建筑学专业外文翻译 建筑设计空间中的语法

1、外文原文SP ACE SYNTAX IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNDesig n is a sop histicated cog nitive activity .In architecture, this activitybegi ns by gen erat ing an abstract idea and continues by tran sform ingit to concretespatialformations. Whether it is called as “image”(Alexander,1964),“ primarygenerator ” (Darke

2、, 1984),“conjecture ” (Hillier, et al., 1984),“ orga nisingprinciple ” (Rowe, 1987) or concept (Lawson, 2003) all refers to thesame: the ideathat makes an architectural desig n unique or differe nt from all others. Finding aunique way in which sp aces are formulated to reflect these ideas con stitut

3、es thenext step of design activity;in other words to find a way to transformthese abstractideas into spatialformations.the architectconsolidatesBy gen erati ngdiffere ntpropo sals and testi ng them,his/her ideas or re-defines them in order to gainsatisfied sp atial formati ons.This paper in vestigat

4、es the research theme by focus ing on:1. Desig n activity itself, its n ature and architectural desig n p rocess,2. Space syn tax itself, its main idea and its role in architectural ractice.Space syn tax is theory of space and a set of an alytical, qua ntitative anddescriptive tools for analysing th

5、e spatial formations in differentforms: buildings,cities, in terior sp aces or Ian dsca pes (Hillier and Hanson, 1984, Hillier, 1996).Main interestof space syntax isthe relationbetween human beings andtheirexistthrough the organisationofspaces (Dursun and Saglamer,2003). Space Syn taxcallsthis relat

6、i onalcharacteristicof space as configurationand proposed the idea thatit is this characteristicforms the huma n behaviourthus contains the socialin habitedsp aces. It is believed that dist inctivecharacteristics of societies with in sp atial systems, and their kno wledge is con veyed through space

7、itself, and kno wledge.The aim of space syn tax research is to devel op strategies of descri pti on for con figuri ng in habited sp aces in such a way that the un derly ing social meaning can be enun ciated. This is turn can allow for sec on dary theories or ofte n p racticalexplan ati ons to be dev

8、e loped regard ing the effects of sp atial con figurati on on various social or cultural variables. A related theme in space syn tax research is to un dersta nd con figured sp ace itself, p articularly its formative p rocess and its social meaning (Bafna, 2003).In brief, space syntax is an attempt t

9、o constitutea configurational theory inarchitecture by gen erat ing a theoretical un dersta nding of how people make and usesp atialcon figurati ons,in other words,an attempt toidentifyhow spatialconfigurationsexpress a social or culturalmeaning and how sp atialcon figurati onsgen erate the social i

10、n teract ions in built environments.Great variety of researchand p ublicati onshows that earliestspace syntax worksfocused on real environmentsand tried to identifythe intrinsicnature of man madeenvironments.By developingcon siste nttech niq uesfor therep rese ntati onandanalysisof spatialpatterns.r

11、ecent space syntax works attemptto simulate spatialwould work.“ Spacedesign proposals and arrive at a basis for predictinghow they syntax research is reason based, and more rigorous than most, but it has effectively led to the study of architectural in tuiti on through its creati ons. In p ractice,

12、desig n pro ceeds by mix ing in tuiti on and reas on. Space syn tax makes the deployment of non-discursive in tuiti on more rati onalDesig n P ractice in Buildi ng Con text: Tate Brita inAdm ini strati ondep artme nt of Tate Brita inhas decided to improve museumlayoutby providingnew exhibitionspaces

13、. The idea was to design a new wing with a scuIpture courtyard as exte nsion to exist ing gallery. Space Syn tax has bee n commissi oned byTate Brita in to assist Tate Britai n and its architects Allies and Morris on.Space Syn taxLaboratory has con tributedto the desig npro cessboth byillu min at in

14、gthe social culture in the museumwhich was con veyed through the sp atial con figurati on itself and helping architectsAfter being defined how the existingspatial layout works spatially,comparative an alyses of propo sals in term of their p ossible effects on the museum have bee n carried out. Among

