医学交流课件：PART 8 GENITAL TRACT

1、 GENITAL TRACT LANDMARKS UTERUS Lies between urinary bladder ventrally and descending colon dorsally easier to spot in transverse plane PROSTATE Lies caudal to urethral origin and can be found best by following urethra caudally in transverse section FEMALE GENITAL TRACT ULTRASONOGRAPHIC ANATOMY UTER

2、US Three layers, mucosa, muscularis and serosa Normal diameter generally 1cm in diameter OVARIES Difficult to find if normal Helps to stand bitch up and scan from ventral Ventral and lateral to ipsilateral kidneys 2cm long in dogs 1cm long in cats Uterus Video 1620 Ovary Video 1621 MALE GENITAL TRAC

3、T ULTRASONOGRAPHIC ANATOMY PROSTATE Hyperechoic, bi-lobed, homogenous in intact males Hypoechoic, small, homogenous in castrated males TESTES Oval, homogenously hyperechoic, fine echotexture Mediastinum testis seen as central linear hyperchoic line Tunica albuginea is hyperechoic, smooth and thin FE

4、MALE GENITAL TRACT PATHOLOGY UTERUS Hydro-/muco-/pyometra Most common Cystic endometrial hyperplasia Common in unspayed bitches Neoplasia Uncommon FEMALE GENITAL TRACT PATHOLOGY OVARIES Cysts Follicular Luteal Neoplasia Granulosa cell Adenocarcinoma Ovarian stump granuloma MALE GENITAL TRACT PATHOLO

5、GY PROSTATE Benign prostatic hyperplasia Most common Cysts Abscesses after castration Prostatic neoplasia Uncommon in dogs Mineralization Lymphadenopathy BPH with cysts Video 1938 Prostatic Neoplasia Video 1527 MALE GENITAL TRACT PATHOLOGY TESTES Cryptorchid Smaller, hypoechoic Search thoroughly and

6、 systematically From inguinal canal to caudal pole of ipsilateral kidney Testicular tumours Leydig, interstitial cell, seminoma, sertoli cell Testicle Video 1528 PREGANCY DIAGNOSIS MOST FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS: Is the bitch pregnant? Safest to scan on D21 Foetal heartbeat Early pregancy ( 11 d) m

7、ay easily be mistaken for pyometra PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS: How many foetuses? Best to count early Later, after D35, radiography is more accurate in assessing foetal number PREGANCY DIAGNOSIS FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS: Are the foetuses normal, alive? Foetal viability is confi

8、rmed by visualising a heartbeat, or foetal movements Non-viable foetuses are smaller, lack (cardiac) activity and are surrounded by echogenic fluid PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS: When will the bitch give birth? Tables and formulas Very difficult to predict accurately Too much variation in sizes of different breeds Especially difficult in cross-matches PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS FREQUENTLY AS