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1、第二十三章不定式238 形式A 动词不定式各种形式的举例不定式的现在式: to work, to do 不定式的现在进行式:to be working to be doing 不定式的完成式: to have worked, to have done 定式的完成进行式:to have been working to have been doing 不定式的现在式的被动形式:to be done 不定式的完成式的被动形式:to have been doneB 不定式的整个形式包括两个字:to+动词,如上所示;但在一些特定的动词和表达方法之后用不带to的不定式形式(参见第246节):You had
2、 better say nothing 你最好什么也不说。(参见第120节。)C 一般不宜在to与动词之间置入别的字;但有时有人这样用,见第248节分裂不定式。D 为了避免重复,有时不定式的to可代替整个不定式: Do you smoke? No,but I used to(smoke)你吸烟吗?不,但我以前吸烟。(参见第247节。)239 用法A 不定式可以单独使用,如 We began to walk(我们开始走了);或作为不定式短语的一部分,如 We began to walk down the road(我们开始沿路步行)。B 不定式可作句子的主语。(参见第240节。)C 不定式可作表
3、语:His plan is to keep the affair secret 他的计划是将这件事保密。D 不定式可作动词的宾语或宾语的一部分,直接跟在动词之后:He wants to pay(他想要付钱)。(参见第241节与第243节。)或跟在动词+ how, what等结构之后。(参见第242节。)或跟在动词+宾语之后: He wants me to pay(他想要我付钱)。(参见第243节与第244节。)E be+不定式可表示命令或指示。(参见第114节。)F 不定式可表示目的。(参见第334节。)G 不定式可用于某些形容词之后:angry glad happy sorry(参见第26节
4、。)fortunate likely lucky(参见第27节。)H 不定式可连接从句。(参见第249节。)I 不定式有时可代替关系从句。(参见第77节与第250节。)J 不定式可用于某些名词之后。(参见第251节。)K 不定式可与tooenough以及某些特定的形容词副词连用。(参见第252节。)L 某些不定式短语如 to tell the truth, to cut a long story short等可置于句首或句末。(参见第253节。)240 作主语A 不定式或不定式短语可作动词appear,be,seem的主语,这时不定式可位于句首:To compromise appears ad
5、visable 看来以妥协为好。To lean out of the window is dangerous 身探出窗外很危险。To save money now seems impossible现在好像不可能存钱。B 但更经常的做法是将代词it置于句首,而将不定式或不定式短语移至句末:It appears advisable to compromise It is dangerous to lean out of the window It seemed impossible to save money 在这里的it称为先行主语。注意它在疑问句中使用的情况:Would it be safe
6、to camp here?在这里宿营安全吗?Wouldnt it be better to go on?继续走下去不是更好吗?这里必须用 it结构,否则会产生 Would+to camp和Wouldntto go on那样的语序,而那样是不可以的。C 通常这一类不定式结构由 it+be+形容词+不定式组成。(参见第26节与第27节。)但有时也可用名词代替形容词:It would be a crimea mistakea pity to cut down any more trees再砍伐树木将是一种犯罪是一个错误是个遗憾。It is an offence to drop litter in t
7、he street 在马路上乱丢废物是违章的。D costtake+宾语+不定式(主语)也是可行的:It would cost millionstake years to rebuild the castle重建这座城堡需要花数百万元许多年的时间。E 从一般的角度考虑一种动作时,可用动名词而不用不定式,但用不定式更为保险。但我们想要指特定的一次时,必须用不定式:He said,Do comeIt was impossible to refuse 他说:“一定来。”不可能拒绝他的要求。但是说:It is not always easy to refuse invitations别人的邀请往往无法
8、轻易拒绝。It is not always easy to refuse invitations可以用 Refusing invi tations is not always easy来代替。在这里这一动作是从一般的角度考虑的,所以动名词和不定式都可以。(另参见第258节。)F it+不定式结构可位于 believeconsiderdiscoverexpect findthink(that)和wonder(if)之后:He thought(that) it would be safer to go by train 他认为乘火车去较安全。这样用的 find之后可省略 that+动词 be: H
9、e found(that) it was easy to earn extra moneyHe found it easy to earn extra money 他发现赚点外快很容易。He will find(that) it is hard to make friends He will find it hard to make friends 他会感觉到交朋友困难。有时think也可这样用:He thought it safer to go 他认为去更安全一些。在其他动词之后仍以不省略be为好。(关于类似的动名词结构,参见第258节。)G 不定式的完成式也可作句子的主语:To have
