国外大学经典课件-纳米材料在能源与生物医学的用途演示课件

1、Nanostructured Carbide-Derived Carbons for Energy-Related and Biomedical Applications Yury Gogotsi Director, A.J. Drexel Nanotechnology Institute Trustee Chair Professor of Materials Science Chemical Physics Letters, 366, 458, 2002,CDC: Powders, Films, Fibers, Bulk,CDC coated SiC Tyranno fabric,Bulk

2、 CDC from sintered SiC,CDC coated dynamic seals,d=3 cm,Powder,Efficiency of Energy Technologies,Input,Ideal storage (no losses),Output,Supercapacitors: 109%,0%,100%,Primary renewable energy,U. Bossel - European Fuel Cell Forum - July 2008,Liquefied hydrogen: 400%,Compressed hydrogen: 312%,Compressed

3、 air: 156%,Pumped water: 130%,Lead acid batteries: 120%,Lithium-ion batteries: 116%,Useful energy,Energy Distribution Today: 80% chemical, 20% physical Future: 20% chemical, 80% physical,Chemical Storage Capacitive Storage Cross-cutting panel,P. Simon, Y. Gogotsi, Nature Materials, v.7, 845 (2008),U

4、nexpected capacitance increase as pores decrease below 1nm,Chmiola, J.; Yushin, G.; Gogotsi, Y.; Portet, C.; Simon, P.; Taberna, P.-L., Science, 2006, v. 313, 1760,Increase in Carbon Capacitance at pore size below 1 nm,Cation: (CH3CH2)4N+ Anion: BF4-,Ions MUST be desolvated!,TiC-CDC Electrochemistry

5、,J. Chmiola, C. Largeot, P.-L. Taberna, P. Simon, Y. Gogotsi, Angew. Chemie Int. Ed. v. 47, 3395 (2008),Need to increase energy (100W-h kg-1) to directly compete with batteries Larger voltage window that traditional electrolytes provides much greater energy density Still need to understand capacitan

6、ce mechanisms and possibly increase the voltage window even more,Carbon-Electrolyte Couples,Question: How to match a porous carbon (select from hundreds) with an electrolyte (select from thousands)?,P. Simon, Y. Gogotsi, Nature Materials, v.7, 845 (2008),TiC-CDC Ionic Liquid,C. Largeot, et al, J. Am

7、. Chem. Soc. v. 130, 2730 (2008),Specific gravimetric and volumetric capacitances change versus the chlorination temperature for CDC electrodes tested in EMI-TFSI electrolyte at 60C. A standard activated carbon (Kuraray) designed for organic electrolyte-based supercapacitors reached 90 F/g and 45 F/

8、cm3 under the same experimental conditions.,Cryo-adsorption of Hydrogen,Weak interaction between H2 and adsorbent (e.g. isosteric heat of H2 adsorption is 5 kJ/mole on plan graphite and 5-7 kJ/mole on MOF, which is too weak for RT adsorption),Challenges:,MOF* Nanoporous Carbon,Candidates:,* O. Yaghi

9、, et al. , J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128, 3494 (2006),Y. Gogotsi, et al. , J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127, 16006 (2005),0,.,6,0,.,7,0,.,8,0,.,9,1,.,0,1,.,1,1,.,2,1,.,3,1,.,4,1,.,5,1,.,6,0,.,8,1,.,0,1,.,2,1,.,4,1,.,6,1,.,8,2,.,0,2,.,2,2,.,4,2,.,6,T,i,C,-,C,D,C,Z,r,C,-,C,D,C,S,i,C,-,C,D,C,B,4,C,-,C,D,C,P,o,r,e,s,i,z

10、,e,n,m,Small pores are more efficient than large ones for a given SSA SSA of 3000 m2/g will be needed at ambient pressure for 7wt% storage - FEASIBLE!,Empty symbols: H2 treated samples,Y. Gogotsi, et al. , J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127, 16006 (2005),CDC for H2 Storage: Cryo-adsorption,77K 1 atm,CDC for H2

11、storage: Cryo-adsorption,Large volume of pores 1 nm needed for high storage capacity Density of gaseous H2 in nano-pores can be higher than density of liquid H2 J. Jagiello et al., J. Phys. Chem. B, in press (2006), Q. Wang et al., J. Chem. Phys. 110, 577-586 (1999),if all these pores filled with li

12、quid H2,Small pores increase the interaction with H2 and thus result in higher H2 coverage of the sorbent surface CDC demonstrate stronger interaction with H2 than CNT and MOF,G. Yushin et al., Advanced Functional Materials, 16, p. 2288-2293 (2006),Overall, linear dependence of storage on BET SSA, s

13、imilar to 1 atm.,Similar to 1 atm., small pores are overweighted in the SSA/normalized storage.,Correlation of 60 bar 77K storage with SSA and volume of small pores,Activation is effective if the increase in SSA comes mainly from small pores. On this basis, CDCs can outperform ACs.,max,The best pore

14、 size,Useful pores,Little or no contribution,Y. Gogotsi, et al, Importance of Pore Size in High Pressure Hydrogen Storage by Porous Carbons, Int. J.Hydrogen Energy (2008),CDC for Protein Adsorption,Grand challenge - Sepsis,Severe sepsis kills 1,500 people/day (comparable to lung and breast cancer (

15、2,700 and 1,100 people /day, respectively) Sepsis $ 17 billion / year in the US Inflammatory response is driven by a complex network of cytokines, inflammatory mediators Cytokine removal from blood brings under control the unregulated pro- and anti-inflammatory processes driving sepsis,Hydrogen,TNF-

16、,9.4 x 9.4 x 11.7 nm,CDC for Cytokine* Adsorption,* cytokines are regulatory proteins that are released by cells of the immune system and need to be removed from the blood in case of an autoimmune disease.,TNF-,IL-6,CDC outperformed commercial carbons in the efficiency of cytokines removal,G. Yushin

17、, et al. Biomaterials, 27, 5755 , 2006,CDC for Cytokine Adsorption,Adsorption depends on the SSA of adsorbents accessible by cytokines,G. Yushin, et al. Biomaterials, 27, 5755 , 2006,Further reading: G. Yushin, Y. Gogotsi, and A. Nikitin, Carbide Derived Carbon, in Nanomaterials Handbook, Y. Gogotsi

18、, Editor. 2006, CRC Press. p. 237-280.,Conclusions,CDC process enables design and fine tuning of porous carbons for improved performance in energy applications: electrochemical capacitors, hydrogen storage, methane storage, fuel cell catalyst support, etc. Move from trial-and-error tests to science-driven design of nanostructured carbons for energy, biomedical and other applications,Acknowledgements,Students and post-docs at Drexel University Drexel Unive