七年级英语名词[谷风教学]

1、专题一 名词知识点拨名词是用来表示人名,食物名称,时间,地点和抽象概念等的一类词,虽然在汉语中的名词在含以上是相同的,但是他们的语法特点却有着巨大的差别.u 知识点一：名词的分类专有名词The Bible圣经 Mt. Fuji富士山普通名词可数名词个体名词friend 朋友 suitcase 手提箱superman 超人 集体名词audience 观众 crew 全体船员team 队不可数名词物质名词wool 羊毛 beef 牛肉honey 蜂蜜抽象名词wealth 财富 courage 勇气ability 能力复合名词Snowfall 降雪量 updraft 上升气流u 知识点二：名词的数

2、能用来数字计数的名词是可数名词，不能用具体数字的名词是不可数名词。1. 可数名词的数可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。单数可数名词可与不定式aan连用。不可数名词没有单复数之分，也不能和aan连用。 单数变复数的规则变化规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loa

3、f-loaves, wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, 6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-eshero-heroes,potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-sp

4、iano-pianos, photo-photos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, 7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos单数变复数的不规则变化规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3只有复数形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks

5、, goods, glasses, compasses, contents4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle, staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩

6、), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)7表示“某国人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-teller

7、s, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers, men servants考点例:At night the koala bear gets up and eats_广元A1eaf B1eaves C leafs 不可数名词的数英语中不可数名词的形式比较复杂，在不同的语境下，有些不可数名词表示不同的概念，从而表现出可数与不可数的区别。（1） 常见的不可数名词：不可数名词一般只有单数形式，没有复数形式。专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词在一般情况下为不可数名词.专有名词BBC th

8、e West Lake物质名词milk light抽象名词Happiness Progress （2）:不可数名词如果一定要表示单数或复数形式时，要借助于可数名词，构成of结构。a cup of tea一杯茶two cups of tea两杯茶a piece of bread一块面包four pieces of bread四块面包(3):可以修饰不可数名词的词和短语：a little有一些 little几乎没有 a bit of有一点much很多 some any一些 考点例: Would you like some drinks, boys? 河北 Yes,_ please.A.some o

9、ranges B. two boxes of chocolates C. some cakes D.two bottles of orange u 知识点三：名词的格名词的格分为主格、宾格和所有格。名词的主格和宾格相同，一般就是名词本身。名词的所有格是表示名词的所属关系的形式，名词所有格的构成有s所有格、of所有格和双重所有格三种形式。（1）s所有格：s所有格形式在英语中是构成名词所有关系时最常用的形式。s所有格的构成构成读音示例一般情况下在名词词尾加s在清辅音后读sDicks hobby迪克的爱好Philips part-time job菲利浦的兼职工作在浊辅音或元音后读zMarys wis

10、hes玛丽的心愿Bobs backpack鲍勃的背包在等音素后读the buss mirror公共汽车的镜子，Marxs advice on how to study English马克思关于如何学习英语的建议若名词已有以-s或-es结尾的复数词尾，直接在其后加撇号保持原单词的读音不变my parents hope我父母的希望these factories workers这些工厂的工人们不以-s结尾的复数名词直接在其后加s与名词复数词尾的读音相同childrens time孩子们的时间mens clothes男子服装(2)s所有格形式的特殊用法两人或多人共有一样东西时，只变化最后一个名词的词尾

11、，如果为各自所有，各个名词的词尾都要变化。John and Susans father约翰和苏珊的父亲（两个人共同的父亲）请比较：Johns and Susans fathers.（两个人的不同的父亲）North Koreas, Japans and Americas problems (朝鲜、日本和美国各自的问题表示时间、距离、国家、地点、自然现象、拟人等无生命的名词的所有格也有s的式表示时间：two days trip两天的旅行todays newspaper今天的报纸表示距离：two hours walk两小时的徒步路程ten minutes drive十分钟的车程表示国家：Chinas

12、 weather中国的天气South Koreas problems韩国考点例: 1、_fathers are both scientists 咸宁 AJims and Bob BJims and Bobs CJim and Bobs DJim and Bob2、_room is big and brightThey like it very much 河北ATom and Sam BToms find Sam CTom and Sams DToms and Samsu 知识点四：相关考点名词的可数与不可数性。名词单复数在特定情况下的使用。名词的普通格与所有格作定语的选用。物质名词、抽象名词具

13、体化。课外拓展 Is that bag heavy, Penny? Not very Here! Put it on this chair Whats in it? A piece of cheese A loaf of bread A bar of soap A bar of Chocolate A bottle of milk A pound of sugar Half a pound of coffee A quarter of pound of tea And a tin of tobacco Is that tin of tobacco for me? Well, its certa

14、inly not for me!词汇短语拓展A glass of water two cups of tea a piece of paperFive bows of ricce few/a few littel/a little Many/much a lot of/lots of a number of/the number of Some/any练习题I. 写出下列名词的复数形式： 1. house _ 2. village _ 3. map _ 4. orange _ 5. bag _ 6. exercise _ 7. brush _ 8. family _ 9. bus _ 10.

