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1、 评语：1、实证研究的论文，必须要有数据统计分析部分，你的论文中一处都没有。1、 完整的论文包括从封面到英译汉，下次提交完整论文。2、 严格按论文格式要求检查格式错误.下次提交格式务必符合要求。文中格式错误较多。文中标点很多是半角，应是全角。3、 凡是图表都应该有表头4、 文中从开始到末尾批注处都要仔细修改。5、 全文凡引用他人成果，都应加注6、 完成后通读全文，严查错字错句 编 号： 审定成绩： 重庆邮电大学毕业设计（论文）设计（论文）题目：学 院 名 称 ：学 生 姓 名 ：专 业 ：班 级 ：学 号 ：指 导 教 师 ：答辩组 负责人 ：填表时间： 年 月重庆邮电大学教务处制重庆邮电大学

2、本科毕业设计（论文）分页，居中，宋体二号加粗。摘 要网络的服务质量，变成各种运营商在用户竞争中的一种关键的不同之处，对于它的要求，。摘要正文，宋体小四号，500字左右，20磅行距。空一行。【关键词】全球移动通信系统 网络优化 覆盖优化 切换优化左对齐加粗。关键词之间空两格（一个中文字符）。关键词，宋体小四号，38个。ABSTRACTNetwork quality of service continues to be a key differentiator in the race for subscribers. .正文，Times New Roman小四号，20磅行距。【Key words】

3、GSM Network Optimization cover optimization switch optimization“目录”，分页，居中，加黑宋体二号。目 录空一行。空一个中文字符行。前 言 1第一章 移动通信系统概述 2第一节 移动通信系统发展历史及趋势 2一 、发展历史 2目录正文，宋体小四号，20磅行距。第二节 GSM 移动通信系统结构简介 2一 、 GSM 系统的基本特点 2第三节 本章小结 4第二章 GSM 移动网络及优化概述 .5第三章 GSM 网络覆盖优化 20第四章 GSM 无线网络切换性能优化 27第五章 掉话之案例分析 39结 论 41致 谢42参考文献 43附

4、录 44 一、英文原文44 二、英文翻译51 三、工程设计图纸59 四、源程序60 五、其他61 - 41 -“前言”，分页，居中，加黑宋体二号。空一个中文字符行。前 言空一行。GSM是一个开放的标准系统，自1992年投入商用以来，GSM标准得到不断验证，而且稳步发展。现在的核心问题就是数据通信，包括承载业务和115kbit/s的分组交换数据业务，另外，GSM将成为最复杂的移动电话系统覆盖整个地球的卫星系统的基础。GSM正在不断进入新的应用领域，如开发微蜂窝、微微蜂窝基站，为室内商业环境提供无缝无线接入。对于GSM通信系统和移动网络，在论文中都将得到详细和完整的介绍。由此可见，GSM网络正在处

5、于飞速发展阶段。因此加强网络优化，搞好运行维护是提高移动通信网络质量的关键。一个完善的网络往往需要经历从最初的网络规划、工程建设投入使用，到网络优化的历程，并形成良性循环。前言正文，宋体小四号，20磅行距。“第一章”，分页，居中，加黑宋体二号。空一行。第一章 GSM移动通信系统概述“第一节”，居中，加黑宋体小二号。空一行。第一节 GSM移动通信的发展历史及趋势随着社会经济得法展，人类交往活动范围的不断扩大，人们迫切需要交往中的各种信息，而移动通信则是达到通信最终目的的有效手段，随着社会科学技术的不断发展，特别是无线电通信技术的发展和成熟，从18世纪末以来，移动通信技术取得了极大的进展。正文均为

6、宋体小四号，20磅行距，首行空两个中文字符，标点用全角，西文及数字用半角。 空两行。第二节 GSM移动通信系统简介一级标题“一、”，左对齐，加黑宋体三号。一、 GSM系统的基本特点GSM移动通信系统是完全依照ETSI制定的GSM规范研制而成，任何GSM数字蜂窝移动通信系统都必须符合GSM技术规范。GSM系统是一种典型的开放式结构，它具有一下主要特点：正文中的小点用“ ”，退两格，按正文对待，不作分级标题。 GSM系统由几个分系统组成，各分系统之间都有定义明确且详细的标准话接口方案，保证任何厂商提供的GSM系统设备可以互连。同时，GSM系统与各种公用通信网之间也都详细定义了标准接口规范，使GSM

