科技英语写作资料：汉英科技翻译

1、五英语中数量大小及增减的表示法ENIAC, made in a laboratory of the Northwestern University in Evanston, in 1942, was composed of more than 30 thousand electronic tubes and nearly one million pieces of other components such as resistors, condensers and switches.B.数量增减表示法：用 increase (decrease, reduce) by 表示净增（减）了多少例：C

2、ompared with last year, our coal output has increased by three times. (煤产量增加了3倍)The prime cost decreased by 60%.主要成本降低了60。 用increase (decrease, reduce) to. 表示增加（减少）到多少 The number of the students has increased to 3000. The price of rice has reduced to two thirds.（大米降价到原价的2/3）B.倍数表示法用exceed (increase,

3、 decrease, reduce) + by a factor of +倍数表示增加了x1倍或减少到原来的1/x. 例如： This speed exceeded the average speed by a factor of 2.5 该速度超过平均速度的1.5倍 (是原来的2.5倍) The price of the tools has decreased by a factor of 4工具价格降到原来的1/4注：在表示2倍时，不要用 2 times 而要用twice 或double 在表示3倍时 可用 3 times 或triple, treble 在表示4倍或4倍以上时， 除用基数

4、词times 外，还可用”基数词fold” 的合成词 例：During that period, its total output of industry increased to ten-fold.工业产值增加了9倍。写作注意事项：1 汉语表达方式比较简略，转译成英文时要将原意清楚地反映出来。a. 今天是我们最后一堂课 不能直译成today is our last class,因为主表不一致。b. 会议定在星期五。正式的译文应将“召开”译出来。（The meeting is arranged /or scheduled to be held on Friday）2.英汉翻译绝不可一一对应直译

5、，尤其是汉语中常用的习惯说法若完全照译则根本不符合英文习惯：如在.的支持下绝不可能译成under the support of .，而在.的领导下却可译成under the leadership of .4.英语句子结构要注意主句和其它修饰和说明部分的关系。不能完全按汉语顺序翻译，否则让人看不懂。至于主句放前放后则看想强调的是哪部分。千万不能将已想好的汉语逐字逐句译成英文。论文范例讲解香港大学（The University of Hong Kong）一篇论文A CAVE-based Multi-Material Virtual Prototyping SystemThis paper prop

6、oses a CAVE-based multi-material virtual prototyping (CMMVP) system for immersive stereoscopic visualization(沉浸式立体可视化) and optimisation（美式英语用-zation,英式英语用-sation） of multi-material layered manufacturing(MMLM) processes. The CMMVP system consists mainly of a suite of software packages for simulation

7、of MMLM processes, integrated with a multi-screen CAVE-based virtual reality (VR) system, to create an immersive virtual environment(沉浸式虚拟环境下) for digital fabrication(数字制造) of multi-material product prototypes(原型,样件). In comparison with desktop-based or semi-imrnersive(半沉浸式) VR systems, the CMMVP sy

8、stem isolates environmental disturbances such that designers can fully immerse in performing stereoscopic visualization(立体可视化) and quality analysis of the resulting multi-material prototypes for subsequent improvements of a product design. The CMMVP system facilitates advanced product design and hel

9、ps reduce product development time and cost substantially.Keywords: CAVE; immersive virtual reality; stereoscopic visualization; virtual prototyping; layered manufacturing 1. INTRODUCTIONA multi-material virtual prototyping (MMVP) system 1 has recently been developed for digital fabrication(数字化制造) a

10、nd virtual analysis of multi-material prototypes to facilitate product development. The MMVP system consists of a suit of algorithms for simulation of multi-material layered manufacturing(MMLM) processes, which are integrated with a semi-immersive virtual reality (VR) system for stereoscopic visuali

11、zation and analysis of the resulting digital prototypes. The semi-immersive VR system may be a desktop display or a LCD projector（液晶投影仪） with a large screen.The MMVP system fabricates digital multi-material prototypes to help raise the productivity of MMLM machines and improve prototype quality thro