15、city _ 11. box _ 12. baby _ 13. class _ 14. factory _ 15. glass _ 16. dictionary _ 17. watch _ 18. woman _ 19. match _ 20. man _ 21. wish _ 22. German _ 23. tomato _ 24. policeman _ 25. kilo _ 26. human _ 27. potato _ 28. Chinese _ 29. shelf _ 30. Japanese _ 31. leaf _ 32. American _33. life _ 34. t

16、ooth _ 35. wife _ . 选择填空： 1. I want to buy _. A. two bottles of ink B. two bottle of ink C. two bottle of inks D. two bottles of inks 2. They dont have to do _ today. A. much homework B. many homeworks C. many homework D. much homeworks 3. There are three _ and seven _ in the picture. A. cows, sheep

17、s B. cows, sheep C. cow, sheep D. cow, sheeps 4. June 1 is _. A. childrens day B. childrens Day C. Childrens Day D. Childrens day 5. _ room is next to their parents. A. Kates and Joans B. Kates and Joan C. Kate and Joans D. Kate and Joan 6. Miss Green is a friend of _. A. Marys mothers B. Marys moth

18、er C. Mary mothers D. mothers of Mary 7. Sheep _ white and milk _ also white. A. is, are B. are, is C. is, is D. are, are 8. Id like to have a glass of milk and _. A. two breads B. two pieces of breads C. two pieces of bread D. two piece of bread 9. Many _ are singing over there. A. woman B. women C

19、. girl D. child 10. He bought _. A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoes C. two pairs of shoe D. two pair of shoe 11. Mr. White has three _. A. child B. children C. childs D. childrens 教育材料l#12. -Are these _? - No, they arent. Theyre _. A. sheep, cows B. sheep, cow C. sheeps, cow D. sheeps, cows

20、13. There are many _ in the fridge. A. fish B. fruit C. eggs D. bread 14. - Whose room is this? - Its _. A. Li Ming B. Li Mings C. Li Mings D. Li Mings 15. Here are _ for you, Sue. A. potatos B. some potatoes C. three tomatos D. some tomato 16. Here are some birthday cards with our best _ for her. A

21、. wish B. hope C. wishes D. hopes 17. I always go to that _ to buy food on Sunday. A. shop B. park C. zoo D. garden 18. Whats the Chinese for “ PRC”? A. 中国人民解放军 B. 中华人民共和国 C. 联合国 D. 中国共产党 19. _ room is on the 5th floor. A. Lucy and Lily B. Lucy and Lily C. Lucys and Lily D. Lucys and Lilys 20. Mum,

22、Im quite thirsty. Please give me _. A. two orange B. two bottle of oranges C. two bottles of orange D. two bottles of oranges 21. How wonderful! The _ is made of _. A. house, glass B. house, glasses C. houses, glass D. houses, glasses 22. I met some _ in the park and talked with them the other day.

23、A. Janpaneses B. American C. Chineses D. English 23. There are two _ in the room. A. shelf B. shelfs C. shelfes D. shelves 24. There are seven _ in a week. A. years B. months C. days D. minutes 25. My father is a _. He works in a hospital. A. teacher B. doctor C. farmer D. writer 26. - Excuse me, ar

24、e you _? - Yes, Im from _. A. Japan, Japanese B. China, Chinese C. England, English D. American, America 专题二 代词代词的分类：英语中代词分为：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、关系代词、疑问代词、连接代词和不定代词等等第一讲：人称代词 、物主代词、反身代词 知识点拨u 知识点一：人称代词的用法 1、人称代词：人称代词代替人和事物的名称,分为主格和宾格两种形式。第一人称单数第二人称单数第三人称单数第一人称复数第二人称复数第三人称复数阳性阴性中性主格I(我)you (你)he(他)sh

25、e(她)it(它)we(我们)you(你们)they (他们,她们,它们)宾格me(我)you (你)him(他)her(她)it(她)us(我们)you(你们)them (他们,她们,它们)（1）、主格用来 作句子的主语、表语。如： I often go shopping on Sundays Are they from Brazil?（2）、宾格用来做及物动词或者介词的宾语。如：Who teaches you English this year? Help me!（3）、人称代词作表语或者放在比较状语从句连词than或as之后时,可以用主格形式,也可以用宾格形式,口语中大多用宾格。如：-W

