专八英美文化大纲

1、An Outline of British Literary HistoryEarly and Medieval English Literature.Beowulf, epic in old Brit onRoma nee“The Can terbury Tales”BalladsGeoffrey Chaucer, the foun der of En glish po etry,The English Renaissance (l6first half of 17th)1.Characteristic of Ren aissa nee: 1) a thirsti ng cur

2、iosity for the classical literature; 2) kee n in terest in the activities of huma nity (huma ni sm)2.3.Thomas More, the greatest of the English humanists,“ Utopia ”Sir Philip Sid ney (1554-86), love sonn ets:“ Astro phel a nd Stella ”Walter Raleigh (1552-1618),“ Discovery of Guia na ”Edmund Spenser

3、(155299),“The Shepherd s Calendar ” (a pastoral poem in12 books); “ TheFaerie Quee ne” (his master piece dedicated to Quee n Elizabeth). He is the first master to make Moder n En glish the n atural music of his p oetic effusi ons.Joh n Lyly (1554-1606), a roma ncewriter for the gen tle reader,“ Eup

4、hues“ Essays ” (58 on es). It covers a widePo ets in this p eriod: (The sonn et, an exact form of p oetry in 14 lines of iambic pentameter intricately rhymed, was introduced to England from Italy by Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard)4.5.variety of subjects, such as love, truth, friendship, parentsan

5、d children, beauty, studies, riches, youth and age, garde n, death, and many others. They have won popu larity for their p recisi on, clear ness, brevity and force.Drama (the highest glory of En glish Ren aissa nee)P rose Writer: Francis Bacon (1561-1626),uni versity wits: Lyly, P eele, Marlowe, Gre

6、e ne, Lodge and Nash. They made rapid p rogress in dramatic tech nique because they had a close con tact with the actors and audie nee.Christ op her Marlowe (1564-93): 1) Tamburlai ne; 2) The Jew of Malta; 3) Doctor FaustusBen Jonson (1572-1637): 1) Every man in His Humor; 2) Volpone, or the Fox” ;

7、3) The Alchemist;William Shakes peareFour Tragedies: 1) Hamlet 2) Othello 3) Ki ng Lear 4) MacbethCelebrated comedies: 1) The Mercha nt of Ven ice 2) The Tami ng of the Shrew 3) A Midsummer Night s DreamAll s Well That Ends Well other celebrated ones: 1) Titus Andronicus 2) Romeo and Juliet 3) Henry

8、 V 4) Twelfth Night 5) Julius Caesar 6) Timon of Athens 7) The Tempest 8) Antony and Cleop atra精品文库欢迎下载10The Neoclassical P eriodJoh n Milt on (1608-1674): 1) P aradise Lost 2) P aradise Rega in ed 3) Sams onAgo ni stesJohn Bunyan (1628-1688): The Pilgrim s ProgressMeta physical Po ets (mysticism in

9、 content and fan tasticality in form): 1) Joh n Do nne (1572-1631), the fou nder of the Meta physical school of poetry. 2) George Herbert (1593-1633), “thesaint of the Metaphysical school ”sings the glory of God 3) An drew Maevell, a P urita nJoh n Dryen (1631-1700): 1) All for Love (a tragedy) 2) A

10、n Essay of dramaticPo esy (It established his p ositi on as the lead ing critic of the day.)Richard Steele (1672-1729), a representative of the Enlightenment in English literature, the founder of“ The Tatler ” (a newspaper)Jose ph Addis on (1672-1719), ano ther rep rese ntative of the En lighte nmen

11、t in English literature, the founder of“ The Spectator ” (a daily paper)Alexa nder Pope (1688-1744), the most imp orta nt poet and classicist in the firstthhalf of the 18 cen tury. 1) Essay on Criticism (didactic p oem in heroic coup lets)2) The Rape of the Lock 3) Pope s Homer (his translation of“l

12、lliad ” and half of“ Odyssey ” in heroic coup lets)Jonathan Swift (1667-1745):Gulliver s TravelsDaniel Defoe (1660-1731): 1) Robi nson Crusoe 2) Cap tai n Sin gleto n 3) MollFlanders 4) Colonel Jacque10. Samuel Richardson (1680-1761): Pamela, or, Virtue Rewarded11. Henry Fieldi ng (1707-1754): 1) To

13、m Jon es 2) Jose ph An drews12. Tobias Smollett (1721-1771): Roderick Random13. Laurenee Sterne (1713-1768): 1) Tristram Shandy 2) A Sentimental Journey14. Richard Brin sley Sheridan (1751-1816), a p laywright: The School for Scan dal15. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784), a lexicographer critic and poet: D

14、ictionary16. Oliver Goldsmith (1730-1774): The Vicar of Wakefield17. Edward Gibb on, historia n: The Decli ne and Fall of the Roma n Emp ireApp endix:Classicism: it is a literary trend that domin ated French literature in the 17 and 18 cen turies, with a sig nifica nt in flue nee on En glish writ in

