AfterclassExercises语言学1

1、(1.5%30=45%) 1. if you put a finger in each ear and say “z-z-z-z”, you can feel the vibrations of the _.a. glottisb. windpipec. larynxd. vocal cords 声带 p182. in the word suitable, “-able” is a _ morpheme.a. derivational 派生p48b. inflectionalc. rootd. stem3. the rules that group words and phrases to f

2、orm grammatical sentences are called _ rules.a. recursiveb. structuralc. doubled. combinational p764. once the notion of _ was taken into consideration, semantics 语义学spilled into pragmatics语用学.a. meaningb. context p113c. formd. content5. which of the following choices is not the key biological basis

3、 for human language acquisition? _.a. cerebral cortex大脑皮层b. neurons神经元c. eyes p212、219d. angular gyrus 有角的脑回(1%20=20%)1. language is a system of arbitrary任意的 vocal声音 symbols used for human communication. (t) p92. only words of the same（various） parts of speech can be combined to form compounds. (f)

4、p553. when two words are identical in sound, they are homographs同形异义字. (f) soundhomophones同音字 spelling-homographs p1014. the division of english into old english, middle english, and modern english is nonconventional and not arbitrary. (f) conventional惯例的 and arbitrary任意的、独裁的 p1275. language reflect

5、s sexism in society. language itself is not sexist, just as it is not obscene淫秽的; but it can connote意味着 sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos禁忌 or racism种族. (t)define the following terms. (3%5=15%) 1. arbitrariness 任意、霸道(p11) arbitrariness is one of the major design features of h

6、uman language, which means there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. a good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages.2. fricative摩擦音的 (p23-24)a fricative refers to the speech sound produced when the obstruction阻碍 is parti

7、al and the air is forced through a narrow passage in the mouth so as to cause definite friction at the point. the fricatives in english are f v s z q h.answer the following questions. (10%2= 20%)1. do you think that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components? suppor

8、t your argument with examples. (p56-57)no. the meaning of a compound is not always the sum total of the meanings of its components. the meaning of a compound is often idiomatic合乎语言习惯. for instance, the compound “greenhouse” is not a house that is green, and a “red coat” is not a coat at all. so, fro

9、m these examples, we can see that the meaning of a compound is by no means the sum total of the meanings of its components although the meaning of some of the compound words does seem to be the meanings of their components such as “classroom”, “red flag”, etc.2. how can we distinguish the complete h

10、omonyms同音异义字 from the polysemic words? (p101-102)we can depend on the etymology语源学 of the words to distinguish a polysemic word from the complete homonyms. (1) a polysemic word is the result of the of the primary meaning of the word, such as the word “table”. its primary meaning is “a thin piece of

11、stone or wood”, since in the ancient time, people used a piece of stone or wood as table, it gets the meaning of “a piece of furniture with a flat top supported by one or more upright legs”. the various meanings of the word are related to some degree. (2) complete homonyms are often brought into bei

12、ng by coincidence一致. “ball” meaning “a round object used in games” and “ball” meaning “a large formal social event at which people dance” are complete homonyms. the word “ball” bearing the first meaning is a native english word. it originally existed in english. it so happened that in french there e

13、xisted a word, spelt in the same way, bearing the second meaning. and this word somehow found its into the english vocabulary. the result is that in english today we have two complete homonyms “ball” and “ball”.after-class exercises for lecture onei. directions1. linguistics语言学 is the scientific stu

14、dy of _.a. a particular languageb. the english languagec. human languages in general p1d. the system of a particular language.2. as modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for “correct” linguistic behavior, it is said to be _.a. pre

15、scriptive说明性 b. sociolinguistic社会语言学c. descriptive 描述性p4 d. psycholinguistic心理语言学3. the _ study of language studies the historical development of language over a period of time, and it is a historical study.a. prescriptive b. synchronic限于一时的，不考虑历时演进的c. descriptive d. diachronic历时的p54. modern linguis

16、tics focuses on the present-day language, and it will be possible to describe language from a _ point of view.a. prescriptive b. synchronic p5c. descriptive d. diachronic5. the fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is _.a. arbitrary任

17、意的独裁的 p10b. non-arbitraryc. logicald. non-productive非生产性的6. the famous quotation from shakespeares play “romeo and juliet” “a rose by any other name would smell as sweet” well illustrates _.a. the conventional惯例de nature of language p10b. the creative nature of languagec. the universality of languag