12、ugh visualisation of the influences of the critical process parameters. The resulting digital prototypes can be sent via the Internet to customers to solicit comments（征求意见）, while the process parameters can be used for optimal fabrication of physical prototypes. This approach significantly reduces t

13、he number of costly physical prototypes needed for product development. Therefore, the associated manufacturing overheads（一般指企业日常经营管理费用） and product development cycles may be reduced substantially, because digital prototypes are mostly used and there is no worry about the costs and the quality of ph

14、ysical prototypes. Currently, the MMVP system is integrated with a desktop-based VR system that consists mainly of a PC, a monitor, a pair of shutter glasses,（立体眼镜） and an infrared emitter(红外线发射器), as shown in Fig. 1. It was developed with Visual C/C+ + and WorldToolKit Release 9. A pair of shutter

15、glasses generates a stereoscopic feeling by synchronizing(同步) with the display device to switch on and off the images to the left eye and the right eye alternately. This creates a depth perception（感知，理解）and therefore an illusion(幻觉) of being there. Hence, several designers can each wear a pair of sh

16、utter glasses to visualise the digital prototype at the same time. This allows a design team to communicate and exchange ideas. However, an obvious limitation of such a semi-immersive desktop-based VR system is that designers are susceptible(对敏感的) to environmental disturbances, diminishing （减弱，削弱）th

17、eir true feeling and concentration in the design process. As a result, they cannot fully immerse in the virtual environment to study and improve the product design efficiently.To alleviate（缓解,减轻） 请注意diminish 消除和alleviate 的用法区别！） such weaknesses, the MMVP system is therefore integrated with a CAVE-ba

18、sed VR system with multiple screens to provide an immersive virtual environment for vivid visualisation and interaction in a natural way 2-3. The design team can fully immerse in exploration, study, and improvement of a product design, including assemblies, sub-assemblies, and components, well befor

19、e（早在之前） they ever exist physically in reality. Hence, product development cycles and costs can be further reduced摘要翻译举例支持产品设计的自动化系统研究与实现产品设计对企业实施技术创新具有决定性的作用。本文从研究产品设计的基础理论问题出发，探讨了产品模型，设计过程模型和设计方法学。基于这些基本理论，作者给出了支持产品设计的自动化系统的一般描述，分析了该系统的基本结构和行为模式，并在此基础上初步实现了一个支持产品设计的多代理实验系统。Research and Implementati

20、on on an Automatic System Supporting Product DesignProduct design is crucial to technological innovation of enterprises. Starting from the study on some fundamental theories of product design, the paper discusses product model, design process model and design methodology. Based on these theories, th

21、e author gives a general description of an automatic system supporting product design and analyses its basic structure and behavior mode and hence an experimental multi-agent system supporting product design is implemented支持技术创新的信息系统结构及关键技术本文建立了能全面支持技术创新的信息系统结构。该系统的成功运行主要取决于以下关键技术: 多专家协同创新运作模式及信息支持技

22、术，用信息技术激发技术人员非逻辑思维的方法，创新方案的评价准则与评价指标体系的建立，多种创新技术的联合运用以及具有自学习功能的创新支持软件的开发方法等。Information System Infrastructure and Key Techniques for Technological InnovationAn information system infrastructure which can completely support technological innovation has been established. It is considered that the foll

23、owing techniques are the main factors ensuring the success of this information system: operation model of multi-experts coordinated innovation and its information supporting technique, the method of arousing non-logic thinking using information technique, the establishment of criterion and index sys

24、tem for innovative plan (scheme) evaluation, the establishment of engineering principle knowledge base and expert experience base, co-application of several innovative techniques and the development method of innovative supporting software with self-learning.反求工程CAD建模技术研究将设计思想或实物原型迅速、直接、精确地转变为可以再加工的