7、系统可以与各种公用通信网实现互连互通； GSM系统除了可以开放基本的话音业务外，还可以开放各种承载业务，补充业务以及与ISDN相关的各种业务；空一行。二、GSM系统的组成GSM系统由一系列功能单元组成，从图1.1的系统结构可以看出，整个系统可以分为四个相互独立的子系统，由移动台MS（mobile station）、基站子系统BSS（base station subsystem）、。二级标题“1、”，左对齐，加黑宋体小三号。1、移动台 MS 移动台是公用GSM移动通信网中用户使用的设备， 图1.1 GSM系统组成图编号及图名“图1.1 ”，位于图下，居中。2、基站子系统 BSS三级标题“、”，左

8、对齐，加黑宋体四号。基站子系统BSS是GSM系统实现无线通信的关键组成部分。它通过无线接口直接与移动台通信，进行无线发送、无线接收及无线资源管理。另一方面，它通过与网络子系统NSS的移动业务交换中心，。、基站收发信台 BTS基站收发信台BTS属于基站子系统BSS的无线部分，。四级标题“ ”，左对齐，加黑宋体小四号。 收发信台组成BTS包含有若干个收发信息单元TRX（Transceiver），而一个TRX有八个时隙，。五级标题“ ”，左对齐，加黑宋体小四号。 收发信息单元 收发信息单元是。 其它辅助单元 辅助单元包括。 收发信台作用 收发信台的主要作用有。、基站控制器 BSC基站控制器BSC是基

9、站子系统BSS的控制部分，。3、网络交换子系统 NSS网络交换子系统NSS主要包含有GSM系统的交换功能和用于用户数据与移动性能管理。NSS由移动业务交换中心MSC、归属用户位置寄存器HLR（home location register）访问用户位置寄存器VLR（visitor location register）、鉴权中心AUC（authentication center ）、移动设备识别寄存器EIR（equipment information register）和操作维护中心OMC（operations and maintenance center）六个功能单元组成。表编号及表名“表1.1

10、 ”，位于表上，居中。典型小区类型参数如表1.1所示。表1.1 典型小区类型参数小区类型大小区宏小区微小区微微小区 小区半径100500km35km1km50km安 装LEO/HEO/GSO建筑物/塔顶等路灯柱/建筑物墙建筑物内终端速度500km/h100km/h10km/h空两行。第三节 本章小结。第二章 GSM移动网络及优化概述第一节 GSM网络的功能GSM是系统能够提供四大类移动网络功能，包括支持通信业务的网络功能、移动性管理网络功能、安全性管理网络功能和支持呼叫处理的附加网络功能，使GSM系统在移动网络功能方面的优势大大超过先前的模拟蜂窝移动通信系统。下面分别介绍GSM移动网络所提供的

11、功能，。“结论”，分页，居中，加黑宋体二号。结 论空一行。空一个中文字符。网络优化的工作是指对正式投入运行的网络进行参数采集、数据分析、找出影响网络运行质量的原因，并且通过参数调整和采取某些技术手段，使网络达到最佳运行状态，使现有网络资源获得最佳效益，同时也对网络今后的维护及规划建设提出合理建议。网络优化主要包括无线网络优化和交换网络优化两个方面。“结束语”，分页，居中，加黑宋体二号。致 谢空一行。毕业设计完成了，在这个过程中我学到了很多东西。首先我要感谢我的导师XXX老师，他在我完成论文的过程中，给予了我很大的帮助。在论文开始的初期，我对于论文的结构以及文献选取等方面都有很多问题，。“参考文

12、献”，分页，居中，加黑宋体二号。参考文献空一行。1 郭梯云，邬国扬，李建东移动通信M西安：西安电子科技大学出版社，20012 董晓芳，孙岩，陈仁贵等自行研制仪器设备的规范化管理J实验技术与管理，2007，245：1631653 姜锡洲一种温热外敷药制备方案：中国，881056073P1989-07-264 Online Computer Library Center，IncHistory of OCLC EB/OL2000-01-08http：/wwwOclcorg/about/history/defaulthtm5 郭爱民浅谈提高图书的综合质量C/王君仁主编编辑出版文集大连：大连理工大学出版