26、ho is it? Its I/me.(是我。)（4）、三个不同人称同时出现,或者主语中包含“我”时,按照“youheI”的顺序表达。如：如: Both he and I are working at that computer company. Who will go there? You and me.(你和我)（5)、人称代词it除了可以指人指物之外,还可以表示“时间、天气、温度、距离、情况”等含义,此外还可以作“非人称代词”使用,替代做主语或者宾语的不定式、动名词或者名词性从句。如： -Whats the weather like today?Its fine.考点例1： Though

27、 it rained heavily, _ were still playing on the playground.A. they B. them C. their D. themselves例2：Tom and _ will go to see our teacher, for _ is ill.A. I; she B. me; she C. I; her D. me; heru 知识点二：物主代词的用法物主代词：说明事物所属关系的代词,分为形容词性和名词性两种。第一人称单数第二人称单数第三人称单数第一人称复 数第二人称复数第三人称复数阳性阴性中性形容词性my(我的)your(你的)his

28、(他的)her(她的)its(它的)our(我们的)your(你们的)their (他们的,她们的,它们的)名词性mine(我的)Yours(你的)his(他的)hers(她的)its(她的)ours(我们的)yours(你们的)theirs(他们的,她们的,它们的)（1)、形容词性物主代词只能作句子中名词的修饰语,后面要跟名词。如：Is that your umbrella? They are their books。(2)、名词性物主代词相当于名词,既代替事物又表明所属关系,在句子中往往独立地做主语、宾语或者表语,后面千万不可以跟名词。如：This is your cup, but whe

29、re is mine) Your classroom is very big, but ours is rather small.(3)、“of + 名词性物主代词”称为双重所有格,作定语时放在名词的后面。如：A friend of mine came to see me yesterday.(我的一个朋友昨天来看我了) (指若干朋友中有一个来看我。)试比较 My friend came to see me yesterday.(我的朋友昨天来看我了)(指我的那个特定的朋友来看我。)考点例1： Sorry I have forgot _ telephone number.A. yours B.

30、 him C. you D. his例2： Our room is big, but_ is bigger than_.A. their; our B. their; ours C. theirs; ours D. theirs; ouru 知识点三：反身代词的用法反身代词：表示谓语的动作与主语有关或者宾语补足语的动作与宾语有关。第一人称单数第二人称单数第三人称单数第一人称复数第二人称复数第三人称复数阳性阴性中性myself(我自己)yourself(你自己)himself(他自己)herself(她自己)itself(它自己)ourselves(我们自己)yourselves(你们自己)th

31、emselves (他们/她们/它们自己)(1)、反身代词在句子中作宾语表示反射(指一个动作回到该动作执行者本身)。如：Dont play with the knife, you might hurt yourself(2)、在句子中作同位语表示强调(即用来强调名词或代词的语气)。如：The story itself is good. Only he didnt tell it well.考点例1： Let Tony do it by_. He is no longer a kidA. him B. his C. himself D. he例2：You are twelve now. _ mu

32、st look after_.A. You; yourself B. Your; yourself C. You; your D. Youre; yourself课外拓展 Some students think taking notes by hand is too tiring. So they use digital cameras to take pictures of the 11 that their teachers write on blackboards. Some even use digital recorders to record 12 teachers say in

33、class. The kids are smart to 13 technology. They might think there are too many notes to take. They might think that teachers write too fast. Anyway, they are trying to find ways to make things 14 . But do digital cameras or recorders really make taking notes easier?Not really. Before you 15 the not

34、es from digital cameras, there are a lot of things to do. You have to find a computer to download the photos. You have to 16 a printer to print the photos out on paper. To listen to the 17 from a digital recorder is even harder. There is usually noise with the sound. You will have to listen to it se

35、veral times 18 you really make everything clear. Actually, taking notes 19 hand can help you remember and understand what you are learning. In order to 20 time in taking notes, you can choose the most important things or what puzzles you. You dont have to write everything. Dont be afraid of taking n

36、otes by hand. Try to learn a really effective way.( )11.A. words B. notes C. hands D. problems( )12. A. that B. which C. what D. how( )13. A. make use of B. come up with C. get on with D. look down on( )14. A. harder B. easier C. more D. less( )15. A. read B. say C. look D. watch( )16. A. find B. fo

37、und C. finding D. finds( )17. A. noise B. sounds C. voices D. photos( )18. A. before B. after C. while D. when( )19. A. in B. on C. at D. by( )20. A. keep B. have C. run D. save词汇短语拓展5.get up起床I always get up at 7:00.6.keep sth +adj. 保持某物的.Keep the floor cleankeep the room tidy7.be absent(from)缺席I w

38、as absent from school yesterday.8.on the/ones way to在去的路上On the way home (to school),I met an old friend. On the train to在去的火车上9.lose ones way 迷路=be lostI lost my way .=I was lost 10.say to oneself 自言自语“I can win” I said to myself 11.put sth into 把放到I put some money into my pocket .I put some books

