希腊 神 相关资料~起源

1、古希腊神话故事起源与发展：古希腊神话故事起源与发展： 古希腊神话即口头或文字上一切有关古希腊人的神、英雄、自古希腊神话即口头或文字上一切有关古希腊人的神、英雄、自 然和宇宙历史的神话。古希腊神话是原始氏族社会的精神产物，然和宇宙历史的神话。古希腊神话是原始氏族社会的精神产物， 也是西方世界最早的文学形式，大约产生在公元前十二世纪到也是西方世界最早的文学形式，大约产生在公元前十二世纪到 公元前八世纪之间公元前八世纪之间, ,内容涉及诸神与世界的起源、诸神争夺最高内容涉及诸神与世界的起源、诸神争夺最高 地位及最后由宙斯胜利的斗争、诸神的爱情与争吵、神的冒险地位及最后由宙斯胜利的斗争、诸神的爱情与争

2、吵、神的冒险 与力量对凡世的影响，包括与暴风或季节等自然现象和崇拜地与力量对凡世的影响，包括与暴风或季节等自然现象和崇拜地 点与仪式的关系。点与仪式的关系。 古希腊神话的优美、娓娓动人、是举世闻名的。古希腊神话的优美、娓娓动人、是举世闻名的。 古代希腊神话的产生历史久远，它乃是处在生产力发展水平低古代希腊神话的产生历史久远，它乃是处在生产力发展水平低 下时期的远古人类借助想像征服自然力的产物。由此，古代希下时期的远古人类借助想像征服自然力的产物。由此，古代希 腊神话必然包括神的故事和人与神之间的关系和冲突的故事，腊神话必然包括神的故事和人与神之间的关系和冲突的故事， 即英雄和传说两个方面。神的

3、故事更明显地反映了古代人类把即英雄和传说两个方面。神的故事更明显地反映了古代人类把 强大的自然现象形象化的丰富想像力，涉及宇宙和人类的起源、强大的自然现象形象化的丰富想像力，涉及宇宙和人类的起源、 神的产生及其谱系等内容。英雄传说则是起源于对祖先的崇拜神的产生及其谱系等内容。英雄传说则是起源于对祖先的崇拜, , 主要是对可能具有某种历史性的传奇人物及相关事件的崇拜和主要是对可能具有某种历史性的传奇人物及相关事件的崇拜和 理想化，反映了远古人类的生存活动和与自然进行的顽强斗争。理想化，反映了远古人类的生存活动和与自然进行的顽强斗争。 这类传说中的主人公大都是神与人的后代，半神半人的英雄。这类传说

4、中的主人公大都是神与人的后代，半神半人的英雄。 他们体力过人，英勇非凡，体现了人类征服自然的豪迈气概和他们体力过人，英勇非凡，体现了人类征服自然的豪迈气概和 顽强意志，成为古代人民集体力量和智慧的化身。顽强意志，成为古代人民集体力量和智慧的化身。 古希腊神话故事的形成时期很早，是远古一代代希腊人集体创古希腊神话故事的形成时期很早，是远古一代代希腊人集体创 作的结晶。神话起初口传，后来见之于书面文字。它的最早的作的结晶。神话起初口传，后来见之于书面文字。它的最早的 传世书面文献当推荷马史诗。史诗中除了主体故事外，还提及传世书面文献当推荷马史诗。史诗中除了主体故事外，还提及 了许多其他的神话故事，

5、那些故事显然在当时已是广为流传的。了许多其他的神话故事，那些故事显然在当时已是广为流传的。 古希腊民族在发展过程中曾几经变迁他们的神话观念也在这古希腊民族在发展过程中曾几经变迁他们的神话观念也在这 种变迁中不断发生变化。这种变化的基本特点是由自然崇拜转种变迁中不断发生变化。这种变化的基本特点是由自然崇拜转 向人性崇拜。人们所熟悉的这一时期的希腊神话的基本特点是向人性崇拜。人们所熟悉的这一时期的希腊神话的基本特点是 人按照自己的形象创造神人按照自己的形象创造神, ,神既有人的体态美，也有人的七情六神既有人的体态美，也有人的七情六 欲，懂得喜怒哀乐，有善恶，有计谋，参与人的活动，赋予神欲，懂得喜怒