10、made the same mistake twice was unforgivable 两次犯同样的错误是不可原谅的。这里同样也可用it作为先行主语:It is better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all爱过而后失去了爱,比从未爱过要好。241 作宾语和作表语A 后面直接跟动词不定式的动词agree be determined pretend aimendeavourproceed appearfailpromise arrangeforgetprove ask guarantee refuse attempt
11、happen remember bother(否定)hesitateresolve care(否定) hope seem choose learn swear claim longtend condescendmanage threaten consentneglecttrouble(否定) decide offer try(=attempt) decline planundertake demand preparevolunteer determinebe preparedvow 参见D。 参见F。助动词bedarehavemust oughtwillcando mayneedzhall u
12、sed (关于动词后接宾语+不定式,参见第244节。关于动词后接不定式或动名词,参见第二十五章。)B 后面也可接不定式的短语be about be able+afforddo ones best do what one can make anevery effort make up ones mind(decide)itoccur+to+宾语(否定式或疑问式)set out take the trouble turn out(prove to be) 参见D。C A和B的例句She agreed to pay 50她同意付50英镑。Two men failed to return from t
13、he expedition探险队有两个人未能返回。I managed to put the fire out 我好歹把火扑灭了。They are preparing( getting ready) to evacuate the area他们正准备从这一地区撤离。We are not prepared(willing) to wait any longer我们不准备再等了。The tenants refused to leave 房客拒绝搬出。Prices always tend to go up 物价总是趋于上涨。She volunteered to help with Meals on W
14、heels她自愿帮助给老、弱、病、残送饭上门。He is just about to leave 他正要离开。(参见第114节C。)We cant afford to live in the centre 在市中心生活,费用我们负担不起。He didn t bothertrouble to answer personally 他嫌麻烦不愿亲自回答。与上面相反的例子:He took the trouble to answer personally 他不嫌麻烦亲自回答。D 上面标有星号的词或短语也可以与that从句连用(参见第346节):I promise to wait相当于:I promise
15、 that I will wait 我答应等候。He pretended to be angry相当于:He pretended that he was angry 他假装生气。occur to+宾语+ that用于肯定式、否定式和疑问式。注意这个结构跟occur+不定式在意义上的区别:It didnt occur to me to ask him for proof of his identity 我没有想到向他要身份证明。(我没有想到要这样做。)It occurred to me that he was trying to conceal something我突然想到他是在想法隐瞒什么。(
16、这念头出现在我的脑中。)appear, happen, seem, turn out与 that结构连用时,要求用 it 作句子的先行主语:It turned out that his country cottage was an enormous bungalow 他的“乡下的小房”原来是一座极大的平房。请与不定式结构比较一下:His country cottage turned out to be an enormous bungalow(译文同上。)E 但动词+不定式结构的意思并不一定与同一动词+ that从句结构的意思相同。在learn,forget,occur(参见上面D)和reme
17、mber后面,这两种结构的意思不同:He learnt to look after himself他学会照料自己。He learnt(was told) that it would cost 100他听说那会花去100英镑。He forgot to leave the car keys on the table他忘了把汽车钥匙留在桌上。(他没有留下。)He forgot that his brother wanted to use the car他忘了他的兄弟要用汽车。remember后面的两种结构同样可以有不同的意思。agreedecide+不定式表示意图。agree that 表示同意一种
18、观点。decide that 表示一种结论或决定,但并不一定会将之付诸行动。F 上面带两个星号的动词后面可接不定式,也可接that should结构。thatshould结构在被动语态中尤其常用(参见第302节):They decidedagreed to divide the profits equally他们决定同意平均分配利润。They decided that the profits should be divided equally他们决定利润平分。I arranged to meetfor Tom to meet them 我安排去接安排汤姆去接他们。I arranged that
