D+Unit+2++Elements+of+poetry课件

1、D+Unit+2+Elements+of+poetry Unit 4 A garden of poems English Poetry Elements of Poetry D+Unit+2+Elements+of+poetry Skimming: What are the differences between poetry and other forms of literature? D+Unit+2+Elements+of+poetry Poetry plays with sounds, words and grammar. Poetry is difficult to write,bu

2、t interesting to read. Poetry calls up all the colors, feelings, experiences and curious images of a dream world. D+Unit+2+Elements+of+poetry The Elements of Poetry Images are conveyed through sensory details and figurative language. Form to hold it together. Some poems actually have a prescribed fo

3、rm like haikus and sonnets. Musical devices that give the poem a song-like, lyrical quality. Meaning, or emotion it wants to share with the reader. D+Unit+2+Elements+of+poetry Imagery vImagery is the senses the poem evokes in the reader. Imagery puts the reader in the poem. It helps the reader to “s

4、ee” the poem. 意象是诗歌想要激起读者感官感受的. 它帮助读者了解诗歌. vThree basic kinds of images: Perceptual images 感官意象 Conceptual images 概念意象 symbolic images 象征意象 vThe tools of imagery are Senses : sound, sight, touch, smell, taste, and emotion. Figurative language : metaphor, simile, personification, hyperbole, etc. D+Un

5、it+2+Elements+of+poetry vPerceptual imagery: concrete , touch 实实 际，感官意向际，感官意向 vAppeals to: visual sense 圆规西施圆规西施, 阿阿Q auditory sense 磨刀霍霍向猪羊磨刀霍霍向猪羊 olfactory sense: 嗅觉嗅觉 臭豆腐臭豆腐 tactile sense: 触觉触觉 vConceptual imagery：figures of speech 比喻比喻: emotive 感情的感情的, cognitive认知的认知的 D+Unit+2+Elements+of+poetry

6、 Sensory details Sensory details touch the five senses. They make the poem vivid to the reader. Lets look at the sensory details in the poem “Those Winter Sundays.” D+Unit+2+Elements+of+poetry Those Winter Sundays Sundays too my father got up early and put his clothes on in the blueblack cold, tacti

7、le sense then with cracked hands that ached from labor in the weekday weather made banked fires blaze. No one ever thanked him. Visual sense Id wake and hear the cold splintering, breaking. Auditory sense When the rooms were warm, hed call, tactile sense and slowly I would rise and dress, fearing th

8、e chronic angers of that house, Speaking indifferently to him, who had driven out the cold and polished my good shoes as well. What did I know, what did I know of loves austere and lonely offices? Robert Hayden D+Unit+2+Elements+of+poetry “Blueblack cold” certainly makes us feel how cold it was. Whe

9、n the fathers hands are described as “cracked hands that ached” we can feel the roughness. He describes the cold “splintering and breaking.” We can hear the trees and ice crack. And then the rooms “were warm” when the boy got up. We know how that feels on a cold day. When the boy fears “the chronic

10、angers of that house” and when he speaks “indifferently to him” we know what emotions the boy is feeling. These sensory details make the poem come alive to us and help us to feel what the boy felt on those winter Sundays. D+Unit+2+Elements+of+poetry Synaesthesia vliterally, joining the senses. vSyna

11、esthesia: the description of one type of perception or thought with words that are appropriate to another (联觉，通联觉，通 感感)；the mixing of sensation; the response through several senses to the stimulation of one. D+Unit+2+Elements+of+poetry 感觉挪移感觉挪移 v钱钟书：在日常经验里，眼、耳、舌、鼻、钱钟书：在日常经验里，眼、耳、舌、鼻、 身（视觉、听觉、触觉、嗅觉、味

12、觉）往往身（视觉、听觉、触觉、嗅觉、味觉）往往 可以彼此打通，不分界线：颜色似乎会有温可以彼此打通，不分界线：颜色似乎会有温 度，声音是乎会有形象，温暖似乎会有重量，度，声音是乎会有形象，温暖似乎会有重量， 气味似乎会有锋芒。气味似乎会有锋芒。 D+Unit+2+Elements+of+poetry vSharp voice 声音的形象 vLoud perfume 气味的锋芒 vCold color 颜色的温度 I cannot see what flowers are at my feet, Nor what soft incense hangs upon the boughs, 柔软的香味