6、哀乐，有善恶，有计谋，参与人的活动，赋予神 以人形、人性甚至人的社会关系以人形、人性甚至人的社会关系. .希腊神话中的神个性鲜明，希腊神话中的神个性鲜明， 没有禁欲主义因素，也很少有神秘主义色彩。神和人的基本区没有禁欲主义因素，也很少有神秘主义色彩。神和人的基本区 别在于神强大，常生不死，生活闲逸快乐，随意变形，各具特别在于神强大，常生不死，生活闲逸快乐，随意变形，各具特 殊本领和巨大威力。其好恶态度对下界人类的生杀祸福起着决殊本领和巨大威力。其好恶态度对下界人类的生杀祸福起着决 定作用；人类弱小，生命有限，有生老病死，生存艰辛，不得定作用；人类弱小，生命有限，有生老病死，生存艰辛，不得 不经

7、常求助于神明，但也常常诅咒神明作恶。古希腊人崇拜神，不经常求助于神明，但也常常诅咒神明作恶。古希腊人崇拜神， 但同时赞美人，赞美人的勇敢和进取精神。古希腊人批评骄傲、但同时赞美人，赞美人的勇敢和进取精神。古希腊人批评骄傲、 残忍、虚荣、贪婪、暴戾、固执等人的生格弱点，并且认为往残忍、虚荣、贪婪、暴戾、固执等人的生格弱点，并且认为往 往正是这些性格弱点造成人生悲剧。古希腊人崇拜神，但并不往正是这些性格弱点造成人生悲剧。古希腊人崇拜神，但并不 赋予神明过分的崇高性，也不把神明作为道德衡量的标准，而赋予神明过分的崇高性，也不把神明作为道德衡量的标准，而 是把他们作为人生的折射。是把他们作为人生的折射

8、。 【希腊神话】 希腊文化源于古老的爱琴文明，具有卓越的天性和不凡的想像 力。在那原始时代，他们对自然现象，对人的生死，都感到神 秘和难解，于是他们不断地幻想、不断地沉思。在他们想像中， 宇宙万物都拥有生命。然而在多利亚人入侵爱琴文明后，因为 所生活的希腊半岛人口过剩，他们不得不向外寻拓生活空间。 这时候他们崇拜英雄豪杰，因而产生了许多人神交织的民族英 雄故事。这些众人所创造的人、神、物的故事，经由时间的淬 链，就被史家统称为希腊神话，西元前十一二世纪到七、 八世纪间则被称为神话时代。神话故事最初都是口耳相传， 直至西元前七世纪才由大诗人荷马统整记录于史诗中。 希腊神话包括神的故事和英雄传说两

9、个部分。神的故事涉及宇 宙和人类的起源、神的产生及其谱系等内容。相传古希腊有奥 林匹斯十二大神。他们掌管自然和生活的各种现象与事物，组 成以宙斯为中心的奥林匹斯神统体系。 英雄传说起源于对祖先的崇拜，它是古希腊人对远古历史和对 自然界斗争的一种艺术回顾。这类传说中的主人公大都是神与 人的后代，半神半人的英雄。他们体力过人，英勇非凡，体现 了人类征服自然的豪迈气概和顽强意志，成为古代人民集体力 量和智慧的化身。最著名的传说有赫拉克勒斯的十二件大功， 伊阿宋取金羊毛等。 希腊神话中的神与人同形同性，既有人的体态美，也有人的七 情六欲，懂得喜怒哀乐，参与人的活动。神与人的区别仅仅在 于前者永生，无死

10、亡期；后者生命有限，有生老病死。希腊神 话中的神个性鲜明，没有禁欲主义因素，也很少有神秘主义色 彩。因此，希腊神话不仅是希腊文学的土壤，而且对后来的欧 洲文学有着深远的影响。 OriginsOrigins ofof GreekGreek MythologyMythology GreekGreek MythsMyths areare allall thatsthats leftleft ofof thethe ancientancient GreekGreek religion.religion. AboutAbout 12001200 b.c.e.,b.c.e., thethe residen

11、tsresidents of,of, whatwhat wewe wouldwould call,call, GreeceGreece andand AsiaAsia MinorMinor sharedshared a a commoncommon beliefbelief inin a a groupgroup ofof deitiesdeities thatthat camecame toto bebe knownknown asas TheThe Olympians.Olympians. TheThe distillationdistillation ofof thethe variou

