非谓语动词精讲

1、非谓语动词 The Non-finite Verb The Non-Predicate Verb,非谓语动词 在句中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词,动名词 gerund,不定式 infinitive,分词 participle,考纲解读,非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词和分词。它们是高中所学的基础语法，也是高考必考内容，既是高考的亮点又是高考的热点。 非谓语动词的构成和语法功能及用法对比。 非谓语动词的完成式、被动式的用法和特点。 非谓语动词的复合结构及否定形式。 不定式与动名词，动名词与现在分词，现在分词与过去分词，分词作状语与独立结构等用法对比。 不定式和动名词在及物动词

2、后作宾语的区别是考查的热点。 过去分词作定语，不定式和分词作宾语补足语的用法。 不定式标志to和介词to的用法判断等。 带to与不带to的不定式的用法及区别,2018年高考命题预测 1.题目难度继续保持稳定,难度中等偏下,考查非谓语 动词最基本、最常见的用法，但考查的内容可能会更细。 2.试题的句子都比较短，没有太复杂的结构出现,突出在具体的语境中知识的灵活使用。 3.非谓语动词作状语、定语、宾语的用法依然是考查的重点。 4.含非谓语动词的常用句型和固定搭配可能成为命题的热点。 解题方法 解答考查非谓语动词的题目时，一定要保持头脑冷静。要遵循以下解题思路： 解析句子结构，确定设空在句子中充当的

3、功能(如状语、定语或宾补)； 找准相关动词的逻辑主语，确定该动词与逻辑主语是什么关系(主动还是被动)； 搜索句子中相关的时间信息，确定非谓语动词的恰当形式； 将该选项置入空中，看是否能够做到字从意顺、或是否能传达有效信息、完成交际任务,1性质：具有动词的特点，但在句中起名词、形容词、副词的作用，充当主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语的作用，即除谓语以外一切成分,2形式 不定式相当于名词、形容词、副词，充当主语、宾语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语。 动名词相当于名词，充当主语、表语、定语、宾语。 分词相当于形容词、副词，充当表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语形成分,3语态：必须搞清逻辑主语与非谓

4、语动词的关系，从而来确定非谓语动词态的语态,动名词和现在分词 The Gerund 此题又是表否定含义，分词的否定式为not doing/not having done; 故选 c,ing 形式主要考查其在句子中作定语和状语的用法,European football is played in 80 countries, _ it the most popular sport in the world. A. making B. makes C. made D. to make He rushed to the train station, only _ the train had gone.

5、A. finding B. found C. finds D. to find Making it the popular sport in the world为现在分词短语作结果状语，这类分词短语常放在句子的后面,v-ing表示顺其自然，不定式表示突然，出乎意料。 His parents died, leaving him an orphan He rushed to the post office only to find it was closed,动词 -ing的逻辑主语,A 动名词作主语 动名词作主语时，其逻辑主语对于谈话双方是不言而喻的。Reading aloud is very

6、helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。(Reading aloud的逻辑主语是泛指任何人，因而无需表达出来) 如果作主语的动词-ing形式需要自己的逻辑主语时，一般用物主代词或名词所有格(即名词后加s) His fathers falling ill worried him greatly.他父亲生病使他很着急。 (his father是falling ill的逻辑主语,B 动名词作表语 其逻辑主语往往是句子中的主语，也可带有自己的逻辑主语。 What worries me most is her staying too late every night. (staying too late e

7、very night的逻辑主语是her,C 动名词作定语 其逻辑主语就是它修饰的名词。an interesting book = a book that interests its readers a running stream = a stream that is running,如果现在分词的逻辑主语是动作的承受者，用被动式。The meeting being held in Beijing now is of great importance. (the meeting和举行是被动关系，所以用being held,D 动名词作宾语 动名词作宾语，其逻辑主语是句子中的主语。如要明确动作的

