外文翻译ProductionSystemsDesign制造系统设计

1、沈阳航空工业学院毕业设计（外文翻译）11P roduction Systems DesignThe design of a production system starts with the design of the product to be manufactured. Figure 6. 1 describes a typical sequenceof steps starting with a product design concept that culminates in a final product design for manufacture. Product enginee

2、rs are those individuals in a manufacturing organization most familiar with the function of a p roduct.a nd the customers cha nging n eeds relative to that p roduct.Production UnitsManufturingEngineeringProduct EngineeringFigure 6. 1 The desig n manu facturi ng In terface.Arts-Way Manu facturi ng is

3、 a manu facturer of farm mach inery in Armstro ng, Iowa. As soon as the beet harvesti ng seas on comes to an end at the end of summer, Arts Way p roduct engin eeri ng and marketi ng personnel evaluate their most rece nt harvester desig n successes and any unique con diti ons or p roblems that affect

4、ed the p erforma nee of their equipment. There s nothing like a harvest to bring to light the strengths and weaknesses of a harvester desig n. As soon as the harvester p erforma nee in formatio n is collected and evaluated and customer and dealer Inputs have bee n reviewed. it is likely that desig n

5、 impro veme nts andrProductionrelated engin eeri ng tests will begi n immediately for an imp roved harvester p roduct to be available for n ext summer. The more mature is the desig n. the fewer desig n cha nges that will likely be devel oped duri ng the n ext impro veme nt cycle. This is the kind of

6、 in terest a small manufacturer has in its products that no amount of central planning in the Soviet economy could have ever successfully dup licated. The Russia ns should talk to the people in Armstr on g, Iuwa, and watch them an alyze, desig n. And make harvesters if they want to lear n how to mak

7、e farm mach inery the America n way. If all goes well, the nine mon ths betwee n harvests will p rovide sufficie nt time to make the desired engin eeri ng tests,a nd to add desig n impro veme nts n eeded before the release of material requisiti ons, so that n ext years impro ved harvesters will he r

8、eady in time, It is not un com mon that, as the time app roaches to make material releases for the impro ved desig ns, p roduct engin eeri ng will beg for more time to run one more test. A say ing in the.Architectural and Engin eeri ng (A&E) bus in ess ofte n app lies in this situati on: So oner or

9、later you have to shoot the engin eer and build the build in g. The best compro mise ofte n is for some p roduct impro veme nts to wait for n ext years p roduct desig n. It will be no ted in reviewi ng Figure 6. 1 that much of the shove effort lies in in teract ions betwee n product engineering, man

10、ufacturing engineering, and production. The manufacture of a new desig n is always a p rocess of discovery .In Frederick W. Taylors days, the new desig n for a mach ine eleme nt might be a line draw n on the mold ing shop floor, which the master mold maker would the n use to p roduce a stron ger mac

11、hi ne eleme nt for the n ext test of. the mach ine. Whe n the stron ger part was molded. It would be In stalled on the mach ine, the mach ine would run for some sec on ds, min uites, or hours. And would fail aga in, ofte n in a differe nt pl ace, and the p rocess would be rep eated. Ultimately, a ma

12、ch ine desig n would evolve that would p roduce a machi ne that would run all the time. These mach ines were sold to customers. With todays p erfected engin eeri ng kno wledge it is much more likely that the design will perform as designed, if not the first time. with far fewer prototype redesig ns.