12、svarious regionalregional beliefsbeliefs intointo a a coherentcoherent centralcentral religionreligion waswas probablyprobably notnot asas tidytidy andand uniformuniform asas wewe wouldwould prefer,prefer, butbut itsits fairfair saysay thatthat thethe storiesstories ofof thethe OlympiansOlympians su

13、rvivedsurvived becausebecause theythey hadhad thethe largestlargest numbernumber ofof followersfollowers and,and, mostmost importantly,importantly, TheThe OlympiansOlympians diddid notnot forbidforbid oror punishpunish thethe pursuitpursuit ofof knowledge.knowledge. Beauty,Beauty, poetrypoetry andan

14、d creativecreative activitiesactivities areare thethe blessingsblessings ofof TheThe ImmortalsImmortals andand areare a a vitalvital partpart ofof thethe GreekGreek tradition.tradition. TheThe OlympiansOlympians areare descendeddescended fromfrom thethe primal,primal, selfself createdcreated gods,go

15、ds, beginingbegining withwith Kaos.Kaos. TheThe OlympiansOlympians areare ruledruled byby Zeus.Zeus. HeHe isis thethe strongeststrongest and,and, asas youyou willwill see,see, withoutwithout him,him, thethe otherother OlympiansOlympians wouldwould stillstill bebe heldheld captivecaptive insideinside

16、 theirtheir deviousdevious father,father, Kronos.Kronos. TheThe OlympiansOlympians areare onlyonly a a smallsmall partpart ofof thethe familyfamily ofof ImmortalsImmortals thatthat rulerule thethe earthearth andand sky.sky. TheThe variousvarious rivers,rivers, mountainsmountains andand forcesforces

17、ofof naturenature areare thethe bodiesbodies ofof thethe ImmortalsImmortals andand properproper respectrespect mustmust alwaysalways bebe shownshown ifif youyou wishwish toto havehave peacepeace atat homehome andand safesafe passagepassage whenwhen youyou . TheThe ancientancient textste

18、xts wewe callcall GreekGreek MythsMyths areare mostlymostly fromfrom thethe periodperiod knownknown asas ClassicalClassical Greece,Greece, circacirca 500500 b.c.e.b.c.e. TheThe storiesstories behindbehind thethe mythsmyths areare fromfrom a a muchmuch earlierearlier timetime butbut writtenwritten ve

19、rsionsversions dontdont existexist beforebefore ClassicalClassical times.times. TheThe oldestoldest mythsmyths cancan bebe tracedtraced toto threethree mainmain sources:sources: Homer,Homer, HesiodHesiod andand TheThe HomericHomeric Hymns,Hymns, circacirca 800800 b.c.e.b.c.e. ThatThat meansmeans tha

20、tthat byby thethe timetime theythey werewere writtenwritten down,down, thesethese worksworks hadhad survivedsurvived 400400 yearsyears ofof additions,additions, subtractionssubtractions andand mutationsmutations toto finallyfinally becomebecome thethe versionsversions wewe nownow callcall authentic.

21、authentic. TheThe GreekGreek MythsMyths areare ourour windowwindow intointo thethe distantdistant past,past, a a viewview ofof a a worldworld thatthat existedexisted notnot onlyonly inin thethe mindmind ofof thethe GreekGreek poetspoets butbut inin thethe heartshearts ofof thethe humblehumble andand

22、 longlong sufferingsuffering nativesnatives ofof ancientancient Greece.Greece. WhereWhere toto begin.begin. TheThe namesnames areare NOTNOT hardhard toto pronounce,pronounce, dontdont letlet themthem scarescare you.you. TheThe GreeksGreeks dontdont useuse Cs.Cs. theythey useuse KsKs instead.instead.

