适用于农产品的物流管理模型外文翻译可编辑

1、适用于农产品的物流管理模型外文翻译（可编辑）适用于农产品的物流管理模型外文翻译外文翻译原文A Model of Physical Management Adapted for Agricultural ProductsMaterial Source:/.Author: ASFAW YilmaIn the past decades we have seen an increasing rate of globalization of the economy and thereby also of supply chains. Products are no longer produced and

2、 consumed within the same geographical area. Even the different parts of a product may come from all over the world. This creates longer and more complex supply chains, and therefore it also changes the requirements within supply chain management. Models for this purpose need to be dynamic because o

3、f the time correlation of upstream and downstream operations and the various uncertainties that exist in a supply-chain.Some researchers have tried to come up with different models for supply chain management with more focus on manufacturing. Hodder andDincer 1986 studied the international plant loc

4、ation problem and developed a single-period model to determine the best locations, material flows and financing patterns. Their model identifies the best sourcing plan given multiple possible production sites for a product to be soldin multiple markets. Breitman and Lucas 1987 described the PLANETS

5、model, which was developed at General Motors with a number of features considered such as tariffs, local content, balance of trade, and trade complementation. Cohen and Lee1989 developed a multi-period, production?distribution model with time-varying parameters for the personal computer manufacturer

6、s to establish a global manufacturing strategy. Haug 1992 designed an international location model to study the global sourcing problem in high technology firms. Kogut andKulatilaka 1994 developed a stochastic, dynamic programming model to study the value of production switching in conditions where

7、currency exchange rates are uncertain. They provided a numerical example without identifying a specific industry application. Arntzen et al. 1995 developed a mixed integer program to solve the global supply chain design problem at an electronics manufacturer, Digital EquipmentCorporation, now part o

8、f the Compaq Corporation. A distinguishing feature of the model by Arntzen et al. 1995 is its ability to reflect both cost and time in the objective functionGutierrez and Kouvelis 1995 developed a model and an algorithm for international sourcing with uncertain currency exchange rates and investigat

9、ed the utility of operational flexibility to hedge against losses in this environment. In a global context Canel and Khumawala 1996 developed un-capacitated and capacitated versions of a mixed integer programming model to solve an international facility location problemIFLP. The model includes a num

10、ber of features relating to global supply chains, including exchange rates, corporate tax rates, tariffs, and direct export incentives.Munson and Rosenblatt 1997 investigated a global supply chain problem that emphasizes supplier sourcing with local content rules.These rules require that a firm purc

11、hase a specified quantity of components from suppliers within the country where it opens a manufacturing plant. Hadjinicola and Kumar 2002 took a broader approach by combining manufacturing and marketing functions into a global supply chain model that they then used to assess eight manufacturing-mar

12、keting strategies. However the model does not include the supply segments of the supply chain. Nagurney et al. 2003 developed a network equilibrium model for a global supply chain comprised of three tiers: manufacturer, retailer, and consumer. The model uses a variation inequality formulation to der

13、ive product shipments and price patterns in the network, assuming cooperation between tiers but competition within tiers.As we have seen above, we could not find model specifically relating with the supply chain management of agricultural products. Even some researchers who tried to develop supply c

14、hain model for agricultural product like Vorst and Adrie 2001 focus only on timed colored Petri-nets to support decision-making when redesigning a supply chain for chilled food products. , Therefore it is necessary to look for a new general supplychain model which is adapted for agricultural product

15、s. This may result in a reduced bullwhip effect, lower inventory levels, reduced logistics costs, and advanced streamlined payments for the firm. These improvements appear to have helped produce macroeconomic benefits such as more stable economic output and higher productivity growth. It also has po

16、sitive effect on how to identify Facilitate market access of agricultural commodities in developed and developing countries, notably by improving terms of trade, adapting multilateral trade rules to the institutional, human capital and infrastructural context and assisting in developing product qual

17、ity and pre- and post-production standards.Thus, this paper focuses on the model adaptation of supply chain management for agricultural products. With a necessary understanding of the characteristics, difficulties and problems of agricultural products, likewise it designs a model of supply chain man