25、CAD 模型是产品创新设计和快速原型制造面临的关键技术。本文综合国内外反求工程的CAD建模的研究和应用分现状析了反求工程CAD建模问题的特点和需要进一步解决的主要问题，讨论了目前工程界普遍采用的反求工程CAD建模技术与思路，并对作者在解决这一系列问题中所取得的进展。 Study on Reverse Engineering CAD ModelingHow to transfer the design idea or physical objects into processable CAD models rapidly, directly and accurately is a key tec

26、hnique to innovative product design and rapid prototyping. After reviewing the research and application status at home and abroad on CAD modeling, some main problems needed to be solved in RE CAD modeling in the future are analyzed, the popular modeling techniques and approaches in RE CAD modeling a

27、re discussed and some advances the author has obtained so far in this field are introduced.基于RE,VD&M 与RP的快速验证制造系统的体系结构如何使产品开发过程适应国际化市场的激烈竞争一直是各国政府和业界关注的重要问题。目前，以高新技术为代表的先进制造技术使制造业迈进了一个新的发展阶段，它给新产品的快速开发提供了广阔的发展空间。本文针对产品快速开发问题提出了一个快速验证制造系统，阐述了在产品快速开发的不同阶段所应采取的技术手段，同时还给出了一种基于反求技术、虚拟设计、虚拟制造和快速原型制造技术的产品快

28、速开发系统的体系结构。The Systemic Structure for a Rapid Verifying Manufacturing System Based on RE,VD&M and RPHow to make new product development adaptable to the severe competition in international market is an important problem concerned by the governments and manufacturers of all countries. At present, the

29、 advanced manufacturing technology represented by high and new technologies makes manufacturing industry get into a new phase, which opens up a wider space for the rapid development of new products. In this paper ,a rapid verifying manufacturing system is proposed for rapid product development, some

30、 technical approaches during different phases in rapid product development are expounded , and the systemic structure for a rapid verifying manufacturing system based on reverse engineering, virtual design & manufacturing and rapid prototyping is given.微型制造中紫外光固化SL工艺方法研究微型制造中的光固化成型方法由于采用离散点曝光方式来固化树脂

31、成型零件，成型时间长，成为制约微型光固化快速成型技术迅速推广应用的主要因素。本文旨在探索解决此问题的途径，提出了每个截面一次成型的平面掩膜曝光方案，并设计制作了相应的实验装置及控制软件，进行了光固化实验。结果表明，该方案可大大缩短成型时间并改善了制作件的精度。Study on the UV Stereolithography in Micro-manufacturingThe UV stereolithography used in micro-manufacturing adopts a point-to-point exposure pattern and hence it takes a

32、 long time to build a part, which becomes a key factor hindering 阻碍 (limiting, restricting, obstructing, stemming) the application and dissemination of RP technology. The paper aims at exploring a new waymask exposure scheme to solve this problem. Using this method, only one exposure is needed for e

33、very section-layer. Experimental devices and control software are designed and research results indicate that this approach can greatly cut down the building time and improve the accuracy of the parts.作业批改范例1本文介绍了快速成型技术在产品与设计评估与审核，产品的功能试验，与客户及定购商的交流及快速模具方面的应用与案例。在企业的新产品快速开发中，该项技术是加快产品的研发周期（R&D cycle

34、），提高企业的市场竞争能力的关键使能技术之一。The paper introduced some applications and cases of Rapid Prototyping Technology in the design valuation and auditing of product, the function test of(design evaluation, auditing and functional test )of products, (in the)communication between (the) customers and ordering compa

35、nies(merchants) and(as well as in) rapid tooling. During(应该用in 较好，因为during 强调时间过程，in 强调事务过程) the rapid exploitation（development） of new products in corporation(企业还是用enterprises较好), RP is one of the key (enabling 使能未翻出来)technologies to compress（reduce 缩短） the cycle of investigation and exploitation（研

