第十九讲：写作考试命题分析与预测

1、谢谢观赏第十九讲：写作考试命题分析与预测概述新大学英语教学大纲对大学英语高级阶段写作能力有如下要求：“能在阅读难度与课文相仿的书面材料时做笔记，回答问题，写提纲和摘要，能在半小时内就一定的话题，提纲，表格或图示写出180-200词的短文，能写报告、评论、 发言稿和日常应用文等，内容完整，文理通顺，表达思想清楚。”根据这一要求， 国家教育部又限定了大学英语四、 六级考试以6分为最低作文分数及格线，给予 作文对考试成绩特有的单项否决权。这一规定与要求对本来就惧怕英文写作的考 生增加了更大的难度，对应试者的考前准备，特别是心理准备产生了巨大的压力。 过去，许多考生曾寄希望于“作文损失，别的补”。现在

2、，这种想法已行不通了。 由此可见，英语写作已成为应试者最大的心理负担之一。 为了帮助考生克服这一 心理负担，找到行之有效的应试方法与技巧，本章集中介绍了短文写作的命题 形式与评分标准；常考文体形式与要点；基本写作方式与技巧；范文选读。C短文写作的基本方法与技巧一、如何开头文章如何开头至关重要。文章的开头要开门见山，直接切入主题，切忌说了一大 堆话还没有涉及到主题的现象，让读者读了你开头的文章还不知道你想要说的是什么。尤其在写议论文时，更要注意。1. 以提问式开头以提问的方式直接引出主题或论点。例 1.Do “Lucky Numbers” Bring Good Luck?（1998年6月六级作文

3、真题）Do “Lucky numbers” really bring good luck?My answer is NO. On6 s good luck isnot brought by lucky nu mberrs but dillige nee. Only through hard work,determ in ation,a strong will and persiste nee can one achieve success.例 2.My View on Fake Commodities（1997年12月六级作文真题）How to do away with fake commod

4、ities the n? The first thi ng for the gover nment todo is to root out the loeal protectionism in China.ln the meanwhile,fair competition must be en forced by law upon all the bus in esses,i n which light,ifone bus iness takes un fair adva ntage of its customers,it will lose to compet ingbus in ess w

5、hich treats its goods fairly.例 3.My Lif long PursuitWhat does one live for? An appeali ng but puzzli ng questi on that ofte nhaunts most college stude nts.To turn it off,some are resolved to pursue the goalof perfection in their own lines,some are already in pursuit of pleasure each day offers,and s

6、ome of the others are about to suit their pursuits to cha nging con diti ons.My pursuit,up on which my life has cen tred since childhood,is simplycomprised ofthree key eleme nts:in most passi on for love,great zeal forkno wledge,a nd intenselonging for the rise of our n atio n.2. 以陈述事实或现象开头例 1.1s Fa

7、ilurs a Bad Th ing?Failure is unv oidable in our daily life though we all l ong for successin everythi ng we do.People s attitudes towards failure,however,vary greatly from pers on to pers on.例 2.Reading Selectively or Extensively?（1999年6月四、六级作文真题）Alo ng with the arrival of the kno wledye economy ag

8、e,k no wledge is beingren ewed at a higher speed tha n ever before,a nd books on a variety of new subjectsare bringing greater effects on our study and work.Faci ng more and morebooks,however,people show quite differentattitudes towards how to read effectively andefficien tly.例 3.Global Shortage of

9、Fresh Water（1996年6月四级作文真题）As is widely known through the news from TV and newspapers,much of Africa is going thirsty.But few people are clearly aware of the fact that the shortage of fresh water is globally spread and is coming close to almost every one s life.3. 直接提出论点开头例 1.Ge nerati on GapWith the

10、 in crease of pace in moder n society,the tastes and thoughts of young generati on seem to be less and less in com mon with those of the old.Y oung people long for parents to understand their interpretationof the changes in socialreality while parents hope their experienee that the youth learn more

11、from the traditional beliefs.Then,it is easy to see that how to bridge the young and the old lies in their attitudes towards the gen erati on gap.例 2.Should Cloning Be Encouraged?In my opinion,now that it is impossible to reverse knowledge,human beings shouldtake a wiser step to determ ine and con t

12、rol the directi onof the clo ningresearch.例 3.Reading Selectively or Extensively?（1999年6月四、六级作文真题）Knowledge is power.Everybody knows it.The main way for us students to gain kno wledge is from the books.So some stude nts argue that we should read exte nsively inorder to know something about everythin