18、agement for agricultural products. By using a case study about coffee, this paper also illustrates the benefits and insights gained with this adapted modeling approach.2 Uniqueness of Agricultural Products and Their Supply ChainManagement2.1 Pillar Industry of Agriculture Deserves Better Supply Chai

19、nManagement in LDCThe agricultural sector is the backbone of the economies of the least developed countries LDCs. It accounts for a large share of grossdomestic product GDP ranging from 30 to 60 percent in about two thirds of them, employs a large proportion of the labor force from 40 percent to as

20、much as 90 percent in most cases, represents a major source of foreign exchange ranging from 25 percent to as much as 95 percent in three quarters of the countries, supplies the bulk of basic food and provides subsistence and other income to more than half of theLDCs population.2.2 Poor Physica Mana

21、gement Resulting in Unfavorable InternationalAgricultural TradeHowever, the participation of LDCs in international agricultural trade is insignificant and has been declining. Their share in world agricultural exports has dropped steadily from 3.3 percent in 1970-79 to 1.9 percent in 1980-89 and a me

22、re 1.5 percent in 1990-98. Their share in world imports has also declined, though much less so, from 1.8 percent in 1970 to 1.6 percent in 1998. While world agricultural trade including the intra-trade of EU expanded at an average annual rate of over 5 percent during 1990-98, exports from LDCs grew

23、by only 3.9 percent, in contrast to 6.6 percent for the developing countries as a whole. Their market share of many key agricultural commodities has fallen significantly from the 1980s to the 1990s, by over 30 percent for such commodities as timber, coffee, tea and cocoa and about 20 percent for cat

24、tle Brussels, 2001. This may be due to lack of information and lack of global market knowledge on how to inter to the market with capable knowing components of supply chain.swhich can be directlyFor this there is no specific model todayapplicable for agricultural products.2.3 General Flowchart of ph

25、ysica of Ethiopian Coffee as a CaseCoffee, a typical agricultural product, is one of the most popularFair Trade goods. Coffee is grown in a number of places around the world.In some countries, the coffee industry is a huge part of the economy.When coffee is grown, it must make its way from the farm

26、to the customers coffee cup. Collectively, the path through which a product such as coffee makes its way from the farmer to the final consumer is known as the supply chainAs shown in Figure 1, both the Non-Fair Tradefruit ”and the Fair Trade coffee supply chains start with the farmer who plants and

27、then tends to coffee trees. The trees sprout the coffee which is known as thered cherry ”. In Ethiopia, the red cherry is harvested from thetrees by people who are employed by the farmers, or those independent contractors who are paid a couple of cents for every pound of coffee that they harvest, us

28、ually depending on how much money the farmer is able to pay and what prevailing wages are. At this point, the Fair Trade supply chain splits off from the rest of the coffee After the cherry is harvested, it is sold to wholesalers or collectors or to the cooperative.The cooperative washes, dries, and

29、 packages the coffee. It is transported from the inland rural farms to Addis Ababa for shipment to global Companies like Starbucks and Oxfam in the developed world. TheCoffee may be soldby the farmer to the Fair Trade Cooperative of which he is a member.By law in Ethiopia, all coffee must be sold ei

30、ther at auction or through deals with cooperatives. Sometimes the coffee is bought by exporters.The global Companies like Oxfam and Starbucks roast and package the coffee to prepare for sale to the final consumerSales to the final consumer can happen either through those campaniles or through retail

31、 channels. The coffee is then sold by the exporter to a roasting company.The roasting company roasts the coffee, blends it with other kinds of coffee and prepares it for the final consumer. If the company sells bagged coffee, the coffee is bagged for sale. If the company operates coffee shops, the c

32、offee is roasted and prepared for drinking. Thes cupcoffee then makes its way to a consumerat a markup of 1200-1500% or more from the prices that are paid to farmers. On the other hand, the giant coffee franchise opposesEthiopia s efforts to trademark the names of its most famous coffee regions Sida

33、mo, Yirgacheffe and Harar. Starbucks, after all, is already using those names to sell coffee for top dollars across the globe.From the complex and special flowchart of coffee supply, we can conclude that the uniqueness of agricultural products should be fully understood and considered for any develo

