学术综合英语unit1-5课后习题答案

1、 1 Unit 1 Task 2 A contrary to implicit assertion look up adapted Sustain unbiased In the course of metaphor clutter B bolster credible impromptu sparingly anecdote Credentials testimony hypothetical paraphrase juxtaposition Task 3 Translation B. 发言提纲是有效发言的基础。通过写发言提纲，你可以确保你的思想是相关联的，你的思路从一点谈到另一点，你的讲话

2、结构是连贯的。通常，准备讲演你可以采用两种提纲方式：详细准备提纲和简单发言提纲。 在准备发言提纲中，应该写出你的特定目的及中心思想，并以连贯的方式确定主要观点和次要观点，发言提纲应该由简要的提要组成，这些提要在你讲话时能够给予你一些帮助。发言提纲还应该包括帮助你记忆的重点词或重点短语。在写发言提纲时，可采用准备提纲的模式，尽可能使你的发言提纲简要，同时，要确保提纲清晰，易于辨认。 C. 1. The younger generation should continue to sustain and develop our fine traditions and long-standing cu

3、lture. 2. In the course of preparing ones speech, one should be clearly aware of how one could make effective use of statistics and examples to bolster ones point of view. 3. An impromptu speech is one of the speaking skills that college students should learn and develop through practice. 4. By usin

4、g simile and metaphor, you can make your language more vivid and more attractive to your audience. 5. The proper examples you cite might help reinforce the impression on your listeners and make your viewpoints more convincing. 6. When you are speaking, you should choose common and easy words and at

5、the same time avoid clutter in you speech. 7. When you write a paper, citing the views from some experts is a good way to make your ideas more credible. 8. A good method of delivering a speech will improve its quality and will help convey the speakers ideas clearly and interestingly. 9. You should m

6、ot blindly use a word that you are not sure about, and if you are not sure, look up the word in a dictionary. 10. Your language should adapt to the particular occasion and audience. If your language is appropriate in all respects, your speech is successful. D. Before you deliver an academic speech,

7、you should, first of all, get well prepared for it. Then, you should make your major points clear in your speech, and your speech should be well organized. When speaking, you should not speak too fast, and your language should be explicit. Dont always read the notes you prepared beforehand. From tim

8、e to time, you should look at your audience. On one hand, you can show your respect to your audience, and on the other hand, you will be able to go on with your speech more smoothly. 2 Unit 2 Task 2 Vocabulary Development devastating posed massive contribute to triple menace liability consensus enta

9、ils plausible plausible portend pin down aggravating staggering on a par with emergence resurgence detract from inadequacy Task 3 Translation B能源和人类利益有着双重关系。人类历史发展长河中，由于利用能源成本低廉，人们主要关注能源和人类安康关系中有利的一面。 然而，过去一百年以来人口以空前速度增长，引起了能源需求的激增，同时，人均工业能源需求亦急剧增长。因此，能源利用所需成本越来越高，无论是外延成本还是内涵成本。一方面，能源资源加速减少，能源供应所需投入

10、越来越高； 另一方面，相比之下，外延成本更加令人忧虑，原因是能源利用严重威胁大众健康和安全，不断破坏全球生态系统，并可能引发大规模军事冲突。 C1. Energy use should benefit global sustainability so that it can contribute to long-term human well-being. 2. Today, this consensus has given way to a variety of family styles as a result of people living longer, marrying later

11、 , and divorcing more. 3. Much of the current research entails close collaboration with industry, which leads to a profitable exchange of personnel and ideas. 4. If we cannot pin down exactly what we are supposed to be managing, how can we manage it? 5. The magnitude of urban migration in recent yea

12、rs is evidence of more disturbing trends: the expanding gap between rich and poor, rapid population growth and increasing environmental degradation. 6. The students perceived that the toxicity testing of an insecticide is on a par with that of a cosmetic. 7. This presentation describes a large set o

13、f plausible goals, at least one of which should be achieved within years. 9. Even the very mediocre services and food at the beauty spot did not detract from the enjoyment of the tourists. 10. To finance her two daughters who are both at college, she began making handicraft to augment the family inc

14、ome. D. It is difficult to quantify the total contribution of all these factors to the monetary costs of energy supply, in part because factors not related to the environment are often entwined with environmental ones. For example, construction delays have been caused not just by regulatory constrai

15、nts but also by problems of engineering, management and quality control. Nevertheless, in the US, environmental impacts have increased the monetary costs of supplying petroleum products by at least 25 percent during the past 20 years, and the costs of generating electricity from coal and nuclear pow

16、er by 40 percent or more. 3 Unit 3 Task 2 Vocabulary Development A. in other words enforced regardless of address involved bordering on applied to suggest convictions available B. subsequent whopping fatalities sporadically prior to prod turned up whim nail crash Task 3 Translation B. 在感恩节的周末，24小时内发