13、 Expert systems and Taguchi methods, both to be discussed later in this text. Pro vide the means for doing a much better job today of op timiz ing both the p roduct desig n in its un derly ing function and ide ntify ing the best means of manu facture for p roduc ing a highquality. Reliable, and cost

14、 effective p roduct.Com puter-Aided Drafting and design (CADD)Whereas desig n may have bee n acco mp lished with a stick on the mold ing shop floor in Tailors time, CAD/CAE/CAM(co mp uter-aided desig n,compu ter-aidedengin eeri ng ,co mpu ter-aided manu facturi ng) is beco ming the p referred means

15、today for p roduc ing desig ns. Most people think of CADD (co mpu ter-aided draft ing and desig n) as sim ply electro nic draft ing, which greatly un derstates the compu ter revoluti on associated with the tasks imp lied in Figure 6. 1. The followi ng excer pt from a paper by Floyd concerning the us

16、e of CADD in the automotive in dustry p rovides some in sight as to the overall comp rehe nsive ness of the compu ter revoluti on in engin eered p roduct desig n today. CAD/CAE/CAM for the Automotive IndustryBrya n FloydExecutive Man ager Mecha ni cal Desig n/En gig neeri ng/Ma nun facturi ng. In te

17、rgra ph CorpFully integrated design, engineering, and manufacturing. Automotive manufacturing is a comp lex bus in ess that in tegrates the efforts of many dep artme nts and disc ip li nes. Tools that pro mote the in tegrati on of desig n, engin eeri ng, and manu facturi ng p rocesses yield the grea

18、test p roductivity ben efits. In tergra ph offers automakers the master model Concepts single Intelligent product definition that drives all aspects of development, from concept through p roduct ion. In tergra ph s tightly in tegrated systems elimi nate in termediate tran sferor re-e ntry of data be

19、twee n desig n. An alysis, and manu facturi ng p hases. Additi on ally, all p roduct devel opment cap abilities are simulta neously accessible through a sin gle user in terface, allow ing engin eers to comb ine fun cti ons, as n eeded, without cha nging en vir onmen ts, Concep tual desig n and styli

20、 ng. In tergra ph systems pro vide adva need tools for concep tual desig n and automotive styli ng, with high-p erforma nee grap hics for concept visualizatio n and com muni cati on. I/DESIGN. In tergra phs In dustrial desig n system.In cludes high p recisi on modeli ng and p hoto realistic ren deri

21、 ng cap abilities that aid in devel oping a function al, ergo no mic, and aesthetic desig n. P recisio n geometric modeli ng. Automotive engineers require CAD/CAE/CAM modeling that ran precisely describe comp lex surfaces and compi etely model In tricate assemblies. In tergra ph meets these dema nds

22、 with the Engin eeri ng Modeli ng System (I/EMS). which isbased on highly accurate non-uniform rati onal B-s pli ne (NURBS) mathematics. In tergra ph is disti nguished from other CAD/CAE/CAM ven dors by offeri ng adva need geometric modeli ng as a foun datio n for an alysis and manu facturi ng.Solid

23、 modeli ng. Whe n desig ning an automobile, engineers must know Critical geometric properties including massesand displacement volumes that are only available with solid modeli ng tech niq ues. Prop erty calculati ons, such as volume, cross secti onal area. radius of gyratio n, mome nts of In ertia.

24、 mass den sity, and others are in cluded in I/EMS as sta ndard functions supporting the sofwares solid modeli ng capability.Assembly design and configuration management. Automotive development depends on a wealth of app licati on data for thousa nds of componen ts. In tergra ph pro vides P roduct Da

25、ta Man ager (I/PDM) as a comp lete system for con trolli ng and managing access to the product database. Without regard for physical storage locations, file names. or op erati ng system p latforms. engin eers can locate and retrieve data from any locati on on a heteroge neous network. Structural an

26、alysis. By simulati ng p erforma nee characteristics of desig ns before p roducts are built, automakers comp lete desig ns in less time and reduce overdesig n. Fin ite eleme nt an alysis tech niq ues help en sure comp lia nee with p erforma nee sta ndards and reduce the risk of failure in the field.