13、社，199370826 陶建人动接触减振法及其应用D大连：大连理工大学，1988。文献序号“6”，顺序按“格式要求”。“附录”，分页，居中，加黑宋体二号。附 录空一行。空一个中文字符。左对齐，加黑宋体三号。一、英文原文：Overview of the Global System for Mobile CommunicationsJohn ScouriasHistory of GSMDuring the early 1980s, analog cellular telephone systems were experiencing rapid growth in Europe, particul

14、arly in Scandinavia and the United Kingdom, but also in France and Germany. Each country developed its own system, which was incompatible .左对齐，加黑宋体三号。二、英文翻译：全球移动通信（GSM）综述GSM的历史自80年代初期，模拟蜂窝通信系统在欧洲就得到了快速的发展。尤其在北欧及英国。但是在法国和德国的发展也极为迅速。虽然每个国家都在发展自己的系统，但是彼此之间的系统和运营方式都是不相容的。这种情况是不希望发生的，因为不仅这种对整个欧洲的发展已经逐渐不再

15、重要的移动设备只限制于在本国范围内使用，而且每种型号的设备的市场也是非常有限的，所以经济的尺度和以往的储蓄将不会变成现金。左对齐，加黑宋体三号。三、工程设计图纸：四、源程序：五、其他：全球移动通信（GSM）综述GSM的历史自80年代初期，模拟蜂窝通信系统在欧洲就得到了快速的发展。尤其在北欧及英国。但是在法国和德国的发展也极为迅速。虽然每个国家都在发展自己的系统，但是彼此之间的系统和运营方式都是不相容的。这种情况是不希望发生的，因为不仅这种对整个欧洲的发展已经逐渐不再重要的移动设备只限制于在本国范围内使用，而且每种型号的设备的市场也是非常有限的，所以经济的尺度和以往的储蓄将不会变成现金。左对齐，

16、加黑宋体三号。三、工程设计图纸：四、源程序：五、其他：附录1、 英文原文Peer-to-peer lendingPeer-to-peer lending commonly abbreviated as P2PLis the practice of lending money to unrelated individuals,or “peers”, without going through a traditional financialintermediary such as a bank or other traditional financialinstitution. P2PL is n

17、ot to be confused with peer to peerinvesting (P2PI). This lending takes place online on peer-to-peer lending companies websites using various differ-ent lending platforms and credit checking tools. Manyalsousetheabbreviation“P2P”whendiscussingthepeer-to-peer lending or investing industries more gene

18、rally.1OverviewMost peer-to-peer loans are unsecured personal loans.They are made to an individual rather than a com-pany. Other forms of peer-to-peer lending include stu-dent loans, commercial and real estate loans, paydayloans, as well as secured business loans, leasing andfactoring.1The interest

19、rates are set by lenders who compete for thelowest rate on the reverse auction model, or are fixed bythe intermediary company on the basis of an analysis ofthe borrowers credit.2Borrowers assessed as having ahigher risk of default are assigned higher rates. Lendersmitigate the individual risk that b

20、orrowers will not payback the money they received by choosing which borrow-ers to lend to, and mitigate total risk by diversifying theirinvestments among different borrowers. The lenders in-vestment in the loan is not protected by any governmentguarantee. Bankruptcy of the peer-to-peer lending com-p

21、any that facilitated the loan may also put a lenders in-vestment at risk.The lending intermediaries are for-profit businesses; theygenerate revenue by collecting a one-time fee on fundedloans from borrowers and by assessing a loan servicingfee to investors (either a fixed amount annually or a per-ce

22、ntage of the loan amount).Because many of the services are automated, the inter-mediary companies can operate with lower overhead andcan provide the service more cheaply than traditional fi-nancial institutions, so that borrowers may be able to bor-row money at lower interest rates and lenders may b