34、pment of supply chain model with adaptation to agricultural products.3 Design of Supply Chain Management Model for Agricultural Products3.1 Foundations for Model Adaptation of physica ManagementAs discussed above, the supply chain of Ethiopian Coffee starting from planting the tree to the end consum

35、ers could not traced in theGrady, 2001,theoretical aspects of the supply chain model by Wu and O and the other model of Ganeshan and Harrison 1995. However, both models are basically focused on manufacturing products, and ignore the characteristics of agricultural products at all. Though some resear

36、chers like Vorst and Adrie 2000 tried to develop some supply chain models for agricultural products, they more or less concentrated only on timed colored Petri-nets to support decision-making especially for the supply chain of chilled food products. So it is encouraging to come up with the new gener

37、al model for agricultural products. Therefore, the following model Figure 2 which is developed in this research may fill the existed gap.3.2 Components of Supply Chain for Agricultural productsThe supply chain has basically four components: 1 Production: where businesses focus on how much to produce

38、, where to produce it, and what suppliers to use. 2 Inventory: where businesses decide where to store their products, and how much to store. 3 Distribution: where businesses address questions about how their products should be moved and stored. 4Payments: where businesses look for the best ways to p

39、ay suppliers and get paid by customers.The efficiency and effectiveness of a supply chain is contingenton the ability to gather and analyze important information through these components Supply chain management is one of the most important strategic aspects of any business enterprise. Decisions must

40、 be made about how to coordinate the production of goods and services, how and where to store inventory, whom to buy materials from and how to distribute them in the most cost-effective, timely manner.3.3 Benefits of Supply Chain Model Adapted for Agricultural ProductsIn order to provide responsiven

41、ess, high frequency of delivery, controllable and reliable lead times, and involvement of a great diversity of outlets the new model will play an important role in agricultural supply chains. On the other hand, it helps to market developments demand that the agricultural supply chain of the future r

42、esponds in a quick and high-frequent manner to changing market needs.Products would have to be delivered within a manageable mannerThus,Customers will get the product with reasonable price. Quality will be guaranteed and the delivered product will show details of its origin.Besides the market, the t

43、ransport of agricultural products would have to be organized more efficiently to conform to a higher utilization of loading capacity, andenvironmental-friendly concepts would have to be found. It can help to cater to the demands of the consumer, and, help to reduce unnecessary transportation costs.

44、Also, the demands on the environment, space and living conditions of the farmers will be better.4 ConclusionsPhysica modeling approaches can be classified into two main types: analytical models and simulation models. Analytical models often employ mathematical programming techniques to optimize the

45、strategic design and/or operational policies of the supply-chain, but they are often too simplistic to be of practical use for complex supply-chains. On the other hand, simulation models can capture realistic supply-chain characteristics and allow the evaluation of the impact of policy changes carri

46、ed out by one or more supply-chain members. Hence, simulation models can be used as an important first step towards realistic optimization. Thus, this paper is only concerned with simulation models, and aims to make the model more adaptable to deal effectively with external strategic changes, such a

47、s globalization, and operational uncertainties, such as demand fluctuations, in order to take advantage of any new opportunities and to drive down the overall supply costs.While the cost of changing a business strategy or operational policies can be huge, managers can minimize the risk of making exp

48、ensive mistakes by quantitatively analyzing their business and assessing various strategies and policies with simulation models. So, the model developed on this paper has a significant role to managers to analyze their business related with agricultural products译文适用于农产品的物流管理模型资料来源 : /0. 作者: ASFAW Yi

49、lma在过去的十年中 ,我们看到了在全球化环境下 , 社会经济不断增长 , 同时社会物 流体系也在不断完善。产品不仅仅只是在同一地理区域内的生产和消费。一个产品 的不同部件可能来自世界各地。这将引起更长 , 更复杂的物流环节 ,因此这将也改变了社会对物流管理的要求。由于当前物流操纵在上游和下游的各种不确定性是存在 的,所以物流运作需要动态来减少物流环节。 一些研究人员一直试图想出不同的物 流管理模型 , 并把这些模型更集中在制造业。霍德和戴宁尔研究了国际植物选址问 题, 并制定了单期模型 ,以确定最佳位置 ,物流和融资模式。他们的模型确定了最佳的采购计划提供尽可能多的产品生产在多个市场上销售的