27、 These ben efits are achieved with automatic and in teractive meshi ng.Hada ptive refi neme nt tech no logy and in tegrated solver and full postprocessing functions,all available with Intergraphs Finite Element Modeling (I/FEM system.Plastics design and analysisWhe n In tegrated Into the mecha ni ca

28、l desig n p rocess, plastics design and analysis functions can improve the quality of plastic components, in crease yield, and reduce manu facturi ng cycle times. PI astics engin eers can p redict plastics behavior under molding conditions using the injection Flow Analysis (I/FLO) package. The FLOW

29、model can then be used in conjunction with the Plastics Cooling Analysis (l/COOL) software to analyze heat transfer in cooling circuit layouts. By an alyz ing temp erature distributio n .Engin eers can reduce distortio n and cooli ng times forin fected p lastic p arts.Mechanism and kinematic analysi

30、s Engineers designing mechanical systems must determ ine how forces and motio ns vary over time to achieve p erforma nee goals and elimi nate part to part In terfere nee. With Mecha ni cal Systems Modeler (l/MSM). engin eers an alyze motio ns and part to part in teract ions and con duct kin ematic a

31、nd ki netostatic an alyses with the built in soluti on p rogram. To con duct static equilibrium and dyn amic analyses,engineers have accessto I/MSMs modeling and post processing functions and direct In terface to third party p rograms, in cludi ng ADAMS and DADS.Manufacturing cap abilities. The dive

32、rsity of p rocesses required in automotive p roducti on dema nds a versatile set of manu facturi ng tools. In tergra ph manu facturi ng soluti ons in clude the In dustrys broadest range of NC p rogram ming and fabricati on tools, I/NC. In tergra ph s off line p rogram ming en vir onment. Supp orts m

33、achi ning cap abilities for mult ipl e-axis milling, thermal cutting, wire EDM, turret punching, and turning. Integrated fabrication software addresses flat p atter n devel opment and n est ing p rocesses.Integrated designand manufacturing. To mini mize p roduct ion lead times, In crease equipment a

34、nd material yields, and reduce errors. I ntergra ph offers automakers compi ete CAD-to-CAM integration. M8nufacturing processes are developed directly from the design model, An intelligent database structure automatically maintains the relationships between component geometries, toolpaths, machine a

35、nd tool characteristics, and other variables to greatly reduce the input required to gen erate, maintain, and verify manu facturi ng data.Electronic design and analysis. The Increasing electronic content of automobiles dema nds coord in ati on of electro nic and mecha ni cal desig n p rocesses. To s

36、atisfy this dema nd In tergra ph pro vides a full suite of In tegrated electr onics desig n app licati ons. The Design Engineer series of products works in conjunction with mechanical design app licatio ns to pro mote a con curre nt engin eeri ng en vir onmentFacilities mauagement. To op erate at p

37、eak efficie ncy. manu facturi ng facilities must optimize spatial and functional relationships. Designers can avoid trial-and-error space planning and factory layout with P roject Planner, a software p ackage that models facilities, simulates manufacturing scenarios, and determines an optimal lit wi

38、thin the building envelope.Compu ter Aided Process Planning.ee ording to the Tool & Manu facturi ng Engin eers Han dbook, p rocess planning is the systematic determ in ati on of the methods by which a p roduct is to be manu factured econo mically and docume ntati on. Processes, machi nes, tools, op

39、erati ons, and seque nces must be selected. Such factors as feeds, sp eeds, tolera nces, dime nsions, and costs must be calculated. Fin ally, docume nts in the form of set up in structi ons, work in structi on s, illustrated p rocess sheets, and rout ings must be prep ared.P rocess planning is an in

40、 termediate stage betwee n desig ning and manu facturi ng the p roduct. But how well does it bridge desig n and manu facturi ng?Most manufacturing engineers would agree that, if ten different planners were asked to devel op a p rocess p la n for the same part, they would p robably come up with ten d

41、iffere nt plans. Obviously, and, in fact, there is no guara ntee that any one of them will con stitute the op timum method for manu facturi ng the p art.What may be eve n more disturb ing is that a p rocess plan devel oped for a part duri ng a curre nt manu facturi ng p rogram may be quote differe n

