浙大操作系统 (2).ppt

1、CHAPTER 3 OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURE,OS Components OS Services (for designer) OS API (for programmers) OS Apps (for application users) OS Structures OS Generation,OS COMPONENTS,Process management Memory management File management I/O management Secondary storage management Networking management Prot

2、ection management Command-interpreter system,OS Components: Process management,A process (进程) is a program in execution. A process needs certain resources, including CPU time, memory, files, and I/O devices, to accomplish its task. A process is an active (活动) entity whereas a program is a passive (被

3、动) entity. OS process management activities: Process creation and deletion. process suspension and resumption. Process synchronization. Process communication. Process deadlock handling.,OS Components: Memory management,Memory (内存) is a large array of words or bytes, each with its own address. Memory

4、 is a repository of quickly accessible data shared by the CPU and I/O devices. Main memory is a volatile storage device. It loses its contents in the case of system failure. OS memory management activities: Keep track of which parts of memory are used and by whom. Decide which processes are to be lo

5、aded when memory space becomes available. Allocate and deallocate memory space as needed.,OS Components: File management,The OS provides a uniform logical view of information storage. (Many different types of physical media.) A file is a collection of related information defined by its creator. File

6、 contents, file formats, file structures, file attributes. Files are organized into directories. OS file management activities File creation and deletion. Directory creation and deletion. Support of primitives for manipulating files and directories. Mapping files onto secondary storage. File backup

7、on stable (nonvolatile) storage media.,OS Components: I/O management,Too many I/O devices to mention. The OS is designed to hide the peculiarities of specific hardware devices from the user. OS I/O management activities: A general device-driver interface. A memory-management component that includes

8、buffering, caching, and spooling. Drivers for specific hardware devices.,OS Components: Secondary-storage management,Since main memory (primary storage,内存) is volatile and too small to accommodate all data and programs permanently, the computer system must provide secondary storage （外存） to back up m

9、ain memory. Most modern computer systems use disks as the principle on-line storage medium, for both programs and data. The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection with disk management: Free space management, Storage allocation, Disk scheduling.,OS Components: Netw

10、orking management,Network: Computation speed-up, Increased data availability, Enhanced reliability, Communication (WWW, BBS), OS networking management activities Network protocols (TCP/IP), Network device drivers (Physical layer and data link layer).,OS Components: Protection management,A computer s

11、ystem has multiple users and processes. Protection refers to a mechanism for controlling access by programs, processes, or users to both system and user resources. Protection mechanism must provide means for specification of the controls to be imposed, means for enforcement. OS protection management

12、 activities: distinguish between authorized and unauthorized usage. specify the controls to be imposed. provide a means of enforcement.,OS Components: Command-interpreter system,Command-interpreter is the interface between the user and the operating system. Character-based and GUI-based interpreters

13、. Command-interpreter can be used for both interactive and batch users. Many commands are given to the operating system by control statements which deal with: Process creation and management, Main-memory management, file-system access, I/O handling, secondary-storage management, Networking, Protecti

14、on.,OS SERVICES,Program execution system capability to load a program into memory and to run it. I/O operations since user programs cannot execute I/O operations directly, the operating system must provide some means to perform I/O. File-system manipulation program capability to read, write, create,

15、 and delete files. Communications exchange of information between processes executing either on the same computer or on different systems tied together by a network. Implemented via shared memory or message passing. Error detection ensure correct computing by detecting errors in the CPU and memory h

16、ardware, in I/O devices, or in user programs.,OS Services (Additional ),Resource allocation allocating resources to multiple users or multiple jobs running at the same time. Accounting keeping track of and record which users use how much and what kinds of computer resources for account billing or fo

17、r accumulating usage statistics. Protection ensuring that all access to system resources is controlled. A chain is only as strong as its weakest link.,OS API (SYSTEM CALL),System calls provide the interface between a running program and the operating system. Generally available as assembly-language

18、instructions. Languages defined to replace assembly language for systems programming allow system calls to be made directly (e.g., C, C+, Perl) An example of using system class: copy file1 file2. How to provide file names, How to prepare files for input and output, How to enter the loop, How to rele

19、ase the resources.,OS API (System Call),Three general methods are used to pass parameters between a running program and the operating system. Pass parameters in registers. Store the parameters in a table in memory, and the table address is passed as a parameter in a register. (linux) (see the next s

20、lide) Push (store) the parameters onto the stack by the program, and pop off the stack by operating system.,OS API (System Call),OS API: Types of system calls,Process control File management Device management Information maintenance Communications,OS API: Process control,Create and terminate process

21、es: fork, exit. Execute processes: exec. Get/set process attributes. Abort, end processes. Wait for time, wait for event, signal event. Allocate and free memory.,OS API: Process control (MS-DOS),OS API: Process control (UNIX),OS API: File management,Create file, delete file. Open, close. Read, write

22、, reposition. Get/set file attributes. Similar operations for directories.,OS API: Device management,Request/release device. Read, write, reposition. Get/set device attributes. Logically attach or detach devices.,OS API: Communication,Create, delete communication connection. Send, receive messages.