15、g, esp ecially from 1660 to 1780. The classicists modeled themselves on Greek and Lat in authors, and tried to control literary creation by some fixed laws and rules drawn from Greek and Latin works...9.Sentimentalism and P re-Romanticism in Po etrySen time ntalist po etry marks the mi

16、dway in the tran siti on from classicism to its opp osite Roma nticism in En glish p oetry. Dissatisfied with reas on, which classicists app ealed to, sen time ntalism app ealed to sen time nt, “ to the huma n heart ” Sen time ntalism turned to the coun tryside for its material, and so is in strik i

17、ng con trast to classicism, which had confined itself to the clubs and draw in g-rooms, and to theWilliam Blake (1757-1827): 1) Songs of Innocenee 2) Songs of Experienee Robert Burns (1759-1796): 1) The Scots Musical Museum 2) Selected Colleetio n of Origi nal Scottish Airs1.2.3.William Wordsworth (

18、1770-1850), pilot and leader of Romanticism in England: Lyrical Ballads (the ma ni festo of the En glish Roma ntic Moveme nt in p oetry) Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834): 1) The Rime of the An cie nt Marin er 2) Kubla Khan 3) Christabel. Coleridge is also the first critic of the Romantic school.G

19、eorge Gordon Byro n (1788-1822): 1) Childe Harold(masterpiece)s Pilgrimage 2) Don Juan.8.Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822): 1) Queen Mab 2) The Revolt of Islam 3)Prometheus Unbound 4) Lyrics:Ode to the West Wind To a Skylark Love s Philosophy etc. 5) A Defence of Poetry ( literary criticism on

20、 poetry) John Keats (1795-1821): long poems: Isabella Endymion The Eve of St. Agnes ODES: Ode to Melancholy Ode on a Grecian Urn Ode to a Nightingale Ode to AutumnCharles Lamb (1775-1834), an essayist: 1) The Essays of Elia 2) Tales from Shakes peareWalter Scott (1771-1832), foun der of historical n

21、ovel: 1) Iva nhoe 2) Woodstock etc.Jane Austen (1775-1817): 1) Pride and Prejudice 2) Sense and Sensibility Northanger Abbey 4) Emma 5) Mansfield park3)social and p olitical life of London.1. Thomas Gray (1716-1771): Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard2. William Cow per (1731-1800): The Task (a lo

22、ng poem)P re-Roma nticism:1.2.3.Romanticism in British LiteratureThe Victorian P eriod (roughly realism)1.3)6)Charles Dicke ns (1812-1870): 1) the Pickwick papers 2) Oliver Twist Nicholas Nickleby 4) The Old Curiosity Shop 5) American Notes Dombey and Son 7) David Copperfield 8) Hard Times 9) A Tale

23、 of Two Cities 10) Great Exp ectati ons.Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855): Ja ne EyreEmily Bron te (1818-1848): Wutheri ng HeightsAnne Bronte (1820-1849): The Tenan t of Wildfell HallWilliam Make peace Thackeray (1811-1863): Vanity Fair: A Novel Without a Hero6.7.Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell (1810-1

24、865): Mary Barto n, a Tale of Ma nchester Life George Eliot (1819-1880): 1) Silas Marner 2) Adam Bede 3) The Mill o n the Floss8.Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881), a prose writer: 1) The French Revolution 2) Hero and Hero-Worshi p9.10.11.Thomas Babi ngton Macaulay (1800-1859): History of En gla ndAlfred Te

25、nn yson (1809-1892), poet: 1) In Memoriam 2) The Idylls of the Ki ngRobert Browning (1812-1889), introducing to English poetry the dramatic monologue: 1) The Ring and the Book 2) short lyrics such as“ the pied Piper ofHamelin ” ;“ Hohoughts, from Abroad ”Literary Trends at the Turn of the 1j9h-20th

26、Century.George Gissi ng (1857-1903), un der the in flue nee of n aturalism: New Grub Street Robert Louis Steve nson (1850-1894): 1) Treasure Isla nd 2) Stra nge Case of Dr. Jekyll a nd Mr. Hyde etc.Aestheticism: “ artfor art sake”-representatives: 1) Walter Pater 2) Oscar WildeOscar Wilde (18

27、56-1900): 1) The Picture of Dorian Gray (n ovel) 2) A Woma n of No Importanee 3) Lady Windermere s Fat4) An Ideal Husband 5) The Importanee of Being Earnest 6) Salome (tragedy)English Literature in the 2出 CenturyRealists..Henry James (1843-1916): 1) The Portrait of a Lady 2) The Ambass

28、adors 3) The Golde n BowlHerbert George Wells (1866-1946): 1) The Time Machi ne 2) The Isla nd of Dr. Moreau 3) Tono Bun gay (social satire)John Galsworthy (1867-1933): The Forsyte Saga 2) A Modern ComedyWilliam Somerset Maugham (1874-1965): 1) Of Human Bo ndage 2) The Moo n and SixpenceJesephConrad

29、 (1857-1924): 1) The Nigger of the Narcissus 2) Lord Jim 3) Heart of Darkn essE. M. Forster (1879-1970): 1) Howards End 2) A Passage to India David Herbert Lawrenee (1885-1930): 1) The White Peacock 2) Lovers 3) The Rainbow 4) Women in Love 5) Lady Chatterley George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950): 1) Mrs.