15、 the propo sals first one inten ded to create a new gallery wing for the p erma nent collect ion havi ng a p assage entrance through the Clore Gallery.An exter nal scu Ip ture court was planned at the back of this wing. In the sec ondproposal, some of the new gallery spaces were added on the north s

16、ide ofthe buildinglinearlyand the others were designed at the back of this as a separatewing shapingan open court at the centre. Third one introduced a new north wing thatwill be usedas temporary exhibiti on space and the area which is curre ntly used for temporaryexhibiti onwas desig ned to host th

17、e p erma nent collect ion.In this op ti on,exter nalscuIpturecourt was formed between the new gallery wing and the Clore Galleryhav inga link to new caf e and bookshop space.This study has illustrated that the sp ace syn tax p rovided a useful tool forpeople to think about space. By employing eviden

18、ee based approach, first itbecamepo ssible to cap ture the sp atial characteristics of the museum and the n differe ntideas were tested in terms of their effect on the whole sp atial con figurati on tosee how space will be used and experieneed by their inhabitants. If designisa ki ndof activity that

19、 can be lear ned by doing and exp erie ncing, this app roach p rovidescan leada useful tool for students to learn from their design decisions.This then them in creati ng new ideas as well as deve loping and evolv ing their prop osals.Desig n pro cess in architecture is not a systematic or p rocedura

20、l pro cess. It is rather a making and discovery p rocess which pro ceeds by creati ng and testi ng desig n ideas. By tak ing into acco unt desig n con stra in ts, architects use a great variety of scie nee based kno wledge as well as his/her in dividual exp erie nces and beliefs in this pro cess. Th

21、e way how the architect brings these together or what are his/her p riorities, or how s/he un dersta nds and evaluates them is totallysubjective.The role of spacesyntax in architecturaldesign can be summarised asfollows:1. In the dialoguebetween architect and designed space, space syntaxp rese ntsa

22、Ianguage for thinkingand talking about space. This is a Ianguage which architectsaren t familiar to use. It is morescie ntific, more mathematical. However it isimportant as it makes non-discursive characteristics of space discursive and puts the space into a more exte nsive debate.2. Space syn tax c

23、arriesscie nee based kno wledge intodesig npro cess. It establishes a link betwee n research and desig n; in this way con stitutes the core of “evidenee based design ” (Hanson, 2001).3. If design is an activity which is learned by making and testing,space syntaxcon tributesto this p rocess by p rovi

24、di ngtools for architects to explore their ideas,to understand the possible effects of theirproposals,as well as to show how their desig ns will work.4. The strik ing point is that sp ace syn tax gives a cha nee to the architect toevaluate his/herdesig ns not simply as a p hysicaland staticen tity,b

25、ut as a livi ng orga ni sm, which is exp erie need by its in habita nts. This kind of evaluatio n whichis based on the in teract ionbetwee n huma n beings and desig nedsp aces isdifferentiated from those which only test or indicatethe performanee of the spaceagainst a number of criteria such as cost

26、, energy consumption,level of light, etc.Here, it must be clarified that space syn tax is only one way of thinking aboutspace by focusing on the organizationof spaces, movement patterns and their social meanin gs. If we think that the architect is the person who has a comp rehe nsiveto be awareconce

27、p ti onabout huma n being and in habited sp ace, his/her duty must be of differe nt tools and kno wledge resources and to have a cap ability of using them to lead his/her desig n thi nking.(From: National Knowledge Infrastructure , CNKI )中文译文建筑设计空间中的语法设计是一个复杂的认知活动。在建筑，此活动开始产生一个抽象的概念，并继续将其转化空间形态。无论是被

