暴风苏公式化语法第二章被动语态word版

1、第二章：被动语态英语动词有两种语态，主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。汉语中被动语态适用频率不是很高，但在英语中却是非常常见。在高考中单独考被动语态的题目不是很多，但是它与非谓语动词紧密联系，非谓语动词也可以认为是变相的被动语态。 汉语中常用“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等词用来表示被动，而英语用：助动词be +动词的过去分词构成。 第一讲：被动语态的时态、人称和数被动语态的时态、人称和数主要体现在be的变化上，其形式与系动词be的变化形式完全一样。以give 为例，列表如下： 一般现在时：am / is / are + given 一般过去时

2、：was / were +given 一般将来时：shall / will +be+ given 现在进行时：am / is / are + being + given 现在完成时：have / has + been + given 过去完成时：had + been + given 过去进行时：was / were + being + given 过去将来时： should / would +be+ given 将来完成时：shall / will + have been + given 过去将来完成时：should / would + have been + given1. 一般现在时： a

3、. People grow rice in the south of the country. (主动)Rice is grown in the south of the country. （被动）b. The school doesnt allow us to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher. (主动) We are not allowed to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher.（被动）2. 一般过去时：a. They agreed on the building of a new car

4、 factory last month. (主动) The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month. （被动） b. The students didnt forget his lessons easily. (主动) His lessons were not easily forgotten. （被动）3. 一般将来时： a. They will send cars abroad by sea. (主动) Cars will be sent abroad by sea. （被动）b. They will give plen

5、ty of jobs to school-leavers. (主动) Plenty of jobs will be given to school-leavers. （被动）1. 过去将来时：a. The manager said they would complete the project by the end of the year. (主动) The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year. （被动） b. The workers told me they would mend the car

6、 as soon as possible. (主动) The workers told me that the car would be mended as soon as possible. （被动） 5. 现在进行时： a. The radio is broadcasting English lessons. English lessons are being broadcasted on the radio. b. We are painting the rooms. The rooms are being painted. 6. 过去进行时： a. Why didnt they dri

7、ve there on time? Because the workers were mending the road. (主动) Because the road was being mended. （被动） b. This time last year we were planting trees here. (主动) Trees were being planted here this time last year. （被动） 7. 现在完成时： a. Someone has told me the sports meet might be put off. (主动) I have be

8、en told the sports meet might be put off. （被动）b. We have brought down the price. (主动) The price has been brought down. （被动） 8. 过去完成时： a. When I got to the theatre, I found they had already sold out the tickets. (主动) When I got to the theatre, I found the tickets had already been sold out. （被动） b. Th

9、e whole country was very sad at the news of his death; People had considered him to be a great leader. (主动) He had been considered to be a great leader. （被动） 9. 含有情态动词的被动语态：含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词+ be+ 及物动词的过去分词”构成。 a. You must hand in your compositions after class. (主动) Your compositions must be handed

10、in after class. （被动）b. He can write a great many letters with the computer. (主动) A great many letters can be written with the computer by him. （被动）第二讲：主动语态改为被动语态将主动语态改为被动语态应注意以下四个方面：将主动语态的宾语改为被动语态的主语；将主动语态的谓语动词改为“be过去分词”结构；将主动语态的主语改为介词by之后的宾语，放在谓语动词之后（有时可省略，也可能用其他的介词）。 时态要与原句时态一样。 1. 主谓宾结构改为被动语态。这种结

11、构比较简单。以过去时为例：A did B. (主动句)B was done by A. (被动句)a. Many people speak English. (主动) English is spoken by many people.b. He received a gift. (主动句) A gift was received by him. (被动句)2. 含直接宾语和间接宾语的主动语态改为被动语态时有两种情况：把间接宾语改为被动语态的主语，直接宾语仍保留原位；把直接宾语改为主动语态的主语，此时，间接宾语前要加介词to或 for。如： a. He gave the boy an apple

12、The boy was given an appleAn apple was given to the boy b. Her father bought her a presentShe was bought a present by her father A present was bought for her by her father 3. 带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时，一般把主动语态的宾语改为主语，宾语补足语在被动语态中作主语补足语。如： a. We call him Xiao WangHe is called Xiao Wang b. He cut his hair shortH