36、发用R&D,而且应将R&D放在cycle前面） of products, and improve(提高还是用raise,enhance好些) （the）market competitive capability(power 或competitiveness) of corporation(enterprises).2. 逆向工程中的测量数据精简技术研究(Measured Data Reduction Technique in Reverse Engineering)在分析角度弦高联合准则法和“包围盒”法各自的工程适应特点的基础上，提出同时基于角度弦高联合准则法和“包围盒”法的改进型数据直接精简

37、方法，即利用包围盒法构造分割面，利用分割面将数据点云处理成按扫描线存储的“结构化”测量数据，再利用角度弦高联合准则逐线精简。随后以铸造模板，汽车发动机罩及人头像为典型实例，分别对具有不同表面特征的测量数据点云进行了数据精简验证。结果表明，文中提出的方法同时具备两种数据精简方法的优点，且克服了该两种方法无法处理曲率变化大，附加特征多的表面测量数据的局限性，能对测量数据进行直接有效的简化，可以用于处理具有复杂附加特征的散乱测量数据。On the basis of analyzing the applicability of chord and angle-deviation criterion a

38、nd “enveloping box” method, the paper presents an improved direct data reduction method based on the former two methods, that is, using “enveloping box” to construct segmenting planes, which are then used to process the data cloud into structured measured data stored according to the scanning lines,

39、 and then adopting chord-angle deviation criterion to reduce the data line by line. Some typical cases such as casting molding board, automobiles engine cover and human-head sculpture are used to verify this data reduction method. Results showed that the method presented in this paper possesses the

40、advantages of both chord-angle deviation and “enveloping box” methods and can overcome the limitations of those two traditional methods that they are helpless in case of sharp curvature variations and additional features in measured data. So, it can carry out direct and efficient data reduction and

41、is capable of treating scattered data with complex additional features.3.敏捷制造中的产品配置管理（管理学院的一篇论文）Product Configuration Management in Agile Manufacturing产品数据管理()作为一种技术,随着企业信息化工程、并行工程、敏捷制造等技术的发展而不断完善。当前的发展主要表现在以下几方面:With the development of the information(informatization engineering) , concurrent engin

42、eering and agile manufacturing in enterprises, technique ,the unique technology of PDM has been perfected step by step.(gradually improved) At present, PDM are pooling(is developing) in several areas(directions) as follows: (1) 采用面向对象技术面向对象技术在领域的应用,不仅提高了程序代码的重用性和开放性,使编程效率大大提高,而且提高了系统的集成能力;1) Appling

43、 object -to- object(object-oriented) technique The application of object-to- object(object-oriented) technique has been not only enhanced repeatability and opening(openness) of program codes and then improved the efficient(efficiency) of programming ,but also enforce(raised) the integration of PDM s

44、ystem(s) .(2) 采用使能技术对数据查询功能与汇总报告功能要求较高,使用技术,使技术与系统随着和的普及更加大众化。这也是解决技术目前所遇到的问题的良方。随着以技术为引擎的系统研发,技术必将推动技术的发展,技术也必将因此而产生新的突破;2) Appling the web-based (enabling)technique The requirement of PDM in inquiry and gathering is high(strict). The population(dissemination) of internet has made PDM technology po

45、pularized. This is best(a better) method to solve the problems of PDM(is now facing). The in-depth research of(on) PDM ( is) based on the web and PDM will have new break by linking the web(bring about a breakthrough in PDM technology).(3) 采用联邦式机制对于大型企业,特别是跨地域的企业,常常需要安装多套,而多套之间又需要“互相拜访”。采用联邦式机制可以满足这种

46、需求,该机制是提高产品数据管理能力的一种有力方式; 3)Appling collaborative mechanics(sm)The big enterprises, especially the extended(cross-regional) ones, must(often need to) install various( several) PDM systems and then it is necessary for various PDM systems PDM to implement mutual communication.Collaborative mechanics(s