39、into my bag .12. take out取出He took out a note book and wrote them down ,13. put on your coat 穿上 take off your shoes 脱掉 turn on 打开 turn off 关掉练习题（ ） 1.Only_know it.A. I and he B. he and you C. he and I D. I and you ( ) 2. I saw _ playing in the street at that time.A. them B. they C. their D. theirs (

40、 ) 3.Jim will give _ a short talk tomorrow.A. we B. us C. our D. ours ( ) 4.The pen is hers. Pass it to_, please. A. her B. she C. hers D. herse （ ）5.The bird built_ nest in the tree.A. its B. hers C. hers D. its ( ) 6. Have you seen_pen, a black one?A. these B. my C. you D. hers( ) 7. They arent ou

41、r books. Are they_?A. your B. his C. her D. their（ ）8.We _ at the party last Sunday. A. enjoyed myself B. enjoyed ourselves C. enjoy myself D. enjoyed ourself第二讲：指示代词、不定代词知识点拨u 知识点一：指示代词用法 指示代词： 指示说明近处或者远处、上文或者下文、以前或者现在的人或事物。单数复数含义this(这个)these(这些)指较近的人和物that(那个)those(那些)指较远的人和物such (这样的人/物)指上文提过的人和

42、物same (同样的人/物)指和上文提过的相同的人和物it (这人/这物)指不太清楚是谁或者是什么时指示代词既可以单独使用做句子的主语、宾语或表语,也可以作定语修饰名词。如：This is my friend, Amy. (作主语)I have no doubt about that.（作宾语）What I want to stress is this. (作表语)This house is for rent. (作定语)考点-look! Do you know_man under the tree?-Sorry. Its too far to see _ clearly.A. this; h

43、im B. that；his B. this; her D that; hiu 知识点二：不定代词用法不定代词：不指名指代某个人，某个事情，某些人，某些事情的代词叫不定代词。v some和 any 的用法：不定代词用法句法功能例句some一般用于肯定句中,意思是“几个”、“一些”、“某个”作定语时可修饰可数名词或不可数名词定语，宾语，主语I have some work to do today. 用于疑问句时,表示建议、请求或希望得到肯定回答。Would you like some coffee with sugar?any 一般用于疑问句或否定句中，“一些”They didnt have a

44、ny friends here. 用于肯定句中，意思是“任何的”Come here with any friend.v no和none的用法：不定代词用法句法功能例句nono是形容词,意思是“没有”,修饰可数名词(单数或复数)或不可数名词。只能作定语There is no time left. Please hurry up.They had no reading books to lend.nonenone意思是“没有一个人(或事物)”,表示复数或单数只能独立使用,在句子中可作主语、宾语和表语,None of them is/are in the classroom.I have many

45、books, but none is interesting.v all和both的用法：不定代词用法句法功能例句allall指三者或三者以上的人或物,用来代替或修饰可数名词；也可用来代替或修饰不可数名词。all和both在句子中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等I know all of the four British students in their school.bothboth指两个人或物,用来代替或修饰可数名词。Would you like this one or that one? Both.v every和each用法：不定代词用法句法功能例句every不可单独使用仅作形容词Ever

46、y one of the students in his class studies very hard.着重全体用于三者或三者以上的每一个人或物each可单独使用作形容词、代名词hey are very busy. Each of them has something to do.着重个别用于两者或两者以上的每一个人或物v either和neither的用法：不定代词用法句法功能例句either意思是“两个中间的任何一个”主语、宾语和定语等,都用作单数I dont care much for what to drink. Either of the two will do.neitherne

47、ither是either的否定形式,意思是“两个都不”-Will you go there by bus or by car? Neither. v other、the other和another的用法：不定代词用法句法功能例句other意思是“另一”、“另一些”,加单数或复数名词在句子中做定语Where are his other books?the other“另一个”主语，宾语,定语This is one of your socks. Where is the other one?othersothers指“剩余的人/物”(指大部分)主语,宾语Some girls are singing

48、 under the big apple tree and others are sitting on the grass talking.the othersthe others指“其余的人/物”,(指全部)主语,宾语Two of the ten boys are standing and the others are sitting round them.another另外的,再一,又一宾语，定语Do you really want another one?v many和much的用法：不定代词用法句法功能例句many意思是“很多”,与可数名词复数连用在句中可作主语、宾语和定语等I dont have many friends here.much意思是“很多”,与不可数名词连用They havent got much work to do.v few、little、a few、a little的用法：不定代词用法句法功能例句few修饰可数名词，用于否定句定语In that polar region there live few people.a few修饰可数名词，用于肯定句You can get a