重点记忆,没事你就顺一遍（Key memory, nothing, you just go through it）

1、重点记忆,没事你就顺一遍（Key memory, nothing, you just go through it）Urinary system:1, proteinuria is greater than 3.5g/d nephropathy, less than 3.5g/d nephritis,If the onset of hematuria is nephritis, the onset of proteinuria is nephropathy2, upper respiratory tract infection + hematuria - acute nephritisLabor

2、atory tests for acute nephritis - C3 decreased and returned to normal within 8 weeks. Renal biopsy was performed if 8 weeks were not normal3, RPGN - Based on acute nephritis oliguria, anuria, deterioration of renal function, there are more than 50%Greater crescent formation4, when frequent micturiti

3、on, urgency and dysuria (bladder irritation), the answer will get rid of nephritis.Single bladder irritation is cystitisFever and lumbago are pyelonephritisChronic bladder irritation sign with terminal hematuria is renal tuberculosis5, the largest feature of the kidney itself is tuberculosis in the

4、kidneys and asymptomatic bladder6, acute nephritis to chronic nephritis for one yearAcute pyelonephritis to chronic pyelonephritis is 6 monthsAcute renal failure to chronic renal failure is 3 months7, acute nephritis is a self limiting disease, can not use hormones and cytotoxic drugs;8, acute radic

5、al into the renal pelvis Xiaohong; interstitial nephritis; epithelial tube type tubular wax tube type die; chronic renal failure; fat tube type nephrotic9, chronic nephritis for more than 1 years, a low protein diet;High protein diet in patients with cirrhosisHepatic encephalopathy patients diet no

6、protein, afraid of alkali environment, caused by hepatic encephalopathy is ammonia poisoning theory, free ammonia can enter the blood brain barrier induced hepatic encephalopathy, conversion when ammonia ions encountered in alkaline environment into free ammonia (not in patients with hepatic encepha

7、lopathy with soapy water enema, must use acid, such as lactulose)10, chronic nephritis control blood, medicinal ACEI class blood pressure control in big 2575, small 3811, IGA nephropathy characteristics - only hematuria12, acute nephritis type third ANCA antibody positive13, urinary calculi: less th

8、an 0.6 conservative treatment, 0.62.5 lithotripsy in vitro (distal ureter must be unobstructed, not stone can not pass)For example, a patient with urinary calculi, 1.8cm, and distal urinary obstruction: treatment should not be performed with extracorporeal lithotripsy14, chronic renal failure in Chi

9、na is caused by chronic glomerulonephritis, and foreign countries are diabetic nephropathyRespiratory system：1, call acid, alkali, acid instead of alkali:The first step is to look at the CO2 changes that reflect respiration, and CO2 is high - - called acid, and CO2 is low - called alkali;In the seco

10、nd part, the HCO3 root (normal value is 2227, average value is 24) reflects metabolism, and CO2 is opposite, decrease, substitute acid, increase base;The third part looks at the pH value (7.357.45), which is normal compensation and abnormal decompensation.The fourth step BE base excess (normal -33)

11、reflect the metabolism, aged 3 to 3 less than alkali poisoning, acid poisoning.Cases of chronic pulmonary heart disease patients, mild URI have cough, conscious admission, automatic posture, mild cyanosis, admission examination blood pH7.19, PaCO2 59mmHg, HCO3 41mmol/L, according to the blood gas sh

12、ould be diagnosis (E).Chronic decompensated nitric acidB. calling acid + replacing acidC. chronic acid (compensatory)D. decompensation of acidE chronic decompensated acid + replacement base2, type 1 respiratory failure only decreased oxygen partial pressure, ventilation dysfunction, treatment with h

13、igh concentration of oxygen, 35%45%;Type 2 respiratory oxygen partial pressure decreased, CO2 partial pressure, ventilation dysfunction, treatment with continuous low flow oxygen (oxygen concentration =21+4* oxygen flow) is the most common disease of type 2 COPD3, the most important cause of chronic

14、 bronchitis smoking;4. The anti tuberculosis drug which is ineffective against intracellular tuberculosis - ethambutolEndocrine system:1, the most common cause of hypopituitarism is the pituitary tumor itself;Hypopituitarism caused the most serious is the most typical of Sheehan syndrome;The leading

15、 cause of postpartum hemorrhage, Sheehan syndrome2 hyperthyroidism:The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Gravess disease (TRAB antibody);Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia in hyperthyroidism patientsSigns - symmetrical, diffuse, without tenderness (with tenderness as Ya Jiayan)T