23、e ableto earn higher returns. Compared to stock markets, peer-to-peer lending tends to have both less volatility and lessliquidity.32CharacteristicsPeer-to-peer lending does not fit cleanly into any of thethree traditional types of financial institutionsdeposittakers, investors, insurers4and is some

24、times catego-rized as an alternative financial service.5The key characteristics of peer-to-peer lending are: it is conducted for profit; no necessary common bond or prior relationship be-tween lenders and borrowers; intermediation by a peer-to-peer lending company; transactions take place on-line; l

25、enders may choose which borrowers to invest in; the loans are unsecured and are not protected bygovernment insurance; loans are securities that can be sold to other lenders.Early peer-to-peer lending was also characterized bydisintermediation and reliance on social networks butthese features have st

26、arted to disappear.While it isstill true that the emergence of internet and e-commercemakes it possible to do away with traditional financialintermediaries and that people may be less likely to de-faulttothemembersoftheirownsocialcommunities, theemergence of new intermediaries has proven to be timea

27、nd cost saving. Extending crowdsourcing to unfamiliarlenders and borrowers opens up new opportunities.Most peer-to-peer intermediaries provide the followingservices: on-line investment platform to enable borrowers toattractlendersandinvestorstoidentifyandpurchaseloans that meet their investment crit

28、eria developmentofcreditmodelsforloanapprovalsandpricing verifying borrower identity, bank account, employ-ment and income performing borrower credit checks and filtering outthe unqualified processing payments from borrowers and forward-ing those payments to the lenders who invested inthe loan123HIS

29、TORY servicing loans, providing customer service to bor-rowersandattemptingtocollectpaymentsfrombor-rowers who are delinquent or in default legal compliance and reporting finding new lenders and borrowers (marketing)3History3.1United KingdomThe first company to offer peer-to-peer loans in theworld w

30、as Zopa. Since its founding in February 2005,it has issued loans in the amount of 500 million GBPand is currently the largest UK peer-to-peer lender withover 500,000 customers.67In 2010 Funding Circle be-camethefirstpeer-to-businesslenderlaunchinginAugust2010 and offering small businesses loans from

31、 investorsvia the platform.8Funding Circle is currently the sec-ond largest lender, having lent 170 million GBP as ofNovember 2013.9RateSetter became the first peer-to-peer lender to make use of a provision fund to safeguardlenders against borrower defaults, launching in Septem-ber 2010.6As a result

32、 of the provision fund, no lendershave ever lost money at RateSetter. In 2012 LendingWorks entered the market, as the first peer-to-peer lenderwith insurance against borrower default as well as a pro-vision fund.10MarketInvoice became the first peer-to-business lender lending specifically against in

33、voices.11Assetz Capital, which started lending in 2013, has madethe largest peer to peer loan in the UK to date, havingmade a 1.5m loan for development of some student ac-commodation in Nottingham.In 2011, Quakle, a UK peer-to-peer lender founded in2010, closed down with a near 100% default rate aft

34、erattempting to measure a borrowers creditworthiness ac-cording to a group score, similar to the feedback scoreson eBay; the model failed to encourage repayment.612In May 2012, the UK government promised to in-vest 100 million to small businesses through alternativelending channels, including peer-t

35、o-peer lenders, hop-ing to bypass the mainstream banks that are reluctant tolend.1213The peer-to-peer companies are predicted toissue up to 200 million of loans in 2012.14The peer-to-peer industry adheres to standards set by theFinancial Conduct Authority.Peer-to-peer depositorsdo not qualify for pr

36、otection from the Financial ServicesCompensation Scheme (FSCS), which provides securityupto85,000perbank,foreachsaver13butthePeer-to-Peer Finance Association mandates the member compa-niestoimplementarrangementstoensuretheservicingofthe loans even if the broker company goes bankrupt.12As of October

37、2013, UK peer-to-peer lenders have col-lectively lent 600 million GBP.15launched in September 2012 by internet entrepreneurDaniel Rajkumar and Gary Lumby.16The first loanswere completed in February 2013.17The UK gov-ernment announced that the Financial Conduct Au-thority will re

38、gulate the industry from April 2014.18The British Business Bank came under criticism foritsexecutionoftheFundingforLending scheme, where it has created unfair competitionin the UK Peer-to-peer lending industry by concentratingfinancial support via the largest platforms.193.2