13、is hair was cut short c. They told him to help meHe was told to help me 4. 短语动词是不可分割的整体，改为被动语态时要保持其完整性，介词或副词不可遗漏。如： a. We must take good care of the young treesThe young trees must be taken good care of b. He turned off the light. The light was turned off by him.2. 几种特殊的被动语态形式。（由于这种结构为高考热点，因此我将它单独放在

14、下一讲）第三讲：几种特殊的被动语态1. 含有宾语从句的主动结构。可以用于这种结构的动词有know，say，believe，find，think，report，recommend, suggest等。a. We believe (that) he will pass the exams.b. The press reported (that) Liuxiang had broken the record of 110 hurdle race. 此结构变为被动结构时，通常用有三种形式。 将宾语从句作为被动语态的主语从句。注意：引导宾语从句的that可以省略，但是改为被动语态的主语从句时不能省略。a

15、. We believe (that) he will pass the exams. That he will pass the exams is believed (by us)b. The press reported (that) Liuxiang had broken the record of 110 hurdle race. That Liuxiang had broken the record of 110 hurdle race was reported (by the press). 由于第一种形式的主语太长，往往用it作为形式主语，然后将主语从句放在句末。a. We be

16、lieve (that) he will pass the exams. That he will pass the exams is believed (by us) It believed that that he will pass the exams.b. The press reported (that) Liuxiang had broken the record of 110 hurdle race. That Liuxiang had broken the record of 110 hurdle race was reported (by the press). It was

17、 reported that Liuxiang had broken the record of 110 hurdle race. 用宾语从句的主语作为被动句的主语，主句谓语动词改为被动形式，从句的谓语动词改为不定式做主语补足语。注意：如果宾语从句的动作没有发生用不定式的一般式（to do），如果动作已经发生用不定式的完成时(to have done)。即就是：sb/sth is/was said/known/believedto do sth/to have done sth. a. We believe (that) he will pass the exams. He is believ

18、ed to pass the exams.(通过考试的动作没有发生)b. The press reported (that) Liuxiang had broken the record of 110 hurdle race. Liuxiang was reported to have broken the record of 110 hurdle race. （打破记录的动作已经发生）这种结构的被动语态是近年高考的热点题目，在好多省份的试题中都可以见到。a. The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, who was reporte

19、d _ the world record in the 110-meter hurdle race.A. breaking B. having broken C. to have broken D. break分析：此题为典型的sb/sth is/was said/known/believedto do sth/to have done sth.形式，根据句意动作已经发生，所以C. to have broken。b. AIDS is said _ the biggest health challenge to both men and women in that area over the p

20、ast few years. A. that it is B. to be C. that it has been D. to have been分析：此题为典型的sb/sth is/was said/known/believedto do sth/to have done sth.形式，根据句意动作已经发生，所以D. to have been。c. The flu is believed_ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human noseand throat. A. causing B. being ca

21、used C. to be causedD. to have caused分析：此题为典型的sb/sth is/was said/known/believedto do sth/to have done sth.形式，所以必须选用不定式，因为不定式动作与主语有关，从句意来看为被动关系，所以C. to be caused。2. 不带to的动词不定式做宾语补足语的主动语态改为被动语态。不带to的动词不定式在主动句中做宾语补足语，但是改为被动语态后做了主语补足语，所以要还原为带to的动词不定式。a. They heard the children sing that morningThe child

22、ren were heard to sing that morning b. Somebody saw him enter the building. He was seen to enter the building. 能用于这种结构的动词常为感官动词see, watch, catch, hear和make.注意：如果是V-ing做宾语补足语，改成被动语态后不能有任何变化。a. The missing boys were last seen_ near the river.A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play分析：如果此句还原为主动态应

23、为：Someone saw the missing boys playing near the river. 所以A. playing而不是：Someone saw the missing boys play near the river. 至于为什么我们在后面的章节将详细讲解。b. The teacher scolded the boy caught _ in the exam.A. cheating B. having cheated C. to cheat D. to be cheating此题稍微复杂，the boy后面的过去分词还原成一个定语从句那就简单多了：The teacher

