阿司匹林的历史

1、阿司匹林的历史 正如被医生发现的众多用处一样令人惊讶，阿司匹林的故事也是令人惊叹和丰富的。它起源于一种当地的草本药物，作为常见止痛药的作用的延伸。现在由于这种药物要保护生命方面的潜在价值，它的角色在不断地改变着。这些都是世界各地数以千计的医生和科学家的功劳。Major historical events:阿司匹林发展史：c400 BC In Greece Hippocrates gives women willow leaf tea to relieve the pain of childbirth.公元前400年，希腊医生希波克拉底给妇女服用柳叶煎茶来减轻分娩的痛苦。1763 Reveren

2、d Edward Stone of Chipping Norton near Oxford gives dried willow bark to 50 parishioners suffering rheumatic fever.公元1763年，奇平诺顿（与牛津镇相邻）的爱德华斯顿用晒干的柳树皮给教区内的50位患有风湿热的病人治病。Describes his findings in a letter to the Royal Society of London.并在寄给伦敦皇家会的信上讲述了他的这一发现。1823 In Italy the active ingredient is extrac

3、ted from willow and named salicin.1823年，在意大利，从柳树中提取出有用的成分，命名为水杨苷。1838 Salicin also found in the meadowsweet flower by Swiss and German researchers.1838年，瑞士和德国的研究者从绣线菊中同样发现了水杨苷。1853 Salicylic acid made from salicin by French scientists but it is found to irritate the gut.1853年，法国科学家从水杨苷中提取出水杨酸，但是对胃肠的

4、刺激很大。1893 German scientists find that adding an acetyl group to salicylic acid reduces its irritant properties.1893年，德国科学家发现给水杨酸加上一个乙酰基，这样减少了它的刺激作用。1897 In Germany, Bayers Felix Hoffmann develops and patents a process for synthesising acetyl salicylic acid or aspirin. First clinical trials begin.189

5、7年德国，拜耳公司的霍夫曼开发了并拥有人工合成水杨酸（或者叫阿司匹林）的专利。第一个临床试验开始了。1899 Clinical trials are successfully completed. aspirin launched.1899年临床试验获得成功，阿司匹林成功投入市场。1914 International trade in pharmaceuticals interrupted by the outbreak of World War I. Australian pharmacist G. R. Nicholas wins a competition to find a new w

6、ay of producing aspirin.1914年，由于一战，国际药物贸易受到阻碍。澳大利亚的药学家GR 尼古拉斯发明了一种提取阿司匹林的新方法。1930s Bayers patent on acetyl salicylic acid runs out. It becomes a generic drug.1930年，拜耳的专利没有了。阿司匹林变成了非专利药品。1974 First evidence of aspirins effects in preventing heart attacks: Professor Elwood.1974年，阿司匹林在预防心脏病方面的功效得到埃尔伍德教

7、授的证实。1982 English scientist Professor Sir John Vane and two Swedish colleagues, Sune Bergstr?m and Bengt Samuelsson win Nobel prize for discovering the role of aspirin in inhibiting prostaglandin production.1982年，英国科学家约翰?文和另两位瑞典的同事苏呐?贝里斯特伦、本特?萨穆埃尔松因发现阿司匹林在抑制前列腺素的增殖方面的作用而获得诺贝尔医学奖。1989 US researchers

8、report preliminary study suggesting that aspirin may delay the onset of senile dementia 1994 - Professor Henk C S Wallenburg of Rotterdam shows that aspirin may help in treating pre-eclampsia in pregnant women.1989年，美国研究人员报告早期的研究表明阿司匹林可能推迟高级别痴呆的开始期，,1994年鹿特丹科学家Henk C S Wallenburg实验证明阿司匹林可能帮助治疗孕妇的先兆子