17、生了2起车祸，撞死3人，使得过去2周里斯普林菲尔德城市道路上死亡人数上升到6人。本年度还剩下最后1个月，在斯普林菲尔德至少有17人死于车祸，其中包括上周在44号州际公路上撞死的来自芝加哥的一家三口。周日，斯普林菲尔德的一对夫妇，58岁的乔恩.保尔和59岁的詹尼特.保尔在南格林斯顿大道的2400街区被车撞死.据警察讲述,上午10点半左右, 乔恩.保尔南行的2001现代胜菲擦边撞上了一辆同样往南开的1995年出产的克莱斯勒柔斯,司机是27岁的查理.罗德,来自阿肯色州的山居。乔恩.保尔的车继续南行,撞在斯普林菲尔德国家公墓的砖墙上,又撞上了一根公用电线杆。斯普林菲尔德消防队把对夫妇从车里拉了出来，詹

18、尼特.保尔杯当场宣布死亡，乔恩.保尔不省人事，被送到圣约翰地区医疗中心，之后也被宣布死亡。警察在调查现场时交通被关闭了小时。 C. 1. The statistics show that fatal traffic accidents increase by 15 percent because of the decline of traffic citations. 2. The researchers point out that the innocent are often made to pay the price for the carelessness of drivers. 3.

19、 Many people link traffic accidents to cell phone usage, alcohol and speeding violations. 4. Within four months of receiving a traffic ticket, a drivers risk of being involved in a crash will be back up to where it was before the citation. 5. Besides enforcing highway safety laws, there are lots of

20、other things for the government to spend money on. 6. Though millions of people die in traffic accidents every year, we have come to accept it as a way of life. 7. According to related reports, every year millions of children around the world are permanently disabled in traffic accidents. 8. The two

21、 researchers set out to see if there is a correlation between traffic tickets and traffic accidents. 9. In a separate event, a traffic cop was hit by a car and died when writing a traffic ticket. 10. After a brief rest, everything is back to business as usual. D. Using a driving simulator, some US r

22、esearchers studied the driving of 40 people. Some of them drove while talking on a cell phone, others navigated while drunk, and others drove with no such distractions or impairments. The results showed that there were three accidents in which the drivers were talking on cell phones-all of them 4 in

23、volving a rear-ending. The research has found that those talking on the phone while driving are more sluggish. In addition, talking on the phone can reduce reaction time by 9 percent in terms of braking and 19 percent in terms of picking up speed after braking. Unit4 Task 2 Vocabulary Development A.

24、 HEJABCDIGF B. DDBABCBADA Task 3 Translation B.或许正是我们的男女社会观念加深了女人比男人话多这一模式化印象，甚至导致这些不同沟通方式的出现。如果一个女人真的在别人说话时插嘴，她或许会被认为是话多，或许会为此受到批评，因为我们的文化-还有其他许多文化-如此教导女性：她们如果想要有女人味就必须文静。或许男性文化鼓励男孩和男人支配谈话并且更经常打断谈话，而且健谈和频繁打断话头的男性不会为此受到批评。研究性别对交流所产生的作用的专家们针对沟通模式和沟通风格方面的这些差异进行探究，以便了解在男女对话中为什么会产生误解。误解的产生常常是因为他们的对话风格和方

25、式存在极大的差异。为了能学会更好地和异性交流，我们有必要认识这些差异。 C. 1. Since women often think in terms of closeness and support, they struggle to preserve intimacy. 2. Dont let her make mischief between you she is only jealous. 3. Sexual harassment is an issue that frequently arises in the U.S. and that may strike you as pecul

26、iar, in part because your country may not have similar laws. 4. There is a considerable measure of opposition both locally and in the media against the governments plan to build another nuclear power plant. But the government will get its way in the end. 5. The Divorce Law Reform Union was founded b

27、y a small group of prominent British male leaders who set about effecting Doyles reform plans. 6. In the early morning of April 15, 1912, the Titanic, the worlds largest ocean liner at the time, sank after striking an iceberg. Later investigation turned up at least 20 cases of people having premonit

28、ions of the disaster. 7. Ending a speech is the most difficult part for many speakers. A conclusion with appropriate mood and content requires a delicate touch. 8. The study that Ellen quotes as her scientific basis for mens aversion to smart women is based on a study by psychology researchers at th

29、e University of Michigan. 9. When you communicate, keep in mind that even though English is considered the international language of business, it is a mistake to assume that every businessperson speaks good English. 10. Granted, future domestic robots can help relieve housewives from heavy routine h

30、ousehold chores. But moat families cannot afford such a machine even if it is available. 5 D. In her best-selling book You Just Dont Understand, Deborah Tannen points out that, although American boys and girls often play together, they spend most of their time playing in same-sex groups. She also po

31、ints out that boys and girls do play same games together, but their favorite games are very often quite different. Tannen and other researchers on this topic have found that young boys, say ages 8 though 12, tend to play outside the house rather than in the house, and they play in large groups that

32、are hierarchically structured. A group of boys generally has a leader who tells the other boys what to do and how to do it. It is by giving orders and making the other boys play by the rules that boys achieve higher or more dominant status in their play groups. Writing Practice Task 1 This table fea

33、tures the relationship between learning and earning as well as salary differences between men and women belonging to the four categories listed in the table. First, for women who have a high school diploma, their average income is $18,648 a year while men with the same learning earn $26,766 a year.