24、scolded the boy who was caught _ in the exam.看看，是不是很简单，刚好符合这种结构。我们再把定语从句还原为主动语态：The teacher caught the boy cheating in the exam.看看，由简单了，所以A. cheating。3. It takes sb some time to do sth结构的被动语态。请看下句：It took me three hours to finish the work.分析：finish的逻辑主语为me, 而且为主动关系，所以用不定式的一般式。这种结构在改为被动语态时的形式为：It too

25、k some time for sth to be done by sb. 分析：finish的逻辑主语在此句中成了the work, the work 与finish之间是被动关系，所以用不定式的被动式。注意：在这两种结构中都用不定式做补足语。It took a long time for the connection between body temperature and illness_.A. to make B. to be made C. making D. being made分析：我们不妨把这句话还原为主动态：It took people a long time to make

26、 the connection between body temperature and illness.由于在主动句中people与make the connection between body temperature and illness是主动关系，所以要用不定式的一般式。而在被动句中the connection between body temperature and illness与make之间成了被动关系，所以B. to be made。第四讲：不能用被动语态的几种结构由于汉语习惯和英语习惯上的差距，好多似乎在汉语中应该用被动语态的词或结构在英语中往往用主动态，这就造成学生们判断

27、错误。但是归根到底还是我们学生对这些词的了解不够，喜欢用汉语思维。对于这一类的问题，好多老师把它归结为主动表被动，我不这样认为。主动就是主动，被动就是被动，为什么会主动表被动呢？如果我们认真查一查这些词的英语解释，我们就会发现，这些词本省就有被动的意思，而不是主动表被动。1. feel，look，appear，sound，taste，smell等由实意动词演变而来的系动词，后接形容词作表语，不可用于被动语态。这些词与主语之间是主动关系。a. Tell me if you feel cold你要是感到冷就告诉我。 b. Youre looking very unhappywhats the ma

28、tter？你看来很不高兴怎么回事儿？ c. The soup tastes wonderful这汤味道好极了。 d. Those roses smell beautiful那些玫瑰好闻极了。 f. She appears to be friendly她看上去很友好。 g. I dont want _like I m speaking ill of anybody, but the managers plan is unfair.A. to sound B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have sounded分析：根据want的用法后面必须用不定式，所以排除

29、C. sounding，然后判断与主语之间的关系，I 与sound 是主动关系，所以A. to sound。2. 某些及物动词可作不及物动词用，特别是后加副词（如well， easily等）时。这类动词常见的有sell，write， wear，wash，cook，open，close，lock，read，record等。他们与主语之间的关系为主动。如： a. His new novel is selling well他的新小说很畅销。b. The cloth washes well这布很耐洗。 c. This material wont wear这种材料不耐穿。d. His play wont

30、 act他的戏剧不会上演。 e. The window wont shut这窗关不上。f. The door wont open这门打不开。 g. The door wont lock这门锁不上。h. This poem reads well这首诗读来很好。 3. 在need，want，require等词的后面跟主动形式的V-ing，或动词不定式的被动形式，两种形式没有区别。在这类结构中，这三个词的意思完全一样，都是“需要”，V-ing严格来说是动名词，它在这里表示主语所需要的动作，所以不用被动式。a. The house needs repairing（to be repaired）。这房子

31、需要修理。 b. My clothes need washing（to be washed）。我的衣服需要洗了。 类似的结构还有：be worth doing.=be worthy to be done.c. The picture-book is well worth reading（The picture-book is very worthy to be read）这本画册很值得一读。 d. Such a man as Mr. Smith is not worth helping（Such a man as Mr. Smith is not worthy to be helped）像史密

32、斯先生那样的人不值得帮助。 e. This plan is not worth considering（This plan is not worthy to be considered）这个计划不值得考虑。 4. sb/sth + be + adj + to do sth(不定式的主动式)结构。首先我们看下面的高考题：I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good _.A. to be breathed B. to breathe C. breathing D. being breathed这是典型的sb/s