8、执行者，也可以前加名词或代词表示逻辑主语。 He insisted on doing it himself. 他坚持要自己做。 (doing it的逻辑主语是句子的主语“他”) He insisted on my doing it. 他坚持要我做。 (doing it的逻辑主语是“我”) Would you mind opening the window?请你把窗子打开好吗？ (opening the window的逻辑主语是“你”) Would you mind my opening the window?你介意我把窗子打开吗？(opening the window的逻辑主语是“我”,逻辑主

9、语就是它前面的宾语。We often hear her singing this song.我们经常听见她唱这首歌。 (singing this song的逻辑主语是“她”)We often hear this song (being) sung.我们经常听见这首歌被人唱。(逻辑主语this song和宾语补足语“唱”的关系是被动的，所以用动词-ing形式的被动式或-ed分词。,1 现在分词作状语，逻辑主语与句子主语保持一致。Entering the classroom, I found nobody in it.如分词动作不是句中主语发出或承受的，那就是误用。这种无依着的-ing形式，语法上

10、称之为“垂悬分词”。 【误】Looking out through the window, the garden was beautiful.(looking out through the window的逻辑主语是the garden，显然不对)【正】Looking out through the window, we saw a beautiful garden,误】Reading the evening newspaper, a dog started barking.(逻辑主语是dog，它不会看晚报)【正】I was reading the evening newspaper when

11、 a dog started barking. 2 如不能和句子中的主语保持一致，该分词必须有自己的逻辑主语，通常由名词或代词来担任。The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. Weather permitting, the football match will be played on Friday,固定动词的-ing形式短语，如generally speaking, judging from., considering., talking of., supposing.等，逻辑主语可以和句子主语不一致，可当作插入语。 Generally

12、speaking, boys are more interested in science than girls. Judging from his accent, he must come from Canada. Considering how poor he was, we decided to let him attend the concert for free. Supposing it rains, what will you do?假使下雨，你会怎么办呢,关于逻辑主语的问题 1. _to the meeting surprised all of the boards. A. M

13、ike coming B. Mike came C. Mike coming D. Mikes coming 2. Its no use _ that you didnt know the rules. A. you pretend B. you pretending C. your pretending D. your pretend 把从句转换成短语 That Peter didnt attend the meeting made it put off,动词不定式The Infinite,To do that sort of thing is foolish. 作主语 I want to

14、see you this evening. 作宾语 I warned the patient not to eat cold water after the operation.作宾补 All you have to do is to finish it quickly. 作表语 We found a house to live in. 作定语 She came here to study English. 作状语,作主语 1.当今掌握一门外语真的很重要。 To master a foreign language is really important nowadays. 2. 放弃吸烟是对的

15、。 To give up smoking is right. 作表语 1. 我的工作是教英语。My job is to teach English. 2. 眼见为实。To see is to believe. 作宾语 1. Fred 没有钱，所以他决定找一份工作。 Fred didnt have any money, so he decided to look for a job. 2. 他答应不告述任何人这事。 He promised not to tell anyone about it,作宾补 1. 她叫我呆在这儿。She asked me to stay there. 2.请允许我介绍

16、Mr. White给你们。 Please allow me to introduce Mr. White to you. 作定语 1. 你有什么要说的吗? Do you have anything to say? 2. Betty是第一个知道这真相的人 Betty was the first to know the truth. 作状语 He spoke loudly (so as / in order) to be heard.目的状语 They jumped with joy to hear the news.原因状语 Im too tired to walk any further to

17、night.结果状语,注意,A.有些动词后面的不定式不带to，如feel（一感）hear, listen to（二听）make, have, let（三让） see, watch, notice, observe（四看）。 The teacher made me answer the question. We watched them play football. B. 动词不定式的否定式只须在to 前加 not。 My father decided not to take up the job. The teacher told us not to be late again. C. 带疑问

