by the author bases its findings on evidence that does not represent dieters in general; for this reason, neit

27、her premise of this argument is a reliable generalization. Consequently, I am not convinced that dieters are better off consuming sugar instead of aspartame.下面是六个Possible Improvement：1. In conclusion, this is a weak argument. To strengthen the conclusion that Apogee should close field offices and ce

28、ntralize, this author must provide a thorough cost-benefit analysis of available alternatives and rule out factors other than decentralization that might be affecting current profits negatively. 2. In conclusion, this is a weak argument. To strengthen the recommendation that the manager of the purch

29、asing department be replaced, the author would have to demonstrate that the falling revenues were a result of the delays in manufacturing. Additionally, the author would have to show that knowledge of the properties of metals is a prerequisite for planning in purchasing metals. 3. In conclusion, thi

30、s argument is unacceptable. To strengthen the argument the author would have to provide evidence that the population of younger consumers will remain relatively constant over the next decade. 4. In conclusion, the recommendation that Nova High spend a greater portion of available funds on the purcha

31、se of additional computers and adopt interactive computer instruction throughout the curriculum is ill-founded. To strengthen this recommendation the author would have to demonstrate that the decline in the dropout rate and the impressive performance of recent graduates came about as a result of the

32、 use of computer-interactive instruction. All that has been shown so far is a correlation between these events.第五部分：逻辑错误攻击模版1、可疑数据之Respondent The statistical evidence cited in the argument is problematic because the repondents views are not necessarily representative of the views of A in general. Fo

33、r example, because the survey has to do with B , it makes sense that only those who BB would respond to it, thereby distorting the overall picture of B among A Without knowing how the survey was conducted, it is impossible to assess whether or not this is the case.2、可疑数据之模糊信息 The information provide

34、d in this program / The poll cited by the author is too vague to be informative / described in the vaguest possible terms. The claim does not indicate who conducted this survey, who responded, or when, where and how the survey was conducted. Lacking information about the number of people surveyed an

35、d the number of the respondent, it is impossible to assess / evaluate the validity of the results. For example, if 200 persons are surveyed but only 2 responded, the conclusion that would be highly suspect. Because the argument offers no evidence that would rule out this kind of interpretation / exp

36、lanation, until / Until these questions are answered, the results of the survey are worthless as evidence for the conclusion.3、Hasty Generalization The author commits a fallacy of hasty generalization in assuming that A will automatically result in / lead to B. The author does not provide sufficient

37、 evidence to support the claim. The example cited, while suggestive in trends, is insufficient to warrant its truth because there is no reason to believe that B will occur automatically. For instance, Thus, there is no guarantee of 4、Post hoc, ergo propter hoc（时间先后和因果混淆） The author commits a fallacy

38、 of “Post hoc, ergo propter hoc” in assuming that A is the cause of B. The only evidence offered to support the claim is that A occurred before B. However, the evidence is insufficient to establish the claim in question because a mere chronological relationship is only one of the indicators of a cau

39、sal relationship and, therefore, does not necessarily prove a causal relationship. To establish a general causal relationship between A and B, other factors that could result in B should be considered and eliminated. For example, The authors failure to investigate or even consider other possible exp

40、lanations for B renders the conclusion based upon it highly suspect. 5、Cum hoc, ergo propter hoc（同时发生和因果关系混淆） The author commits the fallacy of “Cum hoc, ergo propter hoc” in assuming that A is the sole reason behind B. However, the evidence offered is insufficient to support the claim: A mere positive correlation between A and B does not necessarily prove a causal relationship. To est