9、痫综合症。1995 American researchers find evidence that aspirin protects against bowel cancer.1995年，美国研究人员发现阿司匹林保护肠癌的证据。1997 aspirin is now used or being tested for use in the following conditions:-1997年，阿司匹林现在被用作或者检测以下疾病：Heart attacks心脏病aspirin is now accepted as an important weapon in the prevention of

10、heart disease. After the first study by Elwood and Cochrane was reported in the British Medical Journal (1974, 1, 436) larger trials involving 20,000 US doctors showed that aspirin reduced the risk of coronary thrombosis by 44 per cent. A single dose of 300 mg is now recommended for patients in the

11、acute stages of a heart attack followed by a daily dose of 75-100 mg. A similar low dose treatment regime is recommended for patients with angina, a history of heart problems or who have undergone coronary by pass surgery.阿司匹林现在被广泛作为预防心脏病的一个重要武器。继艾尔伍德和科克兰在英国医学杂志上发表了第一个研究后，涉及2000人的大规模试验显示阿司匹林使冠状动脉血栓的

12、风险降低了44%。对于处于严重期的心脏病，医生建议将之前每天75-100毫克的剂量增加到300毫克。医生也建议有心绞痛、心脏病史或做过冠状手术的人使用类似的剂量治疗。Strokes中风A trial reported in the Lancet this year (vol 349 p 1641) is the latest in a sequence of studies showing that aspirin reduces the risk of strokes in patients with early warning signs of transient ischaemic at

13、tacks. Further trials showed a small but definite benefit in reducing mortality in those patients (T.I.A.s) in the acute phase of a stroke.今年发表在柳叶刀上的一项实验是最近的一些研究表明阿司匹林雳减少了病人患中风的风险。有早期的短暂缺血性心脏病。进一步的实验表明阿司匹林对于控制处于严重中风时期的病人的死亡确实有作用，虽然并不大。Pregnancy Complications怀孕并发症Pre-eclampsia and foetal growth retar

14、dation, both caused by blockages of the blood vessels of the placenta, are two of the commonest complications of pregnancy - there are 50,000 cases of pre-eclampsia in Britain a year. In a trial involving more than 9000 women in 16 countries, a daily dose of 60 mg aspirin reduced the risk of pre-ecl

15、ampsia by 13 per cent. Earlier research suggested that the benefits were even greater.先兆子痫综合症和胎儿生长延迟，都是由胎盘血管阻塞造成的。这两个是最常见的怀孕并发症，在英国每年有5000例妊娠毒血症。一个涉及16个国家的9000位妇女的实验表明，60毫克的剂量将妊娠毒血症的患病风险减少了13%。早期的研究表明服用阿司匹林的益处更多。Colon cancer结肠癌In a long term study of 90,000 US nurses between 1976 and 1995, those who

16、 took 4-6 tablets of aspirin a week had a reduced incidence of colorectal cancer. The benefits were greatest in those who had taken the drugs the longest.在1976年到1995年，长时间的研究对9000位美国那些每周服用4-6粒阿司匹林的人患结肠癌的几率更低。服药时间越长，效果越明显。Diabetes -糖尿病Blindness, coronary artery disease, stroke and kidney failure are a

17、ll common complications of diabetes resulting from impaired blood circulation. The benefits of taking one aspirin a day are now so widely accepted that it is considered unethical to perform placebo controlled trials to prove the case.失明、冠状主动脉疾病、中风和肾衰竭都是糖尿病的常见并发症，都是由于血液循环损坏造成的。每天服一粒阿司匹林的好处被广泛接受，以致于人们

18、认为使用安慰剂对照实验来证明它的疗效是不道德的。Dementia (including Alzheimers disease)痴呆（包括老年痴呆症）Some form of dementia affects about one in four people aged 70 years or above. There is some evidence that aspirin may help prevent both the condition resulting from impaired blood flow and the most serious form of dementia, Alzheimers disease. The latter is believed to be an inflammatory condition similar to arthritis. aspirin is a highly effective anti-inflammatory drug and a preliminary stu