42、t form the p la n devel oped for the same or similar part duri ng a p revious manu facturi ng p rogram and it may n ever be used again for the same or similar part. That representsa lot of wasted effort and produces a great many incon siste ncies in routi ng, tooli ng, labor requireme nts, costi ng,

43、 and p ossibly eve n pu rchase requireme nts.Of course, p rocess plans should not n ecessarily rema in static. As lot sizes cha nge and new tech no logy, equipment, and p rocessesbecome available, the most effective way to manufacture a particular part also changes, and those changes should be refle

44、cted in curre nt p rocess plans released to the sho p.A planner must man age and retrieve a great deal of data and many docume nts, including established standards, mach-inability data, machine specifications, tooling inventories, stock availability, and existing process plans. This is primarily an

45、in formati on-ha ndli ng job, and the compu ter is an ideal companion.There is an ther adva ntage to using compu ters to help with p rocess planning. Because the task invo Ives many in terrelated activities, determ ining the op timum p la n requires many-iterati ons. Since compu ter can readily p er

46、form vast nu mbers of comp aris ons, many more alter native plans can readily p erform vast nu mbers of comp aris ons, many more alter native plans can be explored tha n would be po ssible manu ally.A third adva ntage in the use of compu ter-aided p rocess planning is uni formity.Several sp ecific b

47、en efits can be exp ected from the adop ti on of compu ter-aided p rocess-planning tech niq ues:Reduced clerical effort in prep arati on of in structi ons.Fewer calculati on errors due to huma n error.Fewer oversights in logic or in structi ons because of the prompting cap ability available with in

48、teractive compu ter p rograms.Immediate access to up-to-data in formati on from a cen tral database.Con siste nt in formati on, because every planner accesses the same database.Faster res ponse to cha nges requested by engin eeri ng of other op erati ng dep artme nts. Automatic use of the latest rev

49、isio n of a part draw ing.More-detailed, more-uniform process-plan statements produced by word-processing tech niq ues.More-effective use of inventories of tools, gages and fixtures and a concomitant reducti on in the variety of those items.Better com muni cati on with shop personnel because plans c

50、an be more sp ecifically tailored to a p articular task and p rese nted in un ambiguous, proven Ian guage.Better information for production planning, including cutter-life, forecasting, materials-requireme nts planning, scheduli ng, and inven tory con trol.制造系统设计制造系统设计开始于产品制造的设计，图6.1介绍的是一项产品从概念设计到最

51、后完成产品的典型的次序步骤。产品工程师是那些在产品制造业中最熟悉产品功能和 客户的不同需求的人。Production UnitsManufwturing EngineeringProduct EngmecTiDgProduction图6.1Art-Way农机制造业厂商在啊姆斯特朗、爱荷华地区。在收获季节即将结束时，Art-Way的设计人员就会衡量收割机设计的成功之处，械的工作条件，以及特殊情况影响了机械运行的问题，没有什么可以象收割一样来揭示收割机的优点和不足了。尽快的收集收割机的工作资料信息和做出的评估以及经销商和客户资金的投入。这样， 设计的改善和相关的动力改进将会马上为了明年的更新进的收

52、割机进行测试和生产。 比较成熟的设计将会在以后的设计周期减少改进。这种小型厂商的利益，没有自己产品的金额,在中央规划 苏联经济能不断成功复制。俄国人效仿啊姆斯特朗、爱荷华人， 看他门农机的设计和分析去制造走自己的美国之路。如果一切顺利，在丰收季节之间将有足够的9个月时间去做工程调整，补充，设 计改进，以及物资调用。这样明年的新收割机就会准备好。工程上乞求多做实验是很平常的。在建筑和工程上有句话：“Sooner or later you have to shoot the engineerand build the building。”最好的折衷往往是一些产品的改进等待明年的产品设计回顾图6.1