23、 ForFor example,example, AphroditeAphrodite isis knownknown asas OurOur LadyLady ofof KyprosKypros becausebecause thethe islandisland wewe callcall CyprusCyprus isis sacredsacred toto her.her. Also,Also, HeraklesHerakles (HERA(HERA klees)klees) isis thethe famousfamous GreekGreek herohero whowho isi

24、s oftenoften confusedconfused withwith thethe RomanRoman hero,hero, HerculesHercules (HER(HER kuku lees).lees). itsits importantimportant toto makemake thethe distinctions.distinctions. 人类文明的火种最先在古埃及点燃，然后传入美索布达米娅，人类文明的火种最先在古埃及点燃，然后传入美索布达米娅， 也就是古巴比伦，在这个文明被战争摧毁以前，其中的一只部也就是古巴比伦，在这个文明被战争摧毁以前，其中的一只部 落来到了

25、希腊，马其顿人统一了希腊，亚历山大把希腊文明灌落来到了希腊，马其顿人统一了希腊，亚历山大把希腊文明灌 输给了整个世界，而希腊的高潮也随着亚历山大的死去而迅速输给了整个世界，而希腊的高潮也随着亚历山大的死去而迅速 转为终结。罗马在那时只是个依靠同雅典做贸易的小渔村，在转为终结。罗马在那时只是个依靠同雅典做贸易的小渔村，在 赚足了实惠的同时也感染了文化，罗马人靠自己的聪明才智对赚足了实惠的同时也感染了文化，罗马人靠自己的聪明才智对 这个文明作了改造，表面上看他们迅速有了自己的语言、自己这个文明作了改造，表面上看他们迅速有了自己的语言、自己 的神话、甚至自己的文明、不过任谁也掩饰不了，他同希腊的的神

26、话、甚至自己的文明、不过任谁也掩饰不了，他同希腊的 血缘关系血缘关系 以下摘抄的内容来自以下摘抄的内容来自 ythology.htmlythology.htmlOriginsOrigins ofof GreekGreek MythologyMythology LinguistsLinguists (people(people whowho studystudy languages)languages) havehave concludedconcluded thatthat somesome namesnames ofof GreekGreek deities,deities, includi

27、ngincluding Zeus,Zeus, cancan bebe tracedtraced backback toto godsgods worshipedworshiped byby speakersspeakers ofof Proto-Indo-European,Proto-Indo-European, thethe commoncommon ancestorancestor ofof thethe Greek,Greek, Latin,Latin, andand SanskritSanskrit languages.languages. ButBut it it wouldwoul

28、d bebe misleadingmisleading toto regardregard thethe peoplepeople whowho maymay havehave spokenspoken thisthis languagelanguage asas originatorsoriginators ofof GreekGreek mythologymythology becausebecause manymany otherother elementselements contributed.contributed. ArchaeologistsArchaeologists hav

29、ehave shownshown thatthat manymany ofof thethe placesplaces wherewhere mythicalmythical eventsevents presumablypresumably tooktook placeplace correspondcorrespond toto sitessites thatthat hadhad historicalhistorical importanceimportance duringduring thethe MycenaeanMycenaean periodperiod ofof GreekG

30、reek historyhistory (second(second halfhalf ofof thethe 2nd2nd millenniummillennium BCBC).). ScholarsScholars thusthus considerconsider it it likelylikely thatthat thethe MycenaeansMycenaeans mademade a a majormajor contributioncontribution toto thethe developmentdevelopment ofof thethe stories,stor

31、ies, eveneven if if thisthis contributioncontribution is is hardhard toto demonstratedemonstrate inin detail.detail. SomeSome scholarsscholars havehave arguedargued thatthat thethe MinoanMinoan civilizationcivilization ofof CreteCrete alsoalso hadhad a a formativeformative influenceinfluence onon Gr

32、eekGreek myths.myths. TheThe mythmyth ofof thethe MinotaurMinotaur confinedconfined inin a a labyrinthlabyrinth inin thethe palacepalace ofof KingKing MinosMinos, , forfor example,example, mightmight bebe a a memorymemory ofof historicalhistorical bull-worshipbull-worship inin thethe labyrinthinelab

33、yrinthine palacepalace atat KnossosKnossos onon Crete.Crete. However,However, therethere is is littlelittle evidenceevidence thatthat CretanCretan religionreligion survivedsurvived inin Greece.Greece. NorNor havehave anyany ancientancient inscriptionsinscriptions confirmedconfirmed thatthat MinosMin