18、词的动词不定式在to 前加疑问词。 Mr.Lin will teach us how to use the computer. Can you tell me where to get the book? D. 作简短回答或避免不必要的重复时，省略的动词不定式只保留to 。 A:Would you like to come to my party? B: Yes , Id love to ( come to your party). Mary wanted to use my bike, but I asked her not to ( use my bike,动词不定式的时态语态,一般式(

19、to do )不定式的一般式所表示的动作（状态）同时（或几乎同时）发生，或之后发生。 I opened the door to enter the room. Mr. Smith is going to attend the meeting to be held tomorrow. 进行式( to be doing)如果谓语表示的动作（情况）发生时，不定式所表示的动作正在进行。 I am very glad to be working with you. He is said to be coming,过去分词 The Past Participle,1 过去分词表示完成、被动，除了形容词化的

20、过去分词外。Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology.One of the glasses was found broken.有人发现其中一个杯子破了。 The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people. 2 及物动词的过去分词表被动。Given more time, I could have solved that riddle.要是有充足的时间，我就能猜出那个谜语。 (句子的主语I和动词give之间是被动关系。)

21、When you speak English, be sure to make yourself understood.你说英语的时候，一定要让人懂得你的意思。 (宾语yourself和宾补understand之间是被动关系。)The experience gained in the army was of great value to our study. 3 不及物动词的过去分词表完成，不表被动。 an escaped prisoner 逃犯 = a prisoner who has escaped a retired worker 退休工人 = a worker who has reti

22、red a newly arrived guest 新来的客人 = a guest who has just arrived People should pay attention to the changed situation.人们应该注意到变化了的形势,1 过去分词在系动词后作表语，说明主语的状态。The students are fully prepared.学生们已做好了充分的准备。When we got there, the shop was closed.我们到那时，商店已经关门了。而被动语态表示被执行的动作。Peter the Great is buried here. 彼得大

23、帝就埋葬在这里。 Peter the Great was buried here in 1725. 彼得大帝于1725年被埋葬在这里。 2 同一个动词的过去分词与现在分词作表语的区别。过去分词作表语，表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态，表被动，而现在分词作表语表示主语具有的特征，表主动。 They were frightened to hear the frightening sound. At the sight of the moving scene, all the people present were moved,amusing使人高兴的 amused开心的 encouraging 鼓舞

24、人心的encouraged 受鼓励的 disappointing 令人失望的 disappointed 失望的 exciting 使人激动的 excited激动的 puzzling 迷惑人的 puzzled 迷惑的 satisfying 令人满意的 satisfied 感到满意的,分词与动名词作表语时的区别。 1.Our plan is _( finish ) the task before May. 2. Toms job was _( guard ) the factory. 3. His lecture is _( interest ), which made us _( interes

25、t ). 4. The situation is _( encourage,当作宾语补足语的动词和前面的宾语之间是被动关系时，用过去分词作宾语补足语。1. 在感官动词see, hear, feel, notice, watch, find等后作宾语补足语。I heard the Ninth Symphony played last night.昨晚我听了第九交响乐的演奏。We found all the rivers seriously polluted.我们发现所有的河流都被严重污染了。 动词get后接动词不定式或动词-ing形式作宾语补足语，和宾语是主动关系。I couldnt get t

26、he car to start this morning. He got his sister to help him with his clothes. It is not hard to get him talking; the problem is stopping him!Can you really get that old clock going again?你真的能让那只旧钟再走起来吗,2 在使役动词get, have, make, leave, keep等后作宾语补足语。 过去分词作get的宾语补足语。Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in

27、the hospital.多丽丝在医院把坏牙拔了。 过去分词作make的宾语补足语。He raised his voice in order to make himself heard.他提高了嗓门为了使别人听清他的讲话。 过去分词作keep或leave的宾语补足语。They all went home, leaving all the work undone.所有的工作都没完成，他们就回家了。 使役动词have接过去分词、现在分词和动词不定式作宾补。 have不定式动作由宾语发出，表示让某人做某事。 Im going to have the teacher answer this quest