19、 Tom should meet them 我安排好叫汤姆去接他们。I arranged that they should be met我安排人去接他们。G 不定式的进行式常常用在appear,happen,pretend和seem等动词之后:I happened to be looking out of the window when they arrived他们到达时我碰巧正向窗外望去。He seems to be following us他似乎在跟着我们。不定式的进行式也可用在 agree, arrange, decide, determine, hope, manage, plan之后
20、和助动词之后。(参见第254节。)H 不定式的完成式可以用在appear,hope,pretend,seem等之后和助动词之后。(参见第255节。)242 动词+ howwhatwhenwherewhichwhy+不定式A 这类动词中最常用的有 ask, decide, discover, find out, for get,know, learn, remember, see( understandperceive),show+宾语, think, understand, want to know,wonder: He discovered how to open the safe 他发现了
21、打开保险柜的方法。I found out where to buy fruit cheaply我找到了买便宜水果的地方。I didnt know when to switch the machine off 我不知道什么时候关掉机器。I showed her which button to press 我告诉她应该按哪一个按钮。She couldnt think what to asy 她想不出说什么。(注意:这种结构不常用于动词think的现在式和过去式之后,但可以用于think的其他形式之后,或者如上面最后一个例句那样,用于前面还有一个助动词的think之后。)B whether+不定式同
22、样可以用于 want to know, wonder之后:I wonderwondered whether to write or phone 我不知道应该写信还是应该打电话。这种结构还可以用于表示否定意义或疑问意义的decide, know, remember和 think后面:You neednt decide yet whether to study arts or science你现在不必决定学习文科还是理科。He couldnt remember whether to turn left or right 他没记住向左拐还是向右拐。C ask,decide,forget,learn,
23、remember 等词后也可以直接跟不定式。(参见第241节。)但其含义并不一定相同。learn how+不定式(acquire a skill学会技能):She learnt how to make lace她学会了怎样做花边。如果是相当普通的技能,通常就不用how:She learnt to drive a car 她学会了开汽车。learn+不定式(不带how)可以有另一种含义:She learnt to trust nobody她信不过任何人。相当于:She found from experience that it was better to trust nobody经验告诉她,谁都
24、不可靠。同时注意:I decided to do it 我决定要做这件事。相当于:I said to myself,Ill do it我心里想:“我要做这件事。”I decided how to do it我决定了如何去做这件事。相当于:I said to myself, Ill do it this way我心里想:“我要这样做。”I remembered to get a ticket我没忘了弄一张票。(我弄到一张票。)I remembered where to get a ticket我记得到哪儿买票。(我记得可以从音乐节办公室买到票。)243 动词或动词+宾语之后的不定式A 这类动词中
25、最重要的有 ask, beg, expect, would hate, help, intend,like(=think wiseright), would like(=enjoy),would love, mean, prefer, want, wish:He likes to eat well他喜欢吃得好一点。He likes his staff to eat well他喜欢要他的工作人员吃得好一点儿。I want to rideI want you to ride too 我想骑马。我想要你去骑马。B ask和 beg ask+不定式的含义与ask+宾语+不定式不同:I asked to
26、 speak to Mrs Jones我要找琼斯太太谈话。相当于:I said,Could I speak to Mrs Jones?我说:“我能跟琼斯太太讲话吗?”但是:I asked Bill to speak to her 我要比尔找她谈一谈。I said,Bill, would you speak to her?我说:“比尔,请你找她谈一谈好吗?”beg也是同样情况,尽管beg之后通常不直接跟不定式:I begged(to be allowed) to go我请他允许我去。相当于:I said,Please let me go 我说:“请让我去。”I begged him to go我
27、要求他去。相当于:I said,Please go 我说:“请你去吧。”ask和beg后面可接thatshould结构。(参见第235节。)C expect+不定式和expect+宾语+不定式可有相同含义:I expect to arrive tomorrow 我预计明天到达。相当于:I think it is likely that I will arrive tomorrow我想我很可能明天到达。I expect him to arrive tomorrow我预计他明天到达。相当于:I think it is likely that he will arrive tomorrow我想他很可