50、网站。彼得曼和卢卡斯描 述的行星模型 ,这个模型使得通用汽车公司开发多了一些功能的考虑 ,如关税,当地含量,贸易平衡和贸易互补。科恩和Lee开发了多期的时变参数的个人电脑模型，建 立一个全球制造策略 , 生产分配模式。豪格设计了一个模型来研究国际定位在高科 技公司的全球采购问题。可瑞德和卡拉莱尔开发了一种随机的 ,动态规划模型 ,研究了生产条件交换值 , 但其中汇率是不确定的。他们提供一个没有确定具体的行业应 用算例。艾森制定了一个混合整数规划来解决一家电子制造商 ,? 康柏公司的全球供 应链。该模型的一个显著特点是是其能力反映在成本和时间的目标函数中。古铁雷 斯和卡佛里斯 (1995) 开发

51、了一个基于不确定的国际货币汇率的采购方法模型 , 以对 冲在这样的环境损失的效用。在全球范围内卡内尔和卡瓦拉 (1996) 开发了一个混合 整数规划模型联合国容量限制和容量限制的版本 , 以解决国际设施选址问题(IFLP) 。该模型包括了与全球物理 ,包括汇率,企业所得税税率 ,关税和直接出口刺激功能。 曼森和罗森布拉特(1997) 调查了全球供应链问题 , 强调与当地供应商采购的内容规则。这些规则 要求一个企业生产元器件的数量。海德和库曼 (2002) 注意到运用一个全球供应链模 型, 然后用它们来评估八个生产营销策略 , 生产和营销功能的更广泛的方式。然而 ,模型不包括供应链的供应环节。南

52、德宁 (2003 年) 制定的全球供应链的三个层次组 成一个网络均衡模型 :制造商,零售商和消费者。该模型 采用了变分问题制订推导 网络产品出货量和价格模式 , 假设层内各层之间但竞争的合作。 正如我们上面看到 的,我们无法找到具体模式与农业的物流管理有关。即使是一些研究人员试图开发 像福斯特和埃德尔物流模式 （2001 年）只注重运用因特网 , 用因特网支持决策 , 重新 设计了冷藏食品物流模式 ,因此, 有必要寻找一种新的物流模式 ,即农业产品适应物流的发展的新型模式。这有可能降低牛鞭效应 ,降低库存水平 ,降低物流成本 ,并为公司先进的流线型付款。这些改进似乎已经帮助企业发展 , 能更稳

53、定的加大经济产 出和加大生产率增长。它也对能如何识别 , 特别是通过改善贸易条件来适应多边贸 易规则 , 完善人力资本和基础设施建设 , 提高产品的质量 , 促进农产品市场准入等方 面, 有重要的意义。 因此, 本文着重论述了适用农产品物流管理管理的模型设计。理解一个农产品的特点 ,困难和问题 ,从而也可以设计一种咖啡农产品物流管理模型。通过案例分析 , 并得出了咖啡模型的相关内容。通过对咖啡案例研究 , 来阐述这 种农产品建模是合适的2农产品及其供应链管理2.1 不发达国家的物流管理在农业支柱产业的发展是最欠缺的最不发达国家（LDCs）的农业生产是这个国家的经济支柱。它占了国内生产总值 的很大份额（约三分之二）有30%?60%GD在大多数情况下，雇用的劳动力从最低百 分之四十 ,最高高达百分之九十 , 是外汇的主要来源。农业部门担负着家一半以上人口的经济收入。2.2 物流管理的缺乏是由国际农产品贸易所导致 最不发达国家参与国际农产品 贸易中, 农产品通过运用物流管理来实现贸易是微不足道的。它们在世界农产品出 口中的份额已下降至百分之 3.3 。从 1990-2000年的 1.9 百分点向 2000-2008年的 1.5 百分点递减。它们在世界进口中所占份额也有所下降 ,从19