28、ion after class.我打算课后让老师回答这个问题,让某人做某事或让某种情况发生。 He had the car waiting outside.他让小汽车在外面等着。 用于否定结构，表示“不容忍、不能让”。 We wont have the child talking to his mother like that. 我们不能容忍那个孩子那样对他的妈妈说话。 宾语和宾补逻辑上的被动关系，表示某事由别人做。 Where did you have your hair cut?你在哪儿理的发？ 表示主语遭遇不幸或陷入恶劣的环境。 The house had its roof blown

29、off.房子的屋顶被吹掉了。 完成某事(自己也可能参与)。 He has had one thousand yuan saved. 他已存了1000元。 否定式表示“不允许”。 I wont have anything said against her.我不允许别人说反对她的话,3 过去分词在with (without) 结构中，作介词的宾语补足语。 With everything well arranged, he left the office.一切都安排妥善之后，他离开了办公室。She has come back with her backpack filled with interes

30、ting picture-books.她已经回来了，背包里塞满了有趣的图书。 4 某些动词后(如want, need, prefer, would like等)，作宾语补足语的不定式被动形式省略“to be”，就成了过去分词作宾语补足语。I would like this matter (to be) settled immediately. The peasants dont want good farmland (to be) built on.农民们不想让好好的农田被用来建造房子,3）现在分词与过去分词作宾语补足语的区别： + sb do (经常性动作) +sb doing sth.（正

31、在进行） +sth done（被动） 1.I used to see these boys ( play ) on the playground. 2.I saw them _( play ) the computer this afternoon. 3.She was surprised to find the house _( break ) into when she went back home,1 前置定语单个过去分词作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前，作前置定语。A watched pot never boils.心急锅不开。All the broken doors and windo

32、ws have been repaired. When we arrived, we each were given a printed question paper. 如要表示强调，单个过去分词也可作后置定语。 Money spent is more than money earned. 入不敷出 2 后置定语一般带有修饰语或其他成分，在语法上相当于一个定语从句。We have read many novels written by this author.(= that are written by this author) Half of the honoured guests invi

33、ted to the reception were foreign ambassadors.(= who had been invited to the reception) The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success. (= which was attended by one thousand students,3 过去分词作定语和现在分词作定语的区别过去分词表示完成，现在分词表示正在进行。the risen sun升起了的太阳 the rising sun正在升起的太阳 boiled water开水 boili

34、ng water正沸腾的水 fallen leaves落叶 falling leaves正在飘落的叶子 changed condition改变了的情况 changing condition变化着的情况 developed countries发达国家 developing countries发展中国家,分词作定语 1. Do you know the man _(speak ) at the meeting? 2. Do you know the man _( praise ) at the meeting? 3. The building _( put ) up last now is our

35、 library. 4. The building _( put ) up now will be our new company,过去分词作状语和现在分词作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。1. 表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。 Seen from the tower, the city looks beautiful.从塔上往下看，城市显得很美丽。(= When the city is seen from the tower.) Shown the lab, we were taken to see the library.(= After we had be

36、en shown the lab .) Completely examined by the doctors, he went back to school right away. (= After he was completely examined.,有时过去分词前可加连词when, while等来强调时间概念。Once recovered, he went all out to do his work.一恢复健康，他就全力以赴地干起了工作。When asked why she was late for class again, she hung her head in shame.当被问

37、到为什么上课又迟到时，她羞愧地低下了头。Once started, the clock will go half a month and keep good time.一旦给这钟上了发条，它就会走半个月，并且走得很准,2 表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。 Moved by the heroic deeds, the children couldnt help crying.(= Since they were moved by the heroic deeds .) Written in haste, her letter is very hard to read.(= As it was

38、written in haste .) Excited by the new discovery, we decided to go out and celebrate. (= Because we were excited by.) 3 表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。Heated, water changes into steam.(= If water is heated.) Given more time, he would be able to do better. (= If he was given more time .) Compared with other profes