28、能明天到达。但expect+宾语+不定式常常含有义务的意思:He expects his wife to bring him breakfast in bed at weekends他指望他妻子在周末把早饭送到床边。(他认为他妻子有义务这样做。)expect后面也可跟that+主语+动词结构,这时不含有义务的意思。D 关于 care, hate, like, love和 prefer与不定式或动名词连用的例句请参见第294至第298节。intend,mean和want后面也可接动名词。(参见第266节。)244 动词+宾语之后的不定式A 这类动词中最重要的有:adviseforbidmake(
29、b)show how allowforce obligeteachteach how bribehear(b) order telltell how command implorepermit tempt compel induce persuadetrain enableinstruct remindurge encourage invite requestwarn entitle let(b)see(b) watch(b) feel(b) (b)意指“不带to的不定式”。(参见第246节。)advise,allow和permit也可以与动名词连用。(关于表示知道和思想一类意思的动词,参见第
30、245节。)B 动词+宾语+不定式举例如下:These glasses will enable you to see in the dark这眼镜能使你在黑暗中也能看到东西。She encouraged me to try again 她鼓励我再试一遍。They forbade her to leave the houseShe was forbidden to leave the house(较常用)他们不允许她离开房间。不许她离开房间。Nothing would induce me to do business with them什么也不能诱使我同他们打交道。They persuaded
31、us to go with them 他们说服我们同他们一起走。They are training these dogs to sniff out drugs 他们正在训练这些狗嗅出毒品。C showteachtellhow show 与不定式连用时要加 how: He showed me how to change a fuse他给我示范怎样换保险丝。tell how +不定式(= instruct教):He told me how to replace a fuse他教我怎样换保险丝。(他给我必要的知识或说明。)tell+宾语+不定式(= order命令):He told me to ch
32、ange the fuse他叫我换保险丝。相当于:He said,Change the fuse 他说:“换一换保险丝。”teach how(教如何):要表达教某人(如何)游泳、跳舞、打字、骑马等时可以说:He taught me how to light a fire without matches他教我如何不用火柴就能点火。对比较普通的技能提问时虽可以使用how,但how常可以省略:He taught me to ride 他教我骑马。teach+宾语+不定式(不与how连用)也可以意指教导或训练某人以某一方式行事:He taught me to obey all commands wit
33、hout asking questions他教我毫无疑义地服从命令。D remind, show, teach, tell后面也可以接 that结构:He reminded me that the road was dangerous 他提醒我道路危险。He showed me that it was quite easy他向我表明这是很容易的。注意: tell that从句的含义不同于tell+不定式:He told(= ordered) me to go他叫我走。He told( informed) me that I was late他告诉我说我迟到了。E request 后面也可以接t
34、hat+ should结构,这主要用于被动语态:He requested that the matter should be kept secret 他请求对这件事保密。245 表示知道和思想等的动词之后的不定式 A 在 assume, believe, consider, feel, know, suppose, understand 等之后可接宾语+ to be:I consider him to be the best candidate 我认为他是最佳人选。但that+普通动词的结构比这常用得多:I consider that he is the best candidate(译文同上
35、。)宾语+不定式与 think, estimate和 presume 等动词连用是极少见的。这种表达方法常用that从句来代替:I think that he is the best player我认为他是最好的演奏家演员运动员。It is estimated that the vase is 2,000 years old 据估计这个花瓶有两千年历史。B 然而,如果这些动词是以被动形式出现的,那么它们后面常常带不定式而不是带that结构:He is known to be honest相当于:It is known that he is honest众所周知,他是个老实人。He is tho
36、ught to be the best player相当于:It is thought that he is 人们认为他是最好的演奏家演员运动员。This vase is estimated to be 2,000 years old据估计这个花瓶有两千年历史。C 注意suppose的被动态时往往有责任或义务之意:You are supposed to know the laws of your own country你应该懂得你们自己国家的法律。相当于:It is your duty to knowYou are expected to know你有义务懂人们认为你该懂D 在这些动词后面也可