34、Next, women who graduate with an associate degree earn $24,849 a year on average while men with the same degree earn $32,349 a year. Then, women with a bachelors degree earn $29,284 a year and men with a bachelors degree earn $40,381 a year. Last, women with a masters degree earn $35,018 a year whil

35、e men with the same degree earn more: $47,260 a year on average. As we can see here, the more one learns, the more one earns. And this accounts for the fact that students all over the world are working hard for higher degrees. Another fact that cannot be ignored is sex discrimination in pay. With th

36、e same educational background, women are earning 30% less than men on average, which is a discouraging statistic. Task 2 This bar graph shows how frequently people use their cellular phones to communicate with others. Each bar represents a particular group of people with whom cellular phone users co

37、mmunicate. Starting from the first bar on the left, we see that 73% of cellular phone users use their mobile phone to communicate with friends or family. Then, moving to the right, we see 48% of cellular phone users use their phone to communicate with their co-workers, 39% with other business associ

38、ates, 31% with customers and 11% with others. As we can see, the cellular phone is most frequently used by people as a means of conveying personal or private messages. As a communication tool, the cellular phone is much safer and convenient compared with the desk telephone. It can be used almost any

39、time and anywhere. And with its reduced selling prices and cost, the cellular phone will become more and more popular. Task 3 This is a pie chart showing how on-the-job communication time is spent. As we can see, 55% of peoples on-the-job communication time is spent on listening, 13.3% on reading, 8

40、.4% on writing and 23% on speaking. We can easily see the importance of listening skills in the workplace as people spend more than half of their total 6 on-the-job communication time listening to other people talking. They have to use their listening skills effectively while they are at meeting, ha

41、ving discussions, on the phone, or taking instructions. The second most important communication skill is speaking. People at work often have to talk to others. For example, they have to talk to their boss, supervisors, colleagues and customers. Reading and writing skills are also important. In order

42、 to keep pace with the latest developments and up-to-date information in ones field, one has to read extensively: books, journals, magazines, newspapers and information on the Internet. Writing is important at work as well. Jobs involving research papers, memos, reports, etc. all require effective w

43、riting skills. In fact, whatever kind of job one has, one needs to be good at these four basic communication skills. Task 4 This is a line graph showing the number of children aged 12 and under who were diagnosed with HIV and died of AIDS from 1985 to 1995. As we can see, during a ten-year period of

44、 time, the number of HIV-infected children rose from 250 in 1985 to 6,700 in 1995. In other words, the number of HIV-infected children under 12 increased by almost 3,000%, or nearly 30 times over a ten-year period of time and during the same period of time 3,811 children died of Aids. This is a hear

45、tbreaking fact, and in the majority of cases children acquire HIV from their infected mother during pregnancy, labour, delivery or, after birth, through breastfeeding. Also, a small number of children acquire HIV infection as a result of receiving unscreened infected blood or blood products. Therefo

46、re, the most effective way to reduce the number of children who become infected with HIV is to prevent HIV infection in parents-to-be. This requires strengthening of family-planning service. Of course, health education is also very important. People need to know that children can become infected wit

47、h HIV. At the same time more care and support should be given to the HIV-infected children so that they can live a longer and better life. Unit5 Task 2 Vocabulary Development B enacted implement intractable impact fragile payoffs prosecuted accountable compliance petty Task 3 Translation B. 当前是一个信息即

48、时交流的时代，要想掩盖恶行越来越难，因为眼下私人侦探、走漏政府内部信息的人、愤愤不平的竞争对手以及那些刨根问底的记者们都会把那些贪污腐败的官员和奸商暴露出来。由于腐化堕落会断送事业前程，所以曝光是一种重要的威慑力量。仅去年一年，被丑闻拉下台的就有乌克兰总理、南非副总统、巴西执政党领袖、肯尼亚政府的几名地位显赫的部长以及美国众议院多数党领袖。但是要确保腐败丑闻不会像色情电视剧那样重复上演，就必须进行系统的变革。领导层的变革在诸如世界银行、经济合作与发展组织、联合国、透明国际以及国际商会等重点机构已经展开或者即将展开。改革后的新领导班子应该与非政府组织以及其他重要机构（如出口信贷机构、国际执法部门等）领导人携手合作，以便制定全面的反腐战略，就近期和中期行动达成共识。 7 C. 1. Acid rain poisons fish, destroys forest, and co