概要写作之文章结构ppt课件

1、概要写作 -how to find the structure of the passage,Festivals and celebrations,1. Whats the style of the passage? A. narration （记叙文） B. argumentation （议论文） C. exposition （说明文） 2. Whats the structure of the passage,II. Expository writing(说明文,1. Describe the characters and functions of things,2. Problems+s

2、olutions,3. phenomenon+reasons/nature,description+function definition+function+application,problem+reasons+solutions,phenomenon+reason+result,The structure,Identify the style of exposition,Steps of a summary writing,Step 1. Read the passage to find the structure,Step 2. Divide the whole passage into

3、 several parts and find the key point of each part,Step 3. Rewrite the key points by using your own words,Step 4. Polish the whole passage,Four different kinds of writing styles,I. Argumentative writing(议论文,II. Expository writing(说明文,III. Narrative writing(记叙文,IV. Practical writing(应用文,Identify the

4、style of exposition,phenomenon/ problem +reason +solution (cause and effect) introduction of an object ( a dictionary, a book, etc.,Scientists find that the hard-working people live longer than average men and women. Career women are healthier than housewives. Evidences show that the jobless are in

5、poorer health than job-holders. An investigation shows that whenever the unemployment rate increases by 1%，the death rate increases correspondingly(相应地) by 2%. All this comes down to one point：work is helpful to health. Why is work good for health？ It is because work keeps people busy，away from lone

6、liness and solitude. Researches show that people feel unhappy，worried and solitary when they have nothing to do. Instead，the happiest are those who are busy,Passage 2,Many high achievers who love their careers feel they are most happy when they are working hard. Work serves as a bridge between man a

7、nd reality. By work，people come into contact with each other. By collective activity，they find friendship and warmth. This is helpful to health. The loss of work means the loss of everything. It affects man spiritually and hence makes him likely to disease. Besides，work gives one the sense of fulfil

8、lment and a sense of achievement. Work makes one feel his value and status in society. When a writer finishes his writing or a doctor successfully operates on a patient or a teacher sees his students progress，they are happy beyond words,phenomenon+reasons/nature,Passage2,1.When competitors in sports

9、 are equally matched, the team dressed in red is more likely to win, according to a new study. 2. That is the conclusion of British anthropologists (人类学家) Russell Hill and Robert Barton of the University of Durham, after studying the results of one-on-one boxing, tae kwon do (跆拳道), Greco-Roman wrest

10、ling and free-style wrestling matches at the Olympic Games. Their study shows that when a competitor is equally matched with an opponent in fitness and skill, the athlete wearing red is more likely to win. 3. Hill and Barton report that when one contestant is much better than the other, color has no

11、 effect on the result. However, when there is only a small difference between them, the effect of color can tip the balance. The anthropologists say that the number of times red wins is not simply by chance, but that these results are statistically significant,4. Hill and Barton got the idea for the

12、ir research because of the role that the color red plays in the animal world. “Red seems to be the color, across species, that signals male advantages, ” Barton says.They thought that there might be a similar effect in humans. 5. Another study shows the effect of red among birds. In an experiment, s

13、cientists put red plastic rings on the legs of male zebra finches(雀科鸣禽) and this increased the birds success with female zebra finches. Zebra finches already have bright red beaks (喙) , so this study suggests that , as with Olympic athletes, an extra flash of red is significant. In fact, researchers

14、 from the University of Glasgow say that the birds brightly colored beaks are an indicator of health. They think they have found proof that bright red or orange beaks attract females because they mean that the males are healthier. 6. Meanwhile, what about those athletes who win in their events while

15、 wearing red ? Do their clothes give them an unintentional advantage ?Robert Barton accepts that that is the result of their findings. Is it time for sports authorities to consider new regulations on sports clothing ,Clarify the structure,Topic paragraph （主题段） ( raise a problem/phenomenon/result) Su

16、pporting paragraphs（支持段） (analyze the problem/phenomenon/result) Concluding paragraph（结尾段） (conclude/suggest/provide measures,I. Argumentative writing(议论文,Normal structure: opinion/idea+ arguments(supporting ideas/reasons) +conclusion sentences 图表,Getting up early has been regarded as a good habit s

17、ince ancient times. Many years ago, people thought that if we went to bed early and get up early, we would be energetic the whole day. So, getting up early is of great importance to us all. In fact, morning is the best time of a day. In the morning, the air is the freshest and people are usually in

18、the best conditions. Many of us may have the experiences that we memorize some things more quickly and accurately in the morning than any other time of the day. If we do some morning exercise or only take a short walk in the morning, we can build our bodies and become much healthier. Also we will ha

19、ve enough time to make a plan and get ready for our work or study of the day if we get up early. However, if we get up late, we will probably have to do everything in a great hurry. Let us remember getting up early is a good habit and try our best to keep it. If we stick to getting up early every da

20、y, we will certainly benefit a lot from it,Passage 3,Getting up early has been regarded as a good habit,3)have enough time to make a plan and get ready for our work or study of the day,getting up early is a good habit and try our best to keep it,2)build our bodies and become much healthier,1)we memo

21、rize some things more quickly and accurately in the morning,Passage 4,With the living standards rising rapidly, more and more Chinese people can afford cars. But the increase of private cars produces unfavorable effects in many aspects. I think private cars should not be encouraged in China. Private

22、 cars have to be restricted in China. To begin with, the sharp increase of private cars worsens the already terrible traffic situation in China. China has the largest population in the world. The number of vehicles is increasing much more rapidly than building roads. Mass transportation vehicles are

23、 more suitable means to solve the traffic problems in China. However, more traffic jams will happen, which is really a public hazard to all of us. The number of private cars in urban areas should be limited while the number of buses should be increased. Secondly, private cars contribute to air pollu

24、tion. A lot of big cities in China are now plagued by serious air pollution. It people are to have cars of their own, the already contaminated atmosphere will get even dirtier. Finally, more and more traffic accidents occur due to poor driving skills of inexperienced private car owners. In short, Ch

25、ina should not encourage private cars. As far as the great demand for means of transport is concerned, we can develop mass transportation system to take the place of private cars,Assignment,Daniel Anderson, a famous psychologist, believes its important to distinguish televisions influences on childr

26、en from those of the family. We tend to blame TV, he says, for problems it doesnt really cause, overlooking our own roles in shaping childrens minds. One traditional belief about television is that it reduces a childs ability to think and to understand the world. While watching TV, children do not m

27、erely absorb words and pictures. Instead, they learn both explicit and hidden meanings from what they see. Actually, children learn early the psychology of characters in TV shows. Furthermore, as many teachers agree, children understand far more when parents watch TV with them, explaining new words and ideas. Yet, most parents use an educational program as a chance to park their kids in front of the set and do something in another room,Another argument against television is that it takes the place of reading as a form of entertainment. But according to Anderson, the amount of time spe