39、United StatesThe modern peer-to-peer lending industry in US startedin February 2006 with the launch of Prosper, fol-lowed by Lending Club and other lending platforms soonthereafter.20BothProsperandLendingClubarelocatedin San Francisco, California.21Early peer-to-peer plat-forms had few restrictions

40、on borrower eligibility, whichresulted in adverse selection problems and high borrowerdefault rates. In addition, some investors viewed the lackof liquidity for these loans, most of which have a mini-mum three-year term, as undesirable.5In 2008, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)required t

41、hat peer-to-peer companies register their of-ferings as securities, pursuant to the Securities Act of1933.2022The registration process was an arduous one;ProsperandLendingClubhadtotemporarilysuspendof-fering new loans,23242526while others, such as theU.K.-basedZopaLtd.,exitedtheU.S.marketentirely.23

42、Both Lending Club and Prosper gained approval from theSECtoofferinvestorsnotesbackedbypaymentsreceivedon the loans. Prosper amended its filing to allow banks tosell previously funded loans on the Prosper platform.5BothLendingClubandProsperformedpartnershipswithFOLIO Investing to create a secondary m

43、arket for theirnotes, providing liquidity to investors.27Lending Clubhad a voluntary registration at this time, whereas Prosperhad mandatory registration for all members.28This addressed the liquidity problem and, in contrast totraditional securitization markets, resulted in making theloan requests

44、of peer-to-peer companies more transpar-ent for the lenders and secondary buyers who can accessthe detailed information concerning each individual loan(without knowing the actual identities of borrowers) be-fore deciding which loans to fund.23The peer-to-peercompanies are also required to detail the

45、ir offerings ina regularly updated prospectus. The SEC makes the re-portsavailabletothepublicviatheirEDGAR(ElectronicData-Gathering, Analysis, and Retrieval) system.In 2009, the US-based nonprofit Zidisha became the firstpeer-to-peerlendingplatformtolinklendersandborrow-ers directly across internati

46、onal borders without local in-termediaries and institute borrower risk analysis in theabsence of digital records of financial history.29Morepeople turned to peer-to-peer companies for lending andborrowing following the financial crisis of late 2000-s be-3.4New Zealand3cause banks refused to increase

47、 their loan portfolios. Onthe other hand, the peer-to-peer market also faced in-creased investor scrutiny because borrowers defaults be-came more frequent and investors were unwilling to takeon unnecessary risk.30AsofJune2012, LendingClubisthelargestpeer-to-peerlender in US based upon issued loan vo

48、lume and revenue,followed by Prosper.202131Lending Club is currentlyalso the worlds largest peer-to-peer lending platform.32Thetwolargestcompanieshavecollectivelyservicedover180,000 loans with $2 billion in total:142021as ofMarch 22, 2012, Lending Club has issued 117,412 loansfor $1,512,560,07533whi

49、le Prosper Marketplace hasissued 63,023 loans for $433,570,651.34With greaterthan 100% year over year growth, peer-to-peer lendingis one of the fastest growing investments.20The interestrates range from 5.6%35.8%, depending on the loanterm and borrower rating.35The default rates vary fromabout 1.5%

50、to 10% for the more risky borrowers.21Ex-ecutives from traditional financial institutions are joiningthe peer-to-peer companies as board members, lendersand investors,1436indicating that the new financingmodel is establishing itself in the mainstream.22In October 2013, the UK based peer-to-business

51、lender,Funding Circle, announced that it had raised $37 millioninvestment. Accel Partners led this round of funding,which brings the companys total to $58 million. Newinvestor Ribbit Capital contributed, along with existinginvestors Union Square Ventures and Index Ventures.37Additionally, Funding Ci

52、rcle announced it was launchingintheUSandjoinedforceswithEnduranceLendingNet-work. Endurance now trades under the Funding Circlename.38The latter half of 2013 saw increased interest fromWall Street investors in these peer-to-peer assets.39InNovember 2013, alumni-based student lender SoFi (So-cial Finance, Inc.) announced a deal with Barclays andMorgan Stanley to create