13、， 这里讲的是气味。 D+Unit+2+Elements+of+poetry Figurative Language vFigurative language is words not meant to be taken literally. The words are symbolic. We know these images as metaphor, simile, personification, hyperbole, and others. Because the poet is comparing a less familiar object to a common one, th

14、e comparison makes the familiar image stronger. vSee A Red ,Red Rose by Robert Burns vSee Imagism vSee e.e cummings D+Unit+2+Elements+of+poetry Music The poet uses musical devices to make the poem song-like. In fact, some poems are/were songs. The musical devices we will discuss, and be responsible

15、for, are onomatopoeia 拟声, rhythm节奏, rhyme韵脚, letters字母, repetition重复, pause 停顿, and enjambment 诗句之连续. D+Unit+2+Elements+of+poetry Onomatopoeia 拟声 We are familiar with onomatopoeia even if we dont understand the word. When two cars collide, what sound do they make? Crash! That is onomatopoeia words t

16、hat make the sound they are imitating. Here is a poem by Eve Merriam appropriately titled “Onomatopoeia.” See how many sounds are heard. D+Unit+2+Elements+of+poetry Onomatopoeia The rusty spigot 生锈的水龙头 sputter, utters a sputter, 喷溅声 spatters a smattering of drops, 洒 gashes wider; 裂缝 slash, splatters

17、, scatters, spurts, finally stops sputtering and plash! gushes rushes splashes clear water dashes. D+Unit+2+Elements+of+poetry Rhythm Rhythm is the beat of a poem. It is the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables. There are several rhythm patterns in poetry which we will not go into in this pr

18、esentation which will be shown later. Lets look at the following poem and see if we can identify the pattern of stressed and unstressed beats. D+Unit+2+Elements+of+poetry Counting-Out Rhyme Silver bark of beech , and sallow - | - | - | Bark of yellow birch and yellow - | -| -| Twig of willow. -| - S

19、tripe of green in moosewood maple, Colour seen in leaf of apples, Bark of popple. Wood of popple pale as moonbeam, Wood of oak for yoke and bran-beam, Wood of hornbeam. Silver bark of beech, and hollow Stem of elder, tall and yellow Twig of willow. -Edna St. Vincent Millay D+Unit+2+Elements+of+poetr

20、y Rhyme Exact rhyme are words that have the exact same-sounding ending, like cat and hat 严格 的韵律 Slant rhyme words sound similar, but arent exact, like one and down. A rhyme scheme is the pattern of rhyming words. 韵脚的组合是韵脚的词的形式. Look at the following poem and identify the rhyme scheme. D+Unit+2+Eleme

21、nts+of+poetry Reapers Jean Toomer Black reapers with the sound of steel on stones Are sharpening scythes. I see them place the hones In their hip-pockets as a thing thats done, And start their silent swinging, one by one. Black horses drive a mower through the weeds, And there, a field rat, startled

22、, squealing bleeds, His belly close to ground, I see the blade, Blood-stained, continue cutting weeds and shade. D+Unit+2+Elements+of+poetry Letters Repetitive initial consonant sounds in a poem are called alliteration. 押头韵 Repetition of other consonant sounds is called consonance. 和音. Repetitive vo

23、wel sounds are called assonance. 谐音, 准押韵 The following poem has many examples of each. See how many you can find. Also notice what other element of poetry you can find. D+Unit+2+Elements+of+poetry Fueled by Marcie Hans Fueled by a million man-made wings of fire the rocket tore a tunnel through the s

24、ky and everybody cheered, Fueled only by a thought from God the seedling urged its way through the thickness of black 押头韵 and as it pierced the ceiling of the soil and launched itself up into outer space no one even clapped. D+Unit+2+Elements+of+poetry Repetition vPoems also create music through the