34、os everever existedexisted outsideoutside ofof myth.myth. ScholarsScholars cancan demonstratedemonstrate influenceinfluence onon GreekGreek mythologymythology fromfrom thethe MiddleMiddle EastEast muchmuch moremore reliablyreliably thanthan influenceinfluence fromfrom Crete.Crete. GreekGreek mytholo

35、gymythology owedowed muchmuch toto culturescultures inin MesopotamiaMesopotamia andand AnatoliaAnatolia, , especiallyespecially inin thethe realmrealm ofof cosmogonycosmogony (origin(origin ofof thethe universe)universe) andand theogonytheogony (origin(origin ofof thethe gods).gods). ToTo taketake o

36、neone example,example, a a clearclear parallelparallel existsexists inin anan earlyearly MiddleMiddle EasternEastern mythmyth forfor GreekGreek poetpoet HesiodsHesiods storystory aboutabout thethe castrationcastration ofof UranusUranus byby hishis sonson CronusCronus andand thethe subsequentsubseque

37、nt overthrowoverthrow ofof CronusCronus byby hishis sonson Zeus.Zeus. TheThe MiddleMiddle EasternEastern mythmyth tellstells ofof thethe skysky godgod AnuAnu whowho waswas castratedcastrated byby KumarbiKumarbi, , fatherfather ofof thethe gods.gods. TheThe weatherweather andand stormstorm godgod Tes

38、hub,Teshub, inin turn,turn, displaceddisplaced Anu.Anu. ScholarsScholars continuecontinue toto bringbring toto lightlight moremore andand moremore similaritiessimilarities betweenbetween GreekGreek andand MiddleMiddle EasternEastern mythologies.mythologies. DevelopmentDevelopment ofof GreekGreek Myt

39、hologyMythology OurOur knowledgeknowledge ofof GreekGreek mythsmyths comescomes fromfrom a a mixturemixture ofof writtenwritten texts,texts, sculpture,sculpture, andand decorateddecorated pottery.pottery. ScholarsScholars havehave reconstructedreconstructed storiesstories thatthat circulatedcirculat

40、ed orallyorally byby inferenceinference andand guesswork.guesswork. HomersHomers epics,epics, thethe IliadIliad andand thethe OdysseyOdyssey, , standstand atat thethe beginningbeginning ofof GreekGreek literaryliterary traditiontradition ( (seesee GreekGreek literatureliterature),), eveneven thought

41、hough theythey almostalmost certainlycertainly dependeddepended onon a a lengthylengthy previousprevious traditiontradition ofof oraloral poetry.poetry. TheThe IliadIliad is is setset duringduring thethe TrojanTrojan WarWar; ; it it focusesfocuses onon thethe consequencesconsequences ofof a a quarre

42、lquarrel betweenbetween AgamemnonAgamemnon andand AchillesAchilles, , twotwo ofof thethe leadingleading GreekGreek warriors.warriors. TheThe OdysseyOdyssey is is aboutabout thethe aftermathaftermath ofof thethe TrojanTrojan War,War, whenwhen thethe GreekGreek herohero OdysseusOdysseus atat lastlast

43、returnsreturns toto hishis homehome onon thethe islandisland ofof IthacaIthaca followingfollowing yearsyears ofof wanderingwandering inin wildwild andand magicalmagical lands.lands. TheThe TrojanTrojan WarWar laterlater providedprovided subjectsubject mattermatter forfor manymany tragictragic dramas

44、dramas andand forfor imageryimagery onon countlesscountless paintedpainted vases.vases. HesiodsHesiods Theogony,Theogony, composedcomposed inin thethe 8th8th centurycentury BCBC atat aboutabout thethe samesame timetime asas thethe HomericHomeric epics,epics, gavegave anan authoritativeauthoritative

45、accountaccount ofof howhow thingsthings began.began. TheThe creationcreation ofof thethe world,world, describeddescribed byby HesiodHesiod inin termsterms ofof passionspassions andand crimescrimes ofof thethe gods,gods, is is a a themetheme thatthat laterlater GreekGreek philosophersphilosophers suc

46、hsuch asas EmpedoclesEmpedocles andand PlatoPlato developeddeveloped butbut tooktook inin newnew directions.directions. ThisThis connectionconnection servesserves asas a a reminderreminder thatthat mythologymythology waswas notnot a a separateseparate aspectaspect ofof GreekGreek culture,culture, bu