39、sors, she was an excellent speaker. (= If she was compared with other professors.,4 表示让步，相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。 Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber.(= Although they were exhausted by the running .) Laughed at by many people, he continued his research.(= Even if he

40、 was laughed by many people .) 5 表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明。过去分词作方式状语或伴随状语，置于句末，相当于一个并列分句。The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students.老师站在那儿，被学生围住了。(= and he was surrounded by the students)He went into the office, followed by some children.他走进办公室，后面跟着一些孩子。(= and he was followed by some children,1.考查动名

41、词作某些及物动词宾语的固定搭配。 1. Can I smoke here? Sorry. We dont allow _ here. A. people smoking B. people smoke C. to smoke D. smoking 2. You cant imagine what difficulty we had _home in the snowstorm. A. walked B. walk C. to walk D. walking,一、考查动词不定式、动名词作宾语的用法,常用能接动名词的动词：admit, appreciate, avoid, advise, esca

42、pe, cant help, celebrate, consider, complete, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, excuse, feel like, finish, forgive, imagine, keep, mention, mind, miss, pardon, permit, practice, prevent, resist, risk, stop, suggest, allow, understand等,2.考查动名词作短语动词和介词宾语的固定搭配。 They are quiet, arent they? Yes. They are accu

43、stomed _ at meals. A. to talk B. to not talk C. to talking D. to not talking 2. Isnt it time you got down to _ the papers. A. mark B. be marked C. being marked D. marking 3. Im looking forward to hear from you soon,hearing,常见的短语动词：leave off, put off, give up, cant help, cant stand, feel like, insist

44、 on, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent(from), keepfrom, stop(from), protectfrom, set about, be engaged in, spend(in), succeed in 等。 下列短语中的to 为介词，后面只能接动名词或名词： look forward to, be familiar to, oweto, put ones mind to, turn to, get down to, attributeto, live up to, in relation to, admit to, be de

45、voted to, owing to, thanks to, object to, be accustomed to等,3.考查不定式作某些及物动词宾语的固定搭配。 I dont want _like Im speaking ill of anybody, but the manager s plan is unfair.A. to soundB. to be sounded C. soundingD. to have sounded 2. I cant stand _ with Jane in the same office. She just refuses _talking while

46、she works.A. working; stopping B. to work; stopping C. working; to stop D. to work; to stop,接不定式作宾语的及物动词：afford, agree, ask, arrange, attempt, beg, begin, choose, claim, decide, determine, dare, desire, demand, expect, fail, forget, hate, hope, manage,intend, learn, help，like,long, mean, need, offer

47、, plan, prefer, prepare, seek, pretend, promise, refuse, remember, seem, tend, threaten, volunteer, want, wish等,4.考查某些动名词和不定式作宾语意义的差别。 Robert is indeed a wise man. Oh, yes. How often I have regretted _his advice! A. to take B. taking C. not to take D. not taking 2. If you think that treating a woman

48、 well means always _ her permission for things, think again.A. gets B. got C. to get D. getting,接不定式或动名词意义有差别的动词： 1.forget to do sth.忘记去做某事(未做); forget doing sth.忘记做过某事(已做) 2. remember to do sth.记着去做某事(未做); remember doing sth. 记得做过某事(已做) 3. stop to do sth.停下来去做另一件事; stop doing sth.停止做正在做的某事 4. regre

49、t to do sth.对尚未做的或正在做的事情，表示遗憾; regret doing sth.对已做的事情表示后悔 5. try to do sth努力去做某事; try doing sth.做某事试一试 6. mean to do sth. 打算、意欲做某事; mean doing sth.意味着做某事,1.考查不定式作定语的用法 1. If theres a lot of work _, I am happy to just keep on until it is finished. A. to do B. to be doing C. done D. doing 2. The last