47、m) can meet this need and support(provide) an effective method to enhance the(data management) capability of PDM.(4) 企业化和平台化目前,越来越多的企业都希望有这样一种平台,它能使企业拥有的软件系统都集成于该平台之上,实现产品数据与开发过程,乃至生产过程的集成与管理,支持企业的并行工程。系统在覆盖企业产品数据和工作流程等方面具有得天独厚的优势,因此,许多厂家为使其产品更好地满足企业要求,已经或正在使用 标准和技术,实现系统的企业化和平台化。4)Convenience in ent

48、erprises and operation (Using a convenient operation platform for enterprises) Nowadays, more and more enterprises all harbor (hold ) a hope to have(establish) a platform (through which) all the software can be integrated and then the platform can carry out product data exploited(development) ,integ

49、ration of manufacturing and management (integration), and (hence support)supporting the concurrent engineering. PDM have(s) overwhelmed (obvious) advantages in workflow and data management. Therefore, many companies have applied (adopted) the standard of CORBA (standard) in PDM system in order to ca

50、rry out the grouped and integrated (.meet the enterprises requirements) (CORBA-common object request broker architecture)产品配置管理( )是体系结构中的重要组成部分,可实现对产品结构与配置信息和物料清单()的管理。产品配置把产品定义的全部数据,包括几何信息、分析结果、技术说明、工艺文件、合同订单和质量文件等,都与产品结构建立了联系,使用户能够很方便地知道某一项变化所造成的影响。产品配置管理实质就是广义的物料清单表管理。Product configuration manage

51、ment is the key consistent (constituent) of the PDM, which can perform the management of (product)structure ,configuration information and BOM. Product configuration have built (establishes, builds up) the relationship boduct) structuretween (pre and all the data involving(including) geometry inform

52、ation, analysis(analytical) results, technology illumination(technical description) ,process documents, contract order and quality documents and so on which can convenient customers can be to be informed of the effects caused by a certain change .The essential of PDM is (an) extensive material bill

53、management.系统能够生成物料清单,并且能够依据用户指定的规则对产品结构进行配置。产品配置管理以数据仓库为底层支持,以物料清单为其组织核心,把定义最终产品的所有工程数据和文档联系起来,实现产品数据的组织、控制和管理,并在一定目标或规则约束下向用户或应用系统提供产品结构的不同视图和描述。其功能有:物料清单的创建;版本的控制;支持(“用于何处”)搜索查询;提供与/等系统集成的接口;支持规则驱动配置。 PDM can produce BOM and make proper configuration according (to)the customers requirements. Prod

54、uct configuration management is supported by data storehouse and organized by BOM, and connected(s) all the engineering data with documents , then carry(ies) out the functions of organizing ,controlling and managing the product data ,(.)in the meantime(In) , (it also) supply(ies) various (product)st

55、ructure charts and depicts( description) in accordance with a certain rules and aims(goals). The functions can be summarized as follows:1.Establishing the BOM;2.Controling the version 3.Supporting the inquiry;4. Supplying the(interface) connection of(for) the integration of MRPII/ERP;5.Supporting(re

56、gular)driving devices .3 结束语产品配置是实现企业内研发部门与管理部门的信息共享的桥梁,是实现敏捷制造的基础,是盟主企业与各盟友企业信息沟通的源头。本文通过对敏捷制造中产品配置信息特征的分析,结合现行系统结构特点,提出了适于快速构造各种表的方法,并已在实验系统中获得了应用。Conclusion: Product configuration is a channel to carry out the interaction of developing and managing departments (provides a bridge for the informati

57、on share between enterprises R&D and management departments)and the basis to perform agile manufacturing and communicate the information with the allies(It is the basis for enterprises to realize agile manufacturing and communication with their allies). The paper expresses various PDM sheets fit for

58、 theagile structure by the product configuration analysis in agile manufacturing and considering current PDM peculiarity.( Through the analysis on the information characteristics of product configuration and combined with the structural features of current PDM system, the paper presents a method to rapidly construct various PDM sheets and has found applications in experimental systems)4.光固化快速成形中激光扫描工艺的研究Research on Laser Scanning Process for StereoLithographyResearch on Laser Scanning Process in Ste