18、ed. the big difference between human language and animal communication7. which of the following is not a design feature of human language?a. arbitrariness任意 b. displacement转移、取代 productivity生产 c. duality二元性cultural transmission文化传递d. meaningfulnessp11-138. modern linguistics regards the written lang

19、uage as _.a. primaryspoken languages b. correctc. secondaryp5d. stable9. in modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because _.a. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing p5 .precedes领先、在 之前b. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of inf

20、ormation conveyed. p6c.speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue.d. all of the above.10. saussure took a(n) _ view of language, while chomsky looks at language from a _ point of view.a. sociological社会/psychological心理 p7b.psychological/sociologicalc. applied应用/

21、pragmatic实际d.semantic语义/linguistic语言11. chomsky uses the term _ to refer to the actual realization of a language users knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.a. langueb. competence能力c. parole诺言d. performance执行、性能p712. according to f. de saussure, _ refers to the abstract

22、linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.a. paroleb. performancec. languep6d. language13. language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. this feature is called _.a. displacement p13b. dualityc. flexibilityd. cultural transmiss

23、ion14. the details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through _, rather than by instinct本能.a. learningb. teachingc. booksd. both a and b p1315. _ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.a. psycholinguisticsp3b. anthropological linguisti

24、cs人类学的 c. sociolinguisticsd. applied linguisticsli. directions1. linguistics studies (not any ) particular language, not(but) languages in general. f p12. a scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks (the systematic investigation of data). f p13. both semantics语义学 and pragmati

25、cs语用学 study meanings. t p34. modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive（descriptive描述）, but sometimes descriptive （prescriptive说明）. f p45. the distinction区别特性 between langue and parole 诺言誓言was proposed by the swiss linguist f. de saussure. langue refers to the abstract抽象 linguistic system shared by a

26、ll the members of a speech community while parole refers to the concrete具体 use of conventions and rules, thus varying from person to person. t p66. language can be studied both synchronically and diachronically. the two approaches are equally favored by modern linguists. synchronically study seems t

27、o enjoy priority over diachronic study f p57. modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the spoken. f p58. speech and writing are the two major media of language. all languages in the world today can be both spoken and written. f p6 there are still many languages that have only

28、 the spoken form9. the writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech; thus there are still many languages in todays world that can only be spoken, but not written. t p610. human capacity for language has a genetic basis遗传基础, i.e. we are all born with the ability to a

29、cquire language and the details of a language system are (not) genetically 遗传transmitted, (but instead have to be taught and learned .) f p13iii. directions: define the following terms.1. prescriptive vs. descriptive (p4)if a linguistic aims to lay down rules for “correct” behavior, i.e., to tell pe

30、ople what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.if a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive.2. synchronic vs. diachronic (p5)the description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study

31、.限于一时的the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.历时的3. langue and parole (p6)langue refers to the abstract抽象的 linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by.pa

32、role refers to the realization of langue in actual use. parole is the concrete具体 use of conventions and the application of the rules.4. competence and performance (p7)competence is the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language.performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in lingu

33、istic communication.5. language (p9) is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.iv. answer the following questions. (10%2= 20%)1. what makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? (p4)modern linguistics is descriptive; its investigations are based on authenti

34、c, and mainly spoke language data.traditional grammar is prescriptive; it is based on “high” written language.2. discuss the design features of human language that distinguish it from animal communication systems. (p11-13)arbitrarinessa sign of sophistication only humans are capable ofcreativityanim

35、als are quiet limited in the messages they are able to senddualitya feature totally lacking in any animal communicationdisplacementno animal can “talk” about things removed from the immediate situationcultural transmissiondetails of human language system are taught and learned while animals are born

36、 with the capacity to send out certain signals as a means of limited of limited communication.after-class exercises for lecture two phoneticsi. directions1. the study of how people use their speech organs to produce speech sounds is of great interest to those working in the area of _.a. phonology音韵学

37、b. articulatory phonetics p16c. auditory phonetics听觉d. acoustic phonetics 声学的2. acoustic phoneticians try to describe the _ properties特性 of the stream气流 of sounds which a speaker issues发出.a. oralb. mentalc. physical p17d. recorded3. of all the speech organs, the _ is or are the most flexible.a. mout