37、以用不定式的进行式:He is thought to be hiding in the woods 人们以为他正躲在森林里。(人们认为他正躲着。)He is supposed to be washing the car 他应该在洗车。(他该正在洗它。)E 如果想到的是早先发生过的动作,则用不定式的完成式:They are believed to have landed in America人们相信他们在美洲上了岸。(据信他们已登上了。)supppose+不定式的完成式不一定有责任或义务之意。They are supposed to have discovered America相当于:It i
38、s thought that they did 人们认为是他们发现了美洲。但 You are supposed to have read the instructions(你应已看过操作说明)通常意味着你本应看过。(关于动词的被动式之后的不定式结构,另参见第306节。)246 不带to的不定式A can,do,may,must,shall,will之后接不带to的不定式:They could do it today他们可以今天做这件事。I may as well start at once我还不如马上就动身。He will probably object他可能会反对。B need和dare之后
39、也接不带to的不定式,但它们不作为情态动词而是同助动词dodid或willwould连用时除外:You neednt say anything你不必说什么。但是说:You dontwont need to say anything你不需要将不需要说什么。I dared not wake him我不敢叫醒他。但是说:I didn twouldn t dare(to) wake him我没敢不敢叫醒他。理论上,在最后一个例句中要求用to,但实际上常被省略。按语法规则来说,如果dare和used用为助动词,它们就像大多数助动词一样后面接不带to的不定式;如果它们用为普通动词并与do did等连用,就
40、像普通动词一样后面接带to的不定式。C feel, hear, see和 watch:I heard him lock the door我听见他锁了门。I sawwatched him drive off我看见他开车走了。但see和hear在被动语态的句子中要与带to的不定式连用:He was seen to enter the office有人看见他进了办公室。He was heard to say that 有人听见他说过 但feel,hear,see和watch经常是与现在分词连用:I heard them shouting我听到他们在大声喊叫。(参见第273节。)D let在主动语态和
41、被动语态的句子中都与不带to的不定式连用。但let在被动语态的句子中常常被另一个词所代替: Theylet me know 在被动词态的句子中被 I was told 所代替,而 They let him see the documents则被 He was allowed to see them所代替。let之后的不定式不定式短语有时为了避免重复而被省略:She wants to go out to work but he wont let her(go out to work)她想要出去工作,可他不让她去。在下面的习语中,let没有宾语:Live and let live宽己容人。(关于
42、let uslets 用于表示命令和建议,参见第281节与第289节。)E make make 在主动语态的句子中与不带to的不定式连用:He made me move my car他迫使我挪动我的汽车。但在被动语态的句子中make与带to的不定式连用:I was made to move my car我被迫挪动了我的汽车。为了避免重复,有时make(主动语态)之后的不定式可省去:Why did you tell him?He made me(tell him)!你为什么要告诉他?是他迫使我(告诉他)的!make(被动语态)之后的不定式可由to来代表:I was made to(tell hi
43、m)我是被迫(告诉他)的。F would rathersooner, rathersooner than(参见第297与第298书):Shall we go today?Id rather wait till tomorrow我们今天去好吗?我宁可等到明天再去。RatherSooner than risk a bad crossing, he postponed his journey他不愿冒大风险,推迟了横渡海峡的旅行。G had better(参见第120节):You had better start at once,he said 他说:“你最好马上就动身。”H help后面接带to或不
44、带to的不定式都可以:He helped us(to) push it他帮我们推它。I 如果两个不定式由and连接在一起,通常可将第二个不定式的to省略:I intend to sit in the garden and write letters我打算坐在花园里并写些信。I want you to stand beside me and hold the torch 我要你站在我身边拿着手电筒。J but 和 except跟在 do anythingnothingeverything后面时,可以与不带to的不定式连用:He does nothing but complain 他只是一个劲地抱
45、怨。My dog does everything but speak我的狗除了不会说话以外什么都会。Cant you do anything but ask silly questions?你别一个劲地提愚蠢的问题好吗?(你除了提愚蠢的问题,难道不会干点别的?)Theres nothing to do but wait除了等候没有别的办法。K 在下列句子中to可有可无:The only thing to dowe can do is(to) write to him唯一可做的事我们唯一能做的事是给他写信。All we can do is(to) write to him(译文同上。)247 用