50、 one _ pays the meal. Agreed! A. arrived B. arrives C. to arrive D. arriving,二、考查不定式,现在分词,过去分词作定语的用法,不定式作定语,不定式与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来，进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生。当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式一般用被动语态，但to blame的主动形式表示被动意义,2.考查现在分词作定语的用法 1.There are hundreds of visitor _ in front of the Art Gallery to

51、have a look at Van Goghs paintings. A. waited B. to wait C. waiting D. wait2. I was told that there were about 50 foreign students _ Chinese in the school, most _were from Germany. A. study; of whom B. study; of them C. studying; of them D. studying; of whom,现在分词作定语表示正在进行的动作或与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。被修饰的名词就是

52、该现在分词的逻辑主语，逻辑主语是现在分词表示的动作的执行者。单个现在分词作定语前置，现在分词短语作定语后置,3.考查过去分词作定语的用法 1. Throughout history, the language _ by a powerful group spreads across a civilization A. speaking B. spoken C. to speak D. to be spoken 2. It is one of the funniest things _ on the Internet so far this year. A. finding B. being f

53、ound C. to find D. found 3. The Town Hall _ in the 1800s was the most distinguished building at that time. A. to be completedB. having been completed C. completedD. being completed,过去分词作定语，表示完成或被动的动作,与被修饰名词为被动关系。被修饰名词是动词的宾语。过去分词做定语相当于一个含被动语态的定语从句。单个词放在所修饰词前，短语放在所修饰词后,三、考查不定式,现在分词,过去分词作宾补的用法,1. 考查动词不

54、定式作宾语补足语的常见搭配 1. Excuse me sir, where is Room 301? Just a minute. Ill have Bob _you to your room. A. show B. shows C. to show D. showing 2. Due to the heavy rain and flooding, ten million people have been forced _their homes. A. leaving B. to leave C. to be left D. being left,1.需要不定式作宾语补足语的动词：ask, a

55、dvise, allow, beg, believe, call on, cause, command, direct, feel, expect, enable, encourage, force, get, hate, intend, invite, lead，like, order, permit, persuade, prefer，request, remind, teach, tell, want, warn, wish等。 2. 要求省掉不定式的to作宾补的动词：feel, have, hear, help, let, listen to, look at, make, notic

56、e, observe, see, watch等,2. 考查现在分词作宾语补足语的常见搭配 My sister, an inexpensive rider, was found sitting on the bicycle _ to balance it. A. having tried B. trying C. to try D. tried 2.I smell something _ in the kitchen. Can I call you back in a minute? A . burning B. burnt C. being burnt D. to be burnt 3. Af

57、ter a knock at the door, the child heard his mothers voice _ him. A. calling B. called C. being called D. to call,以下动词可以接现在分词作宾补： see, hear, smell, feel, watch, find, notice, observe, look at, listen to, catch等表示感觉的动词，现在分词的动作与谓语同时发生或正在进行的动作。have, keep, get, set, send, leave等表示“致使”等意义的动词,3. 考查过去分词作宾语

58、补足语的常见搭配 You should understand the traffic rule by now. Youve had it _ often enough.A. explainingB. to explainC. explainD. explained 2. Jenny hopes that Mr. Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English _in a short period. A. improved B. improving C. to improve D. improve,过去分词作宾语补足语用于下列结

59、构 ： 1. keep/leave + 宾语 + 过去分词(表状态的动词)。 2. have/get +宾语+过去分词: (A)让/请/叫某人做某事; (B)遭遇到某种不幸。(C)使某事完成。 3. make + oneself +过去分词。常见的过去分词有：understood, known, heard，respected，noticed等。 4.watch(notice, see, hear, listen to, feel, find) +宾语+过去分词(强调宾语所处的状态) 5. want (wish, like, expect, order) +宾语+过去分词,四、考查不定式、现在分词和过去分词作状语的用法,1. 考查动词不定式作目的状语的常见结构 1. Did the book give the information you needed?