38、hb. lipsc. tongue舌头 p19d. vocal cords声带4. voicing浊音 as a quality of speech sounds is caused by the vibration of _ .a. the lipsb. the vocal cords p18c. the glottis声门d. the uvula小舌5. vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing, which is a feature of _.a. all conso

39、nantsb. all consonants and some vowelsc. vowels onlyd. all vowels元音 and some consonants子音 p186. _ transcription抄录 is the one required and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds.a. broadb. detailedc. wided. narrow p217. in terms of the place of articulation发音, the following sounds t

40、, d, s, z, n share the feature _.a. palatalb. alveolar齿槽音 p25c. bilabiald. dental8. the consonant f in english can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features: _.a. voiceless bilabial stopb. voiceless清音 labiodental唇齿音 fricative摩擦音 p18、26c. voiced bilabial stopd. voiced labiodent

41、al fricative9. the vowel u: in english has all the following features except _.a. longb. roundedc. closedd. central p27-2810. all the back vowels in english are pronounced with rounded lips except _.a. ab. u:c. d. a： p2811. the following four vowels are all close vowels, but only _ has the features

42、of “front” and “short”.a. i:b. i p28c. u:d. a： 12. _ are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.a. vowelsb. consonantsc. diphthongs 双重元音 p29d. lax vowelsii. directions1. phonetics is concerned with the speech sounds（all the sounds）which distinguish meanin

43、g. f p162. of the three branches of phonetics语音学, acoustic声响 phonetics（articulatory音节 phonetics） is the longest established, and until recently the most highly developed. f p163. the greatest source of modification of the air stream is found in the oral cavity口腔. t p184. all the english nasal鼻音 cons

44、onants are voiced. p24 ？5. the orthographic representation of speech sounds with diacritics is normally not used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks. ？6. although the l sound is represented by the same symbol in the two combinations of li:f and fi:l, it is actually pronounced differently. t p22、2

45、97. when the soft palate is lowered, the air cannot escape through the nose and a nasal sound cannot be made. ？8. the three voiceless stops /p/, /t/, /k/ are aspirated送气音 when preceded先于 by /s/ and followed by a vowel. t p22 ？9. the classification of english consonants involves both manner of articu

46、lation and place of articulation. t p2310. when the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a fricative.（stop or plosive） f p2311. the english stops include p, b, t, d, k, g

47、, f, v. f p2312. in producing a vowel, the air stream coming from the lungs meets with no obstruction whatsoever while the production of a consonant it is obstructed in one way or another. t p2313. with no exception all the front vowels in english are unrounded. t p2814. with no exception all the ba

48、ck vowels in english are rounded. f p28 a:15. in english, the long vowels are all tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as /i:/, the larynx is in a state of tension. t p28iii. directions: define the following terms.voicing (p18)vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of

49、speech soundsbroad transcription (p21)is the transcription with letter-symbols only narrow transcriptionis the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics区别的 vowel (p23) are modifications of the voice-sound that involve no closure, friction, or contact of the tongue or lips. bloom

50、field -a vowel is defined as a voices sound in forming which the air issues in a continuous stream through the pharynx and mouth, there being no audible friction. jonesfricative (p23-24) 复习课中有iv. answer the following questions1. how are the english consonants classified? (p23-25)english consonants c

51、an be classified in two ways: one is in terms of manner of articulation (the manner in which obstruction is created) and the other is in terms of place of articulation (the place where obstruction is created).in terms of manner of articulation, the english consonants can be classified into the follo

52、wing types: stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, nasals, glides.in terms of place of articulation: bilabial, labiodentals, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal.2. what criteria are used to classify the english vowels? (p27-29)vowel sounds are differentiated by a number of factors: the positi

53、on of the tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.vowels may be distinguished as front, central, and back. according to how wide our mouth is opened, we classify the vowels into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels

54、, and open vowels.a third criterion that is often used in the classification of vowels is the sharp of lips. in english, all the front vowels and the central vowels are unrounded vowels, all the back vowels with the exception of a: are rounded.according to the length of the sound, those marked with

55、a colon冒号 are the long vowels, and those without are the short vowels.v. give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sound descriptions:(p26 table, p27 diagram)vi. give the phonetic features of each of the following sounds:(p26 table, p27 diagram)after-class exercises for lecture three phonology音韵学 i. directions1. of the following four pairs of sound combinations, only _ meets the requirements of what is called a minimal