33、th + be + adj + to do (不定式的主动式)结构。好多同学根据The morning air与breathe的关系，认为两者是被动关系，很容易误选为A. to be breathed。而正确的答案为B. to breathe。好多人将这种结构认为是主动表被动。笔者认为，这种结构省略了不定式的逻辑主语。我们讲话的目的是为了别人听懂，因此，在不产生歧义的情况下能省就省，此句中breathe动作的发出这明显是I，所以将其省去，如果将它还原就是：The morning air is so good for me to breathe.因此，答案为B. to breathe。注意：这种

34、结构的主语必须是人或物，绝对不能为it做形式主语的句式。a. The baby is hard to look after.b. Bob is hard to convince.c. She is very nice to talk tod. He is easy to fool.e. He is difficult to understand.f. Mary is easy to get on withg. English is difficult to speak.h. The instructions were hard to follow.i. The car isnt safe to

35、 drive.j. This idea is difficult to comprehend. Can you explain it to me again?k. Relative theory isnt easy to understand.做这类题目时应该注意的问题：(1) 如果不定式中的动词为及物动词，千万不能带宾语，因为它的逻辑宾语是句子的主语；如果是不及物动词，则须添加适当的介词。(2) 不定式千万不能用被动语态。(3) 这种结构往往都可以变为it作形式主语的结构。a. It is hard to look after the baby.b. It is hard to convin

36、ce Bob.c. Its nice to talk to her.d. Its easy to fool him.e. Its difficult to understand him.f. Its easy to get on with Mary.g. Its difficult to speak English. h. Its not safe to drive the car.i. Its difficult to comprehend this idea.j. Its not easy to understand relative theory.第五讲：如何区分同词根V-ing形容词和

37、V-ed形容词因为这类形容词牵扯到与主语或所修饰名词的主动或被动关系，笔者就将其归到被动语态这一章。首次看下面的句子：a. The book is very _.Ainteresting. B. interested.b. He is _ in the book. A. interesting. B. interested.不用多说，同学们几乎都能作对。第一个选A，第二个选B。为什么呢？因为V-ing修饰物，V-ed修饰人。这种说法对吗？请看下面的例子：a. The old lady is very _- she always tells us funny stories.A. interes

38、ting. B. interested.b. When seeing a bird, my pet cat is very _.A. exciting B. excited.c. Im _. Who can play with me? A. boring. B. bored.d. He is a _ boy. Dont play with him. A. boring. B. bored.能给出答案吗？如果根据V-ing修饰物，V-ed修饰人的规律，a, b两题绝对选错，而c, d 两题则没法做。其实正确答案是A, B, B, A。这一讲我们就来看看如何区分V-ing形式形容词和V-ed形式形

39、容词。（1） 首先让我们看看这一类词在牛津字典中的解释。a. amuse: vt. to make sb laugh or smile. 使人发笑。b. amaze: vt. to surprise sb very much. 使人惊愕。c. annoy: vt. to make sb slightly angry. 使人恼怒。d. astonish: vt. to surprise sb very much. 使人惊讶。e. bore: vt. to make sb feel tired and impatient because you have lost interest in sb/s

40、th or because you have nothing to do. 使人厌倦，烦闷。f. confuse: vt. to make sb unable to think clearly or understand sth. 使人糊涂，迷惑。g. delight: vt. to give sb a lot of pleasure and enjoyment. 使人高兴，快乐。h. disappoint: vt. to make sb feel sad because sth that you hope for or expect to happen does not happen or

41、is not as good as they hoped. 使人失望。i. discourage: vt. to make sb feel less confident or enthusiastic about doing sth. 使人灰心，泄气。j. frighten: vt. to make sb suddenly feel afraid. 使人惊吓。k. frustrate: vt. to make sb feel annoyed or impatient because they cannot do or achieve what they want. 使人懊丧，沮丧。分析：通过观