30、 Warren Profession Barbara 3) Heartbreak HouseSons and s Lover2) MajorModernismStream of consciousness1. James Joyce (1882-1941): 1) Dubli ners 2) A P ortrait of the Artists as a You ng Man 3) Ulysses 4) Finnegan s Wake2. Virginia Woolf (1882-1941): 1) Mrs. Dalloway 2) To the Lighthouse 3) The Waves

31、Imagism1. William Butler Yeats (1865-1939), Irish poet and dramatist, Nobel Prize winner for literature in 19232. T. S. Eliot (1888-1965): 1) Four Quartets 2) The Waste LandOutline of American Literary History(1) colonial p eriod(early 17th late 18th) American Puritanism Jonathan Edwards, (both repr

32、esent American Puritanism)(2)Romantic period (first half of 19th)ofof Benjamin Franklin: Autobiography; Poor Richard s Almanacbackground (political independence; hopes everywhere; ideals democracy, equality; industrialization; westward expansion; variety foreig n in flue nee etc.)Washington Irving “

33、The Sketch Book ” (Rip Van Winkle)James Fenimore Coope “ Leatherstock ing Tales”1840s new England Transcendentalism (RaIph Waldo Emerson:“ Nature The Poe The America n Scholar; Henry David Thoreau and“ Waldo n”Walt Whitman“ Leaves of Grass ”Emily Dick insonEdgar Alla n Poe Israfel; Ann abel Lee; his

34、 horror storiesNathaniel Hawthorne “ ScarleLetter ” , The House of the Seven Gables, his short storiesHerman Melville “ Moby Dick ”(3) Realism (after 1865, aga inst the lie of roma nticism and sen time ntalism) New En gla nd Po et Wadsworth Lon gfellowWilliam Dea n Howells The Rise of Silas Lap hamM

35、ark Twain Local Colorism; The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn; Life on the Mississ ippi; The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County Henry James-Portrait of a Lady; Ambassador (international theme; p sychological realism); Golde n Bowlth(4) Naturalism (last decade of 19 century; seeing helpless a

36、nd hopeless of the world)Ste phen Cran 1)Maggie, a Girl of the Streets 2) The Red Badge of CourageFrank Norris The OctopusTheodore DreiseSister Carrie; An America n TragedySherwood An derson Win sberg, Ohio ( The Triumph of the Egg Horses and Men Death in the Woods)O. Henry“20 Years ” ;“Gift of Magi

37、 ” ;“The Last Leave ” Jack Lon don Sea Wolf; Marti n Ede n Upton Si nclair Muckrak ing Moveme nt; The Jun gle; The Slaughterhouse(5) Imagism (after 1st World War) Economy of exp ressi on; use of a dominant imageEzra Pound 1) Cantos; 2) The River Merchant sWife: A Letter 3) The Station of the MetroTh

38、e app ariti on of these faces in the crowdP etals on a wet, black boughWilliams Carlos Williams; e. e. cum min gs; Carl San burg; Hart Crane (The Bridge); Wallace Steve nsT. S. EliotWaste Land; The Sacred WoodFiction writing on the po stwar sceneRobert FrostSin clair Lewis-(first America n Nobel win

39、ner for literature) Main Street; Babbitt Arrowsmith DodsworthWilla Cather- (ha nging on to the traditi onal values) My Antonia The Song of the Lark The Professor s House(6) Lost Generation (the 佃 20s)Thomas Wolfe- Look Homeward, An gel Of Time and the River You Can t Go Home Aga inErn est Hemin gway

40、 The Sun also Rises; Farewell to Arms; For Whom the Bell TollsF. Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby(7) the 1930s socialist-orie nted; new n aturalismWilliam Faulkner As I lay Dying; Light in August; Go Down, Moses; Absolom, Absolom;John Dos PassoU. S. AJoh n Stei nbeck The Grapes of WrathJames T. FarreStuds Lorriga n Trilogy(8) Post-war LiteratureJohn O Harappointment in Samarra (hard-boiled novels)social background vitiated by “ColdWa” ; Mccarthyism; civil rights moveme nt; Viet nam war(1968-1973)Saul Bellow Humboldt s Gift; HerzogNorma n MailerThe Na