47、tbut oneone thatthat interactedinteracted withwith manymany otherother fieldsfields ofof experience,experience, particularlyparticularly thethe writingwriting ofof history.history. ForFor example,example, inin thethe 5th5th centurycentury BCBC GreekGreek historianhistorian HerodotusHerodotus employe

48、demployed numerousnumerous themesthemes andand storystory patternspatterns fromfrom GreekGreek epicsepics andand tragediestragedies inin writingwriting hishis historicalhistorical accountaccount ofof thethe warwar betweenbetween GreeksGreeks andand PersiansPersians ( (seesee PersianPersian WarsWars)

49、.). AlthoughAlthough thethe authorityauthority ofof HomerHomer andand HesiodHesiod remainedremained dominant,dominant, thethe poeticpoetic retellingretelling ofof mythsmyths continuedcontinued throughoutthroughout antiquity.antiquity. MythsMyths werewere constantlyconstantly remaderemade inin thethe

50、 lightlight ofof newnew socialsocial andand politicalpolitical circumstances.circumstances. TheThe HellenisticHellenistic periodperiod ofof GreekGreek historyhistory (4th(4th centurycentury toto 1st1st centurycentury BCBC) ) sawsaw manymany newnew trendstrends inin thethe treatmenttreatment ofof myt

51、hs.myths. OneOne ofof thethe mostmost importantimportant waswas thethe developmentdevelopment ofof mythography,mythography, thethe compilationcompilation andand organizationorganization ofof mythsmyths onon thethe basisbasis ofof particularparticular themesthemes (for(for example,example, mythsmyths

52、 aboutabout metamorphosis).metamorphosis). SuchSuch organizationorganization correspondedcorresponded toto a a wishwish ofof newlynewly establishedestablished HellenisticHellenistic rulersrulers toto lendlend legitimacylegitimacy toto theirtheir regimesregimes byby claimingclaiming thatthat theythey

53、 continuedcontinued a a culturalcultural traditiontradition reachingreaching backback intointo a a greatgreat past.past. Artists,Artists, too,too, portrayedportrayed myths.myths. StatuesStatues ofof godsgods stoodstood insideinside GreekGreek temples,temples, andand reliefrelief sculpturessculptures

54、 ofof scenesscenes fromfrom mythologymythology adornedadorned pedimentspediments andand friezesfriezes onon thethe outsideoutside ofof thesethese templestemples ( (seesee GreekGreek ArtArt andand ArchitectureArchitecture).). AmongAmong thethe best-knownbest-known examplesexamples areare thethe Elgin

55、Elgin MarblesMarbles fromfrom thethe ParthenonParthenon inin Athens.Athens. TheseThese reliefsreliefs includeinclude depictionsdepictions ofof combatcombat betweenbetween centaurscentaurs andand Lapiths.Lapiths. OtherOther visualvisual representationsrepresentations ofof mythologymythology werewere

56、moremore modestmodest inin sizesize andand scope.scope. TheThe bestbest evidenceevidence forfor thethe useuse ofof mythologymythology inin GreekGreek paintingpainting comescomes fromfrom paintedpainted ceramicceramic vases.vases. TheThe GreeksGreeks usedused thesethese vasesvases inin a a varietyvar

57、iety ofof contexts,contexts, fromfrom cookerycookery toto funeraryfunerary ritualritual toto athleticathletic games.games. (Vases(Vases filledfilled withwith oiloil werewere awardedawarded asas prizesprizes inin games.)games.) InIn mostmost casescases scholarsscholars cancan securelysecurely identif

58、yidentify thethe imageryimagery onon GreekGreek vasesvases asas mythological,mythological, butbut sometimessometimes theythey havehave nono wayway ofof tellingtelling whetherwhether thethe artistartist intendedintended anan allusionallusion toto mythologymythology becausebecause mythmyth becamebecam

59、e fusedfused withwith everydayeveryday life.life. ForFor example,example, doesdoes a a representationrepresentation ofof a a womanwoman weavingweaving signifysignify Penelope,Penelope, wifewife ofof OdysseusOdysseus whowho spentspent herher daysdays atat a a loom,loom, oror doesdoes it it portrayportray someonesomeone engagedengaged inin anan everydayeveryday activity?activity? TheThe GreeksGreeks retold