凤头豹尾——如何写好开头和结尾

1、凤头豹尾如何写好开头和结尾俗话说得好：好的开头是成功的一半(Well begun is half done)；结尾好，一切都好(All is well that ends well)。一篇英语作文的开头如果写得好，就会给阅卷老师良好的印象，吸引他继续读下去；如果结尾又写得好，就会进一步强化阅卷老师对你所写作文的好感，从而给你的作文打高分。一、如何写好开头开头一般来说要做到开门见山，使读者了解文章要谈什么，最好能立刻引起读者的兴趣。下面介绍几种常见开头的写法：1背景法说明事件发生的时间、地点、背景等Last Monday, my father said goodbye to my mother

2、and me and went on a business trip.(2013北京高考书面表达)上周一，我爸爸向妈妈与我告别，因为他要外出做生意。2主题句法提出一个观点或论据作为文章要阐明和论述的主题Old people can play an important role in our country, because they have experience, they are wiser, and they have enough time.老年人在我们国家起着重要的作用，因为他们经验丰富，聪明智慧，时间充足。3问题法用提出问题的方法来引出文章的内容，以吸引读者的注意力Why do w

3、e go to university? Different people have different opinions.我们为什么要上大学？不同的人有不同的观点。4引语法摘录或引用某些名人的名言或常见的习语、谚语作为文章的开端There is an old English saying, “Gain time, gain life”. Then what is time? Time is a kind of thing that we cant see or touch, but we can feel it pass by.有一个古老的英语谚语“赢得时间，就赢得生命”。那么，时间是什么呢？

4、时间是一种看不见、摸不着的东西，但是我们能感觉到它的流逝。5定义法常见于对标题下定义，然后通过举例、逻辑推理等方法加以说明A good student is one who possesses good morality, sound health, perfect knowledge and various abilities.一个好学生要拥有良好的品德、健全的身体、完美的知识和各种各样的能力。6数据法引用已经证实的某些统计数字来引起话题The fact that less than 5% of the British population graduate from universitie

5、s may seem surprising, especially compared with the American percentage of over 30%.英国人口中大学毕业生所占的比例不足5%的事实看上去很令人吃惊，尤其是和美国的超过30%的比率相比。7实例法通过一个实例或现象引出话题Nowadays, people in many big cities are complaining about heavy traffic. It has seriously influenced peoples daily life and economic development.现今，许多

6、大城市的人们都在抱怨交通拥堵，它严重地影响了人们的日常生活和经济发展。即时演练用上述开头法翻译下列句子1上周日，我和同学们去了香山公园。Last_Sunday,_my_classmates_and_I_went_to_Xiangshan_Park._(背景法)2眼下，街谈巷议，人们的热门话题总离不开“三贵”：买房贵、上学贵、看病贵。Nowadays_it_is_often_talked_about_that_there_are_three_things_that_people_cant_afford._It_is_expensive_to_buy_houses,_to_pay_for_the_

7、childrens_education_and_to_see_the_doctor.(主题句法)3当有那么多方式可以与学生家长沟通时，家访还有必要吗？Are_home_visits_necessary_when_there_are_so_many_ways_to_communicate_with_students_parents？(问题法)4正如谚语所说的那样“时间就是金钱”，是的，情况确实就是这样。As_the_saying_goes,_“Time_is_money.”_Yes,_its_indeed_the_case.(引语法)5宠物是人们饲养并将其视为伙伴的动物。A_pet_is_an_

8、animal_kept_by_a_person_as_a_companion.(定义法)6最近的研究表明，有50%的学生不吃早饭。A_recent_study_shows_that_50%_of_the_school_kids_dont_have_breakfast.(数据法)7目前，怎样处理垃圾是我们城市面临的一大问题。How_to_deal_with_waste_is_a_big_problem_for_our_city_now.(实例法)二、如何写好结尾结尾有概括全文内容，进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想，升华主题的作用。主要有以下几种写法：1照应开头Everyone enjoys bea

9、utiful things. And seeing sunrise may be one of the most unusual experiences in our life. 每个人都喜欢美好的事物，看日出也许是我们人生中最不平凡的经历中的一次了。2复述中心We must protect the water as well as find ways to reuse it. If not, the last drop of water will be a teardrop.我们必须保护水源，寻找再利用水的方法，如果不这样做，最后一滴水将是人类的一滴泪水。3总结式In a word, a f

10、riend in need is a friend indeed. May all of us treasure friendship.总之，患难之交才是真正的朋友，愿我们所有人珍视友谊。4引用式I believe my dream will come true one day because “Where there is a will, there is a way.”我相信我的梦想总有一天会实现，因为“有志者事竟成”。5希望式The Internet is now very important to me because it not only gives me a lot of fun