42、察我们发现： 这些词都是清一色的及物动词。 都有 “使人。” 的意思。那么这些词就可以用如下的句子表示：（V在本小节代替这类动词）A Vs B. A使B。（A既可以是人，也可以是物，但B是人）由于这些动词都是及物动词，必然可以改为被动语态： B is done by A. 那么，A就与这些动词之间是主动关系，B与这些动词为被动关系。根据非谓语动词做定语或表语的用法，V-ing与所修饰的名词是主动关系，V-ed与所修饰的名词是被动关系我们可以得出：这一类动词的V-ing做表语时与主语为主动关系，做定语时与所修饰名词是主动关系；V-ed做表语是与主语为被动关系，作定语时与所修饰名词为被动关系。（2

43、） 实战分析。a. The book is very _.Ainteresting. B. interested.分析： 我们先把它改为主谓宾结构：The book interests me. 从这个句子我们可以看出。The book 与interest 是主动关系，I 与interest是被动关系。所以选Ainteresting.b. He is _ in the book. A. interesting. B. interested.分析：同上题。c. The old lady is very _- she always tells us funny stories.A. interest

44、ing. B. interested.分析：根据下文我们可以将这句话改为主谓宾结构：The old lady interests us. The old lady 与interest 是主动关系，us与interest之间是被动关系，所以A. interesting.d. When seeing a bird, my pet cat is very _.A. exciting B. excited.分析：根据句意：The bird excites my cat. My cat与excite 之间是被动关系，所以B. excited.e. Im _. Who can play with me?

45、A. boring. B. bored.分析：根据句意改成主谓宾结构：Sb/Sth bored me. I 与bore 之间是被动语态，所以B. bored.f. He is a _ boy. Dont play with him. A. boring. B. bored.分析：根据句意：He bores other people. He 与bore 之间是主动关系，所以A. boring.（3） 小结。有人认为：V-ing修饰物，V-ed修饰人，这有一定的道理，但不全对。笔者认为最好的区分办法是：V-ing表主动，V-ed表被动。第六讲：实战演练1. Hundreds of jobs _ i

46、f the factory closes.(北京2001春)A. lose B. will be lost C. are lost D. will lose2. In a room above the store, where a party _, some workers were busily setting the table. （湖南 2006）A. was to be held B. has been held C. will be held D. is being held3. Customers are asked to make sure that they _ the rig

47、ht change before leaving the shop. (重庆2006)A. will give B. have been given C. have given D. will be given4. The water will be further polluted unless some measures_.(上海1992)A. will be taken B. are taken C. were taken D. had been taken5. His sister left home in 1998, and_ since. (09全国1)A had not been

48、 heard of B has not been heard ofC had not heard of D has not heard of6. When and where to go for the on-salary holiday _ yet?（2003上海春季）A. are not decided B. have not been decided C. is not being decided D. has not been decided7. For breakfast he only drinks juice fresh fruit _ on his own farm. (09北

49、京24) A grown B being grown C to be grown D to grow8. Would you please keep silent? The weather report_ and I want to listen. (09湖南，27) A is broadcast B is being broadcastC has been broadcast D had been broadcast9. - Why does the lake smell terrible? （09福建22）- Because large quantities of water_ A hav

50、e polluted B is being polluted C has been polluted D have been polluted10. The play_ next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture. (09安徽28) A produced B being produced C to be produced D having been produced11. -Hi. Tory, can I use your computer for a while this afternoon? -Sorry._. (09江苏25)

51、A Its repaired B It has been repaired C Its being repaired D It had been repaired12. -Why dont we choose that road to save time? -The bridge to it_(09四川15) A has repaired B is repaired C is being repaired D will be repaired13. _ many times, he finally understood it.(09四川。10) A Told B Telling C Havin

52、g told D Having been told14. Our teacher _ carefully.A. should be listened to B. should be listenC. be listened D. is listened15. In some part of the world, tea _ with milk and sugar.A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served16. It was reported that the murderer _ arrested.A. has been B. had bee

53、n C. has D. had17. Do you think that the bridge _ in a year?A. would be completed B. will be completedC. had been completed D. is being completed18. Great changes _ in China since the Peoples Republic of China _ in 1949.A. have taken place; was founded B. has taken place; was foundedC. have been taken place; founded D. took place; founded19.Why does Ling Ling look so unhappy? She has _ by her classmates.A. laughed B. laughed at C. been laughed D. been laughed at20. Doctors _ in every part of the world.A. need B. are needing C. are