25、 repetition of words and lines. vLook at the poem “One Perfect Rose” by Dorothy Parker. One line is repeated three times. Notice how the meaning of the line changes by the third repetition. D+Unit+2+Elements+of+poetry One Perfect Rose by Dorothy Parker A single flowr he sent me, since we met. All te

26、nderly his messenger he chose; Deep-hearted, pure with scented dew still wet One perfect rose. I knew the language of the flowerlet; “My fragile leaves,” it said, “his heart enclose.” Love long has taken for his amulet One perfect rose. Why is it no one ever sent me yet One perfect limousine, do you

27、 suppose? Ah no, its always just my luck to get One perfect rose. D+Unit+2+Elements+of+poetry Pause When we read poetry, we must be careful to read it with the punctuation the author provided. Our tendency is to pause at the end of each line when we should pause at the punctuation marks. When pauses

28、 come in the middle of the line, we call it a caesura 休止/句逗. When the line continues to the next line we call it enjambment.连续 The next slides show examples of each. D+Unit+2+Elements+of+poetry Enjambment We Real Cool by Gwendolyn Brooks We real cool. We Left school. We Lurk late. We Strike straight

29、. We Sing sin. We Thin gin. We Jazz June. We die soon. D+Unit+2+Elements+of+poetry Notice that the enjambment forces you to pause before the end of the line. The word we is emphasized and gives the poem a syncopated (切分的) rhythm, similar to the rhythm in jazz. This is appropriate since the poem is a

30、bout the period of the 30s when Prohibition was in effect and jazz was king. D+Unit+2+Elements+of+poetry Form vForm is the structure of the poem. Any type of writing must have something to hold it together. The structure can be created through many means: meter 韵律, stanza诗节, rhyme scheme韵脚的组合, Or se

31、t patterns of poetry like sonnet十四行 诗, haiku 俳句, concrete具体诗歌, and others. D+Unit+2+Elements+of+poetry Meter is the set pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry. The main meter patterns are Iambic - U/ (one foot) Trochee - /U Anapest - UU/ Dactyl - /U Meter D+Unit+2+Elements+

32、of+poetry Iambic 抑扬格 Iambic is the most common pattern of meter since it is the way we generally talk . It is the unstressed/stressed syllable pattern. Here is an example of iambic lines: Sweet day, so cool, so calm, so bright, (/U|U/|U/|U/) The bridal of the earth and sky; (U/|U/|U/|U/) The dew sha

33、ll weep thy fall to night, (U/|U/|U/|U/) For thou must die.(U/|U/|)(from “Virtue” by George Herbert) D+Unit+2+Elements+of+poetry Trochee 扬抑格 Trochee is the reverse of an iamb. It is a stressed/unstressed pattern like in this line: Piping down the valleys wild, (/U|/U|/U|/) Piping songs of pleasant g

34、lee, (/U|/U|/U|/) On a cloud I saw a child, (/U|/U|/U|/) From “Songs of Innocence” by William Blake D+Unit+2+Elements+of+poetry Anapest 抑抑扬格 Anapest is a meter pattern that sounds like hoof-beats. UU/|UU/ A tutor who tooted the flute (/|UU/|UU/|/) Tried to teach two young tooters to toot. D+Unit+2+E

35、lements+of+poetry Stanza 节/段 vA stanza in poetry is like a paragraph in prose. The author divides the poem by grouping words into stanzas. We can often see the structure of the poem by the authors use of stanza. D+Unit+2+Elements+of+poetry Rhyme Scheme 韵脚的组合 vHaving a certain rhyme scheme also is a

36、way to give structure to poetry. vLook at the rhyme scheme in the poem “Cross” by Langston Hughes. See how it holds the poem together. Also notice the use of stanzas. Why did Hughes put these words in the stanza? D+Unit+2+Elements+of+poetry Are poems good for our life? What can we get from poems? 1. Poems bring passion (激情) to our life. 2. Poems help us to understand life, virtues, beauty and romance 3. Poems make us know, we are here,we can make our life and the world more colorful! D+Unit+2+Elements+of+poetry