11、 but also it is very useful. I like it and hope you will like it too.现在网络对我来说非常重要，因为它给我带来很多乐趣，而且非常有用，我喜欢它，希望你也喜欢它。6问题式Will you join us in the next century? How romantic and fantastic it will be!你愿意在下个世纪加入我们吗？那将是多么浪漫和奇妙啊！即时演练用上述结尾法翻译下列句子1不同的旅行方式都能让人们愉快，但我还是最喜欢乘火车旅行。Different_ways_of_traveling_can_mak

12、e_people_happy,_but_I_like_traveling_by_train_most.(照应开头)2从这次经历中，我了解到细心非常重要，尤其在考试时，我们怎样细心都不为过。From_this_experience,_I_learned_that_being_careful_is_very_important_and_that_we_cant_be_too_careful,_especially_in_examinations.(总结式)3爱是给予，爱是关注他人，我将尽力把我所有的爱奉献给他人。Love_is_giving_and_love_is_paying_attention

13、_to_others._I_will_do_my_best_to_give_all_my_love_to_others.(复述中心)4作为一名学生，我非常支持这项活动，因为它很有意义，对学生很有帮助，我希望此类活动在将来能继续开展下去。As_a_student,_I_am_strongly_for_the_activity_because_it_is_very_meaningful_and_helpful._I_hope_that_this_kind_of_activity_will_continue_in_the_future.(希望式)5找一个伙伴和我们一起去如何？这样我们可以互相帮助并且

14、在旅途中保持愉快。How_about_finding_a_companion_to_be_with_us?_So,_we_can_help_each_other_and_be_happy_during_the_trip. (问题式)6不管怎样，有不同的文化，就有不同的习俗，如果你能“入乡随俗”，就会更好地享受这里的生活。Anyhow,_different_cultures,_different_customs._If_you_“Do_as_the_Romans_do_when_in_Rome.”，_you_will_enjoy_more_of_your_stay_here.(引用式)附录：常见

15、开头方式：as far as .is concerned对而言，就而论as far as we know据我们所知as everybody knows/As is known to all众所周知as the proverb says正如谚语所说as the saying goes俗话说as has been already discussed正如已经讨论过的as has been mentioned above如上所述as we can see from the above table从上表可知compared with .与相比contrary to .与相反despite the fac

16、t that .尽管for one thing ., for another (thing)一方面，另一方面however, the difficulty lies in .然而，问题在于I am greatly convinced that .我深信It is estimated/predicted that .据估计It is generally agreed that .大家通常认为It is believed/thought that .人们认为It is said that .据说It is reported that .据报道It is well known that .众所周知I

17、t must be admitted that .必须承认的是It must be pointed out that .必须指出的是It must be emphasized that .必须强调的是It can be said with certainty that .可以肯定地说It cant be denied that .不可否认的是It goes without saying that .不言而喻/不用说No one can deny that .谁也不可否认的是Now that we know that .既然我们知道There is no denying the fact tha

18、t .不可否认的是There is no doubt that .毫无疑问Therefore, we should realize that .因此，我们应当意识到to begin with首先to tell the truth老实说We must recognize the fact that .我们必须承认What calls for special attention is that .需引起特别注意的是What we believe is that . 我们相信的是when it comes .当提到with the development of .随着的发展常见结尾方式：all in

19、 all总的来说as a consequence/result结果from this point of view就此而论If we can do as mentioned above, there can be no doubt that .如果我们能做到如上所述，毫无疑问in a word/in brief/in conclusion/in general/in short/in summary总之；简言之In this way, I believe that .如此，我相信last but not least最后但同等重要的on the whole总的来看Only with combine

20、d efforts can we .唯有通力合作我们才Therefore, we have the reason to believe that .因此，我们有理由相信to sum up概括地说We can, therefore, come to the conclusion that .因此，我们可以得出如下结论We, therefore, can make it clear from the above discussion that .因此，从上面的讨论中我们可以明白高级词汇与高级句式写作时，“高级词汇与高级句式”如能运用贴切自然，哪怕整篇文章只用上一两处，也会为你的作文增添色彩。一、使

21、用高级词汇的三大技巧1标新立异写作时要恰当得体地使用一些蕴含感情色彩，别人有可能想不到的词汇，恰当地求新求异。As far as Im concerned, parents much protection will do more harm than good to childrens future development.As far as Im concerned, parents limitless protection will do more harm than good to childrens future development.(2013福建高考满分作文)I received

22、 your email last week, but I am busy preparing for my final exam, which is important for me, so I didnt reply to you without delay. I received your email last week, but I am busy preparing for my final exam, which is vital for me, so I didnt reply to you without delay. (2013山东高考满分作文)2短语优先多使用词组、习语来代替