13、g,thusbroadening our knowledgeand enrichi ng experie nee.4. 以假设开头例 I.Patriotie EdueationIf taken seriously,patriotieedueation can be found in its own practicaland immediate significance.Throughpatriotic edueation,people are able to knowmore about our n ati on yesterday,half glorious and half shamefu

14、l,thus resol ving to prevent its tragedies from happe ning aga in.例 2.Don t Hesitate to Say“Nc”（1999年1月四、六级作文真题）If something destructive to larger interestsmaycomeof what we are askedto do for others,it is better to say“no” to them before we go about it.例 3.Is the Ability to Express Yourself Importa

15、nt?If you work as a gardener,of course,not muchskill in expressing yourself to beeffective .Ifyou work on a machi ne,your ability to express yourself willbe of little importa nce.But as soon as you move one step up from the bottom.二、如何写主题段落主题段落通常指的是“三段式”作文的中间部分，即body。在这部分里，作者主要通过摆事实，讲道理，进行详细论证，说明（理由

16、或原因）列举（具体事例）的过程，因此， 这部分写的如何关系到全文的成败与否。说明文和议论文展开主题的常用方法有两种：1.演绎法演绎法是由一般到具体的思维方法。 这种方法在四、六级短文写作中表现为在短 文段首以主题句（Topic Sentenee）的形式出现。主题句提出带概括性的原理，定义，观点和 结论，然后通过具体的叙述，说明，举例使主题句变得具体，明白，易懂，从而使主题句提 出的观点，主张得到论证和实现。这种方法在四、六级作文写作中极为普遍，其表现形式如 下：（演绎法）例1.Fake commodities affect our life in many aspects.（Topic sen

17、ten ce） Tobeg in with,they may turn out to be a threat to our lives,as is con firmed in thenews that a couple s dream of owning an electric bathing heater endedup by killing the husband （例证 1）.They also give rise to unfair competition,which in turnthrows many orig inalbus in esses into a commercial

18、panic（例证 2）.A nd aboveall,they lead the whole society to seek dish on esty in making a fortune（例证3）.Obviously,it is high time that the fake commodities were eliminated from our life（ 结 论）。例2Many factors con tribute to my intense foundn ess for read in g,but three ofthem seemto sta nd out （Topic sent

19、en ce）.To beg in with,readi ngfeeds mewith pleasure and satisfacti on .By read in g,I can tour about any place ofscie nee and historical interest without having to suffer the extremes of cold and heat,orrun into romanee without having to worry about unsteadness of myemotion or bring to light secrets

20、 of others without hav ing to quicke n myconcien ce,or.（理由 1及纟田节）ln additi on fromgood read ing I have derived the trick of fight ingIon elin ess.Whe never I am left alone or feel l on ely,l always have a good book on hand to bring mefriendship,sympathy and encouragement（理由 2及纟田节）.And best of all,sy

21、stematic read ing is more tha n likely to lay a solid foun datio n for my success.Since such books record all the experienee of humanfailureand success,Ican follow correct path and avoid courting unnecessary failure（理由 3）2.归纳法归纳法和演绎法相反，它是把一个个事例归纳成一个共同的结论（原因，理由，观点，定义等）其特点是从个别到一般。在短文写作中，其表现形式为先列举具体的事例

22、进 行分析，说明，进而得出论证或结论，在段末往往以主题句的形式表现出来。其表现形式如下：In the course of one s English study,for instance,there is so much for him to learn, such as new words,grammar rules and culture backgro und.lt is ofte na great headache to master a wealth of such stuff.The best way he first and foremost takes,however,is t

23、o practice and practice as muchas possible.He has to read a lot,memorize a lot,speak a lot and write a lot. On ly through practice will he beable to perfect himself in En glish.文章以英语学习为例，抓住需要学习和掌握的知识点极多这一关键问题， 提出学 好英语的最佳途径应是练习，紧扣文章的主题用具体事例展开说明， 从而得出结论：只有通 过这样的练习，他才能够使自己精通英语。、如何结尾文章的开头和结尾在文章的总体结构上处于同

24、等重要的位置。开好头能够吸引读者，而结尾好能够概括全文，给读者以美的享受。写好结尾应注意语言的简洁，有力，具有 概括性；首尾一致，前后呼应，融为一体，写好尾段的常用方法有：1.改变表达式，重述原文主题（句）例 1 主题句：Patrioticeducation can be found its own practical and immediate sig ni fica nee.结尾句：In a word,patriotic educatio n is the first and foremest way to foster our n atio nal spirit.例 2 主题句： Of evil grain no good seed can come.结尾句：If this situati on is allowed to drift in its direct ion,our gover nm