46、to代表的不定式为了避免重复,不定式可只用一个to来代表。这种用法主要用于下列动词之后: hate, hope, intend, would likelove,make(被动语态),mean, plan, try, want;也用于助动词如have, need, ought之后时以及与 used to, be able to和 be going to结构连用时:Would you like to come with me?Yes, Id love to你愿意和我一起走吗?是的,我愿意。Did you get a ticket?No, I tried to, but there werent a
47、ny left你有票了吗?没有,我尽力找了,可一张也没有了。Why did you take a taxi?I had to(take one)I was late你为什么坐出租汽车?我不得不坐。(因为)我晚了。Do you ride?Not now but I used to你骑马吗?我现在不骑了,但以前骑。He wanted to go but he wasnt able to他想去,但去不了。Have you fed the dog?No, but Im just going to你喂过狗了吗?没有,我这就要去呢。248 分裂不定式在to和动词原形之间插入另一个词,称为分裂不定式。这种用
48、法过去常被认为是文字不通顺,但现在人们对它的看法比较宽容了。在日常口语中really常常接在to之后而位于动词原形之前。It would take ages to really master this subject这门学科需要许多年才能真正掌握。这个地方如用 really to master,反而显得过分正式。其他一些程度副词如completely,entirely,(un)duly也可同样使用。可以说:(a) to completely cover the floor完全铺满地板而不说:(b) to cover the floor completely(a) to unduly alarm
49、 people过分使人们惊惶而不说:(b) to alarm people unduly但按照惯例,如上面(b)所示则较为安全。249 可起连词作用的不定式A 不定式用在only后面时,常表示一种令人失望的后果:He hurried to the house only to find that it was empty他急忙赶到那所房子,却发现空无一人。相当于:He hurried to the house and was disappointed when he found that it was empty他急忙赶到那所房子,但发现房子空无一人时感到大为失望。he survived the
50、 crash only to die in the desert相当于:He survived the crash but died in the desert飞机坠毁时他幸免于难,后来却死在沙漠里。B 不定式前不加 only也可以起连接作用,并且不带有不幸的含义:He returned home to learn that his daughter had just become engaged他回到家里,得知女儿才订了婚。但这类用法主要限于如 find, hear, learn,see, be told这类动词,否则用于起连接作用的不定式就可能被错认为是表示目的的不定式。250 可替代关系
51、从句的不定式A 不定式可用于 the first, the second等如此类推及 the last, theonly之后,有时也可用于最高级之后(参见第77节):He loves parties; he is always the first to come and the last to leave他喜欢参加社交聚会,总是头一个来,最后一个走。She was the only one to survive the crash她是这次事故中唯一的幸存者。这样使用的不定式代替了主格代词+动词结构。下面B中将它与不定式代替宾格代词+动词结构进行了比较。注意这里不定式的含义是主动的。如果需要被动
52、的含义则用不定式的被动式:He is the second man to be killed in this way他是第二个这样死于非命的人。the best play to be performed that year那年演出的最精彩的戏试与下面短语比较:the best play to perform 一出最适合最应当由你演出的戏B1 不定式可以放在名词和代词后面以表示可以怎么使用或处置它们,有时也可表示主语的愿望(参见第77节):I have letters to write我有信要写。Does he get enough to eat?他吃得饱吗?Have you anything
53、to say?你有话要说吗?At the customs: I have nothing to declare在海关检查站:我没有要报关的。a house to let待出租的房子不定式+介词结构也可以这样使用:someone to talk to可与交谈的人a case to keep my records in放我的磁带的盒子cushions to sit on 坐垫a glass to drink out of 喝水杯a tool to open it with用来打开这东西的工具a table to write on写字台2 不定式被动式的类似用法There is plenty to
54、do(a)有不少事情可做。即可供自娱的事。(b)有不少工作必须做。there be名词代词+不定式结构如有“义务”的含义,如上面(b)所示,则可用不定式的被动形式:There is a lot to be done有大量的事要做。但不定式的主动形式用得更多。251 某些特定的名词之后的不定式常用的可以直接跟不定式的名词有:ability demand failure requestambition desireoffer schemeanxiety determination planwillingness attempt eagernesspromise wishdecisioneffortrefusal例句如:His ability to get on with people is his chief asset
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