23、一些单词，以增加文采。To achieve ones dream, one must try to equip oneself with rich knowledge and set a goal easy to reach.To achieve ones dream, one must make great efforts to equip oneself with rich knowledge and set a goal easy to reach.(2013北京高考满分作文)Whats more, we can pour out the troubles we face, and re

24、lease our pressure from different aspects.Whats more, we can pour out the troubles we are faced with, and release our pressure from different aspects.(2013重庆高考满分作文)3避免重复尽量避免过多地使用某一个单词，必要时选择使用其他恰当的同义词或词组来代替。I like reading while my brother likes watching football matches.I like reading while my brothe

25、r enjoys watching football matches.即时演练用较高级词汇代替加黑的词或短语1We all have the same chance._答案：possess2We have a lot of homework to do at the weekend._答案：endless 3I can no longer bear the way he speaks to us._答案：put up with4He didnt listen to what I said in the class._答案：turned a deaf ear to5Well try our be

26、st to develop the traditional friendship between us._答案：promote6The teacher directed the gifted students towards the more difficult courses._答案：challenging二、使用高级句式的七大策略1使用被动语态We will have selected about thirty volunteers to the Mars throughout the world by 2015.About thirty volunteers will have been

27、 selected to the Mars throughout the world by 2015.(2013广东高考书面表达)Im delighted to know that the Shanghai Museum will organize a famous art exhibition and you are collecting opinions of the public as to selecting the location for the exhibition, which encouraged me to write to express my ideas.Im deli

28、ghted to know that a famous art exhibition will be organized by the Shanghai Museum and opinions of the public are being collected as to selecting the location for the exhibition, which encouraged me to write to express my ideas. (2013上海高考满分作文)2使用强调句As a saying goes, the little thing matters most. A

29、s a saying goes, it is the little thing that matters most. (2013上海高考满分作文)Our parents have devoted their unconditional love to us, which indeed deserves our appreciation and reward. Its our parents who have devoted their unconditional love to us, which indeed deserves our appreciation and reward. (20

30、13重庆高考满分作文)3使用倒装句The children can grow up mentally and physically healthy only in this way. Only in this way can the children grow up mentally and physically healthy.(2013福建高考满分作文)I didnt realize words could be powerful in both positive and negative ways until then. Not until then did I realize word

31、s could be powerful in both positive and negative ways.(2013湖北高考短文写作)4使用省略句If it is so, I hope you will have a wonderful time. If so, I hope you will have a wonderful time.(2013山东高考满分作文)Although they were faced with many problems, they didnt lose heart.Although faced with many problems, they didnt l

32、ose heart.5使用感叹句It is a very splendid moment.How splendid a moment it is！(2013辽宁高考满分作文)I am very worried about his condition.How worried I am about his condition.(2013湖北高考满分作文)6使用with复合结构His mother is paving the ways for him while his father is holding his jacket behind him, and we can see sweat on

33、his face. His mother is paving the ways for him while his father is holding his jacket behind him, with sweat on his face.(2013福建高考满分作文)As the society develops rapidly, its necessary for us to have a good knowledge of English and computer.With the society developing rapidly, its necessary for us to

34、have a good knowledge of English and computer.7使用虚拟语气It is high time for both children and parents to take action to make small changes.It is high time that both children and parents took action to make small changes.(2013福建高考满分作文)I missed being hit by the car with your help.Without your help, I wou

35、ld have been hit by the car.(2013安徽高考满分作文)即时演练用高级句式转换下列句子1Above all, we must do something to stop pollution. (使用被动语态)Above_all,_something_must_be_done_to_stop_pollution.2I realized the importance of English when I entered senior high school. (使用强调句)It_was_when_I_entered_senior_high_school_that_I_rea

36、lized_the_importance_of_English.3We dont know its value until we lose health. (使用倒装句)Not_until_we_lose_health_do_we_know_its_value.4If it isnt well organized, the meeting will be a failure.(使用省略句)If_not_well_organized,_the_meeting_will_be_a_failure.5We had a very good time with the peasants that day

37、. (使用感叹句)What_a_good_time_we_had_with_the_peasants_that_day!6Because there was too much noise, I couldnt go on studying. (使用with复合结构)With_the_noise_going_on,_I_couldnt_go_on_studying.7I didnt take his advice, so I failed in the exam. (使用虚拟语气)If_I_had_taken_his_advice,_I_wouldnt_have_failed_in_the_exam.8Because I was ill that day, I didnt take part in the sports meeting.(使用虚拟语气)I_was_ill_that_day,_otherwise_I_would_have_taken_part_in_the_sports_meeting.9They carried