53、上述办法在产品工程、制造业工程学和生产之间的相互作用这种方式有着 很大的帮助。一个新的制造设计总是体现一个发现的过程。在Frederick W.Taylor当 天零件制造商会画出模具图，用更好的机械做出模具从而生产零件。当生产出来的更好的零件被安装在机械中，这个部件会一直不停的运转，不停的重复一个运动过程来测试它的强度。最终一个一直使用的老部件将被它取代，机械的设计也将演变。这 些被通过完善的设计理念和设计方法制造出的机器被卖给了客户，如果不是第一次设计则以前的设计将被用作借鉴原型。专家系统和Taguchi方法将在本文后面解释，可 靠性高，优质的产品是在优秀的产品设计和最佳的制造手段的前提下制

54、造的。计算机辅助草图设计在Taylor时间内，设计就是基础。计算机辅助设计/计算机辅助制造/计算机辅 助工艺设计今天正在成为首选方式制作设计.大多数人认为，作为单纯的电子起草设 计是最好的设计方式。然而人们大大低估了计算机革命对人类的隐含意义。图6.1以下节录了一份有关使用弗洛伊德在汽车工业提供一些具体例子。今天电脑革命已经被设计人士用做全面性整体策划产品设计。自动化工业中的 CAD/CAE/CAM布来恩弗洛伊德行政经理机械设计/工程/制造Intergraph总公司自动话制造是许多部门促进设计、工程、制造的整合，一系列的生产线推进一体化设计、工艺、产量提高，是促进设计的综合化的工具而且给制造的

55、过程产生很多的 好处。Intergraph提供汽车制造者主要式样概念：独特，聪明的产品限定使得所有方 面有了很大的发展，从概念到生产，Intergraph的紧紧集成了系统的数据再进入设计、 分析和制造业阶段，另外，没有变化的环境，所有产品开发和联合设计都是通过一个 单用户接口使得得到允许工程师在需要时可以共同使用。精确的几何学模式。制造工程师可以精确地描述复杂表面和完全地塑造零件模型。Intergraph适应这些需要基于高度准确不均匀的合理的多槽轴（NURBS）的工程数学产生的（I/EMS）工程学。In tergra ph通过卓越的先进零件塑造提供给给凸轮供营商作为产品的分析和制造。实体造型。

56、在设计一辆汽车，工程师必须知道关键性能包括群众和位移量，自己只是提供实体建模技术.实体包括很多设计参数例如容量，断面面积、回旋半径，转动 惯量，许多密度和其他在I/EMS包，括作为支持软件的实体造型的软件部分装配设计和配置管理。汽车的发展有赖于丰富的数以千计的零件,应用数据。Intergraph提供产品数据管理（I/PDM系统）作为一个,完整的管理体系,并丫0拥有产 品数据库.不同的储存地点的档案，或是操作系统平台，工程师可以找到并定位于任何 一种形式通过联网取回数据.结构分析0设计建造之前模拟产品性能特点,用较少时间完成汽车设计,并减少了 设计量.有限元分析技术，协助确保制造绩标准，减少失败

57、的风险。这些有利条件可 以实现自动和交互式啮合，细化和综合技术求解、全功能后处理，并且连接 Intergraph所有的有限元建模（I/FEM）系统。塑胶设计与分析。当并入机械设计过程中，设计分析功能可以提高塑料的塑料部 件的质量、增加产量、效率，工程师可以预测塑料制造周期.塑料工程师能在造型情 况下预计塑料射入流程（I/FLOW）模具的过程。（I/FLOW）模型在电路冷却的过程中可 能与冷却分析（I/COOL）软件的塑料一道分析然后再分析热传递。通过分析温度状态， 工程师可以减少塑料零件畸变和冷却时间机械和运动学分析。工程师设计的机械系统必须确定力和运动如何随着时间的 推移实现生产目的目标，并消除部分部件之间干扰。用机械系统模型