28、称为“形象”亚历山大（1964 年），“主发电机”（达克，1984 年），“猜想”（希利尔等，1984）, “组织原则”（罗维，1987）或“概念”劳森（2003）所有指的是相同的：这个想法，使一个建筑设计独特或与众不同。找到一个独特的方式制定空间来反映这些想法构成下一步的设计活动；换句话说找到一个方式使这些抽象的概念转化成空间构成。通过征集不同的建议并测试它们，建筑师是巩固他/她的想法，或重新定义他们，只是为了获得满意的空间形态。本文探讨的重点研究主题:1、计活动本身，其本质和建筑学的设计过程2、语法本身，它的主要思想及其在建筑中的作用定量和描述的工具：建筑,空间语法理论是一套在不同空间形态

29、中分析不同的空间构成,城市，室内空间或景观（希利尔和汉森，1984年，禧利，1996年）。空间语法的主要关注的是人与人之间的关系和他们的生存空间。值得相信的是特色鲜明的社会存在的内部空间系统，并转达他们的知识是通过空间本身和空间的组织（Dursun 和 Saglamer, 2003 年）。空间语法调用这个空间的关系特点配置和提出的想法,就是这一特点形成人类的行为从而包含社会知识。空间语法研究的目的是发展战略，用这样一种方式,描述空间配置，从而发掘潜在的社会意义。这反过来又可以让二次理论或实际的解释被开发,从而发展空间构成对各种社会或文化的变数的影响。 空间语法研究中的一个相关的主题是:了解配置

30、空间本身， 尤其是它的形成过程以及其社会意义（Bafna，2003年）。总之，空间语法是意图在建筑中形成一构型理论通过生成一种人们如何制作和使用空间配置的理论认识，换句话说，是一种试图定义空间配置如何表达一个社会或文化内涵和如何产生空间在建造社会环境的相互作用。各种各样的研究表明，最早的空间语法的作品侧重于现实环境，并试图确定通过人的内在本质建造出来的环境。通过发展一致技术表现和分析空间模式,最近空间语法工程试图模拟空间设计建议书，完成预测他们将如何工作的基础事务。“空间语法研究更为基础，而且收获来源于结合直觉和理性。空间语法使得非话语的直觉部署更合理 设计建设方面的实践：英国泰特博物馆这个想

31、法是为了设计一管理部门决定提高英国泰特博物馆的布局提供了新的展览空间。种新的翼与雕塑作为延伸到院子里存在画廊。空间语法已委托英国泰特协助英国泰特艺术中心和它的建筑师埃里斯和莫里森。空间语法实验在设计过程中作出了贡献,照亮社会文化在博物馆设计中的转达，通过本身的空间配置帮助建筑师。如何在现有的空间，布局空间工程明确后,比较分析在这方面的建议对博物馆有可能产生的影响已经开展了。其中第一个建议旨在为永久收藏品创建一个新的画廊翼到克洛尔库有一个通道入口。外部雕塑院计划建在这一翼的背面。在第二建议中，一些新的画廊空间增加了在北面的线性建设和其他方面设计在后面展览空间,这是目前使用的临时区域展览但目的是申

32、办永久收藏。在这个提议中，在外部雕塑庭院之间形成新的画廊翼和克洛尔廊有一个新 的咖啡馆和书店的链接空间。采用以证据为基础的这项研究说明，空间句法为人们思考空间提供了一个有用的工具。方法,它首先就可以捕获博物馆的空间特征，然后关于不同的想法对整个空间配置的影响进 行测试，来看看空间如何被人们使用。如果设计是一种活动可以通过实践来学习和经历这就可以带领他们创造新么这种方式便为学生学习他们的设计决策提供了一种有用的工具。的想法，以及发展和改进自己的想法。在建筑设计的过程不是一个系统或程序的过程。这是一个颇为决策和发现的过程，它的收获来源于通过创建和测试设计思路。通过考虑设计限制，建筑师使用种类繁多的科学的知 识以及他/她个人的经验，以及在这个过程中的信念。建筑师如何将这些整合到一起或什么 是他/她该优先考虑的，或他/她如何理解和评价它们，是完全主观的。空