23、Transfer status information. Attach or detach remote devices.,OS API: Communication,OS API: Information maintenance,Get time or date, set time or date. Get system data, set system data. Get process, file or device attributes. Set process, file or device attributes.,OS SYSTEM PROGRAMS,System programs

24、 provide a convenient environment for program development and execution. System programs: File manipulation; File modification. Status information. Programming language support; Program loading and execution. Communications. Application programs.,System programs,The most important system program: co

25、mmand interpreter. The command interpreter can contain code segments, or invoke utilities to execute commands. Most users view of the operation system is defined by system programs, not the actual system calls.,OS STRUCTURES,Monolithic （单层） Structure Layered （分层） Structure Microkernel （微内核） Structur

26、e Virtual machine （虚拟机器）Structure,OS Structure: Monolithic structure,MS-DOS written to provide the most functionality in the least space. not divided into modules. Although MS-DOS has some structure, its interfaces and levels of functionality are not well separated.,OS Structure: Monolithic structur

27、e,OS Structure: Monolithic structure,UNIX limited by hardware functionality, the original UNIX operating system had limited structuring. The original UNIX OS consists of two separable parts: systems programs and the kernel. The kernel consists of everything below the system-call interface and above

28、the physical hardware. The kernel provides the file system, CPU scheduling, memory management, and other operating-system functions; a large number of functions for one level.,OS Structure: Monolithic structure,OS Structure: Layered structure,The operating system is divided into a number of layers (

29、levels), each built on top of lower layers. The bottom layer (layer 0), is the hardware; the highest (layer N) is the user interface. With modularity, layers are selected such that each uses functions (operations) and services of only lower-level layers.,OS Structure: Layered structure,OS Structure:

30、 Layered structure (OS/2),OS Structure: Microkernel structure,Moves as much from the kernel into “user” space. Communication takes place between user modules using message passing. Benefits: - easier to extend a microkernel, - easier to port the operating system to new architectures, - more reliable

31、 (less code is running in kernel mode), - more secure.,OS Structure: Microkernel structure,Windows NT Client-Server Structure,VIRTUAL MACHINES,A virtual machine takes the layered approach to its logical conclusion. It treats hardware and the operating system kernel as though they were all hardware.

32、A virtual machine provides an interface identical to the underlying bare hardware. The operating system creates the illusion of multiple processes, each executing on its own processor with its own (virtual) memory.,Virtual Machines,The resources of the physical computer are shared to create the virt

33、ual machines. CPU scheduling can create the appearance that users have their own processor. Spooling and a file system can provide virtual card readers and virtual line printers. A normal user time-sharing terminal serves as the virtual machine operators console.,Virtual Machines: System models,Virt

34、ual Machines：Implementation,Modes: virtual user mode and virtual monitor mode, Actual user mode and actual monitor mode Time Whereas the real I/O might have taken 100 milliseconds, the virtual I/O might take less time (because it is spooled) or more time (because it is interpreted.) The CPU is being

35、 multi-programmed among many virtual machines, further slowing down the virtual machines in unpredictable ways.,Virtual Machines: Benefits,Two advantages To provide a robust level of security no direct sharing of resources. Two solutions To allow system development to be done easily A perfect vehicl

36、e for OS research and development. difficult to implement due to the effort required to provide an exact duplicate to the underlying machine. Wine for Linux.,Virtual Machines: JVM,Compiled Java programs are platform-neutral bytecodes executed by a Java Virtual Machine (JVM). JVM consists of - class

37、loader - class verifier - runtime interpreter Just-In-Time (JIT) compilers increase performance,Virtual Machines: JVM,SYSTEM DESIGN, IMPLEMENTATION, AND GENERATION,System design goals System type: batch, time shared, single user, multi-user, distributed, real time, or general purpose Two goals User goals operating system should be convenient to use, easy to learn, reliable, safe, and fast. System goals operating system should be easy to design, implement, and maintain, as well as flexible, reliable, error-free, and efficie