16、reatment with PTU, 18 monthsDrugs for PTU and clozapine are adverse reactions.Iodine (not below 25 years old, pregnant women, as long as the problem appeared in the exophthalmos) not surgery.In patients with hyperthyroidism, T3 and T4 increased and TSH decreased (TSH was most sensitive)Solitary goit

17、er, T3, T4 normal, treatment of adolescents given thyroxine, pregnant women diet.3, the first target organ of pituitary hypofunction is gonadIf hypopituitarism, cumulative gonads, thyroid, and adrenal glands are present, the condition is critical4, hypothyroidism patients with mucous edema, coma, in

18、dicating the critical condition;5, Cushings syndrome: as long as the increase in glucocorticoids is. Including Cushings disease (relating to the pituitary gland) and non Cushings disease (unrelated to the pituitary gland).6, a small dose of dexamethasone can not be suppressed - Cushings syndrome;A l

19、arge dose of dexamethasone can be suppressed - Cushings disease (not suppressed as non Cushings disease)Note: after a small dose of Cushings syndrome was determined, a large dose of dexamethasone was used to determine if it was Cushings diseaseFor example, the full moon face, the buffalo back patien

20、t (the Cushing syndrome), is diagnosed with large doses.Digestive system：1, the most important cause of acute gastritis - non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs2, the treatment of acute gastritis, peptic ulcer, efficacy, the best medicine is: proton pump inhibitor PPI: omeprazole, LansoprazoleProton

21、pump inhibitors only improve the effect of antibiotics on HP, and in itself do not inhibit the action of HPOnly bismuth can inhibit the action of HP3. The earliest clinical manifestation of patients with hepatic coma is personality change4, early detection of rectal cancer, the most important examin

22、ation is rectal refers to the diagnosis5, the location of intestinal tuberculosis - ileocecal regionThe site of Crohns disease is the terminal ileumUlcerative colitis - rectum, sigmoid colonToxic megacolon -.6, X-ray appears skip disease - intestinal tuberculosis;The pebbles, paving stone, longitudi

23、nal ulcer, Crohns disease7, Charcot triad (abdominal pain, chills, high fever, jaundice - sequence can not change), suggesting extrahepatic bile duct stones;Mental symptoms appeared in Charcot on the basis of the shock is Reynolds pentalogy - acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis8, acute cholang

24、itis - diet greasy foodAcute pancreatitis - binge drinkingMurphys sign is positive - cholecystitis, without Murphys sign is gallstone9, good old - young people - hernia; hernia; hernia of middle-aged womenCirculatory system:1 、 grading of cardiac function:Killip classification - acute myocardial inf

25、arction, NYHA classification - non acute myocardial infarction2, can cause drug - furosemide hypokalemia (furosemide)3. The most common arrhythmia in acute myocardial infarction is ventricular premature contraction (ventricular premature)4, the most severe complication of mitral stenosis is acute pu

26、lmonary edema5 dilated cardiomyopathy is mainly seen in young peopleBlood:1, the most common anemia in infants - iron deficiency anemia2, leukemia:There is a pain in the breastbone - hurry up;There is gum penetration - M5 urgent single;There are changes in the nervous system, hepatosplenomegaly - al

27、l;The most likely occurrence is DIC - M3;NSE nonspecific staining was inhibited by sodium fluoride - M5;Other：The two stage structure of the DNA is the right-handed helixTitle to dry Teng Xilong test, neostigmine test - myasthenia gravisAbdominal peritonitis;Frog shaped abdomen - ascites due to cirr

28、hosis;Scaphoid abdomen - cachexia caused by advanced cancerSurgeryThe lymphatic return of the breast, the outer part of the breast, the upper part of the breast, the upper lock, the two are axillary. The medial sternal side was anastomotic to the contralateral side. Internal and inferior to the diap

29、hragm, abdominal anastomosis, the upper and lower diaphragm, connected to the liver above. Deep breast or tip, the former also known as Rotter knot.Early gastrointestinal nutrition in burn patients, less food, more meals, the first flow after dry, early high fat, gradually increasing sugar, protein

30、content is wide.Burn fluid replacement, first fast and then slow, first salt after sugar, first crystal after alkali, see urine potassium supplement, timely fill alkali.Burn new nine points method, head neck surface 333 (9%*1); arm brachial 567 (9%*2); trunk perineum 27 (9%*3); buttocks 5 feet, 7 calves, thighs 13, 21 (9%*5+1%).Hand skin management, the middle of the hand three fingers, half, the remaining ulnar nerve one finger, half of the back of the foot, foot, half, and the middle of the three