意义一致原则讲义

1、拓扑教育学科教师讲义副校长/组长签字： 签字日期： 年级：高三课时数：2姓名：刘阳科目：英语教师：张萌课题主谓一致意义一致原则、就近原则授课日期及时段2014年 9 月 24 日 8 : 00 10 : 00 a.m / p.m. (A / B / D / E / F)教学目的掌握意义一致原则、就近原则的含义和用法重难点意义一致原则、就近原则具体用法和特例教学 内容【基础知识巩固】主谓一致讲解英语中的主谓一致是指：1）语法形式上要一致，即主语单复数形式与谓语要一致。2）意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。3）就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语，一般来说，

2、不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。一、基本概述主谓一致指“人称”和“数”方面的一致关系。一般情况下，主谓之间的一致关系由以下三个 原则的支配：语法一致原则、意义一致原则、就近原则 。“主谓一致”考查内容涉及名词单数或复 数作主语、不可数名词作主语、不定代词作主语、并列结构作主语、特殊名词作主语时与谓语动词 数的一致等。主谓一致的问题看上去似乎很简单，其实使用起来却不是那么容易，有时候甚至很复杂。这是 因为在不同情况下，处理这一问题所依据的原则各不相同。 就其在现代语法中的基本原则而言， 通 常有三个不同角度的着眼点：1.语法一致；2.意义一致；3.就近原则。二、意义一致原则这一原则

3、是指，从意义着眼来解决主谓一致问题。有时主语形式上为单数，但意义上却是复数， 那么谓语依意义也用复数形式；而有时主语形式上为复数，但意义上却是单数，那么谓语依意义亦用单数形式。1. 当主语后面接由 as well as, as much as, accompanied by, including, in addition to, more than, r less tha n, rather than, together with等引导的词组时，其谓语动词的形式要依主语的单复数而定。在 这样的句子里，这些词所引导的词组不影响主语自身的单、复数形式，它们在句子里其实是状语。也就是说，我们完全可以

4、将这些词组搬到句首或是放到句末去。从表面上我们也可以看出，它们与主语之间有,隔开。例如：Petroleum, along with fuel gas, has recently risen in price.最近石油和燃料煤气的价格上涨了。The teacher, with all his students, is going to have a picnic this weekend.老师打算这个周末与学生们一起去野炊。The students, together with their teacher, are going to have a picnic this weekend.学生们打

5、算这个周末与他们的老师一起去野炊。The warehouse, with all its stock in gs, was burned last ni ght.昨晚，那个仓库连同其所有的货物一起被烧毁了。我们完全可以将上面句子中的那些词组都分别搬到句首或是放到句末去，因为它们在句子里是状语：Petroleum has recently risen in price, along with fuel gas.Along with fuel gas, petroleum has recently risen in price.The students are going to have a pi

6、cnic this weekend together with their teacher.As well as the suitcase,the missing things have been found and returned to the owner.The missing things have been found and returned to the owner, as well as the suitcase.2. 表示时间、金钱、距离、体积、重量、面积、数字等词语作主语时，其意义若是指总量应看作单数，谓语动词用单数；但如果其意义是指有多少数量则应该看作是复数，那么谓语动词

7、也 应该用复数。例如：Four weeks are ofte n approximately regarded as one mon th.人们常大约地将四个星期看成一个月。Twenty years sta nds for a long period in on es life.二十年在人的一生里意味着一个很长的时期。Eighty dollars are eno ugh for a stude nt to spe nd on food for one week.八十块钱给一个学生吃一周的伙食是足够的了。3. 形容词前加定冠词即the +形容词作主语时，其意义若是指个人或是抽象概念应看作数，谓语

8、动词用单数；但如果其意义是指一类人则应该看作是复数，那么谓语动词也应该用复数。例如：The young, on the one hand, ofte n think of the old con servative. On the other hand, the old always con sider the young in experie nee.一方面，青年人常认为老年人保守；另一方面，老年人总是认为青年人没有经验。In many stories, the good are well rewarded and the bad are doomed to unfortunate.在许多故

9、事里，好人总是有好报；坏人注定要倒霉。4. 当and连接两个并列主语在意义上指同一人，同一物，同一事或者同一概念时，应看作单数，谓语动词用单数。另外，当and连接两个形容词去修饰一个单数形式的主语时，其实是指两种不同的事物，主语则应该看作是复数，那么谓语动词也应该用复数。例如：War and peace is a eon sta nt theme in history.战争与和平是一个历史上的永恒的主题。Chin ese and Japa nese silk are good quality.中国丝绸和日本丝绸质量都很好。Differe nt people respectively welco

10、me White and black coffee.加奶的咖啡与清咖啡都分别受到不同人们的喜爱。5. 集体名词作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于主语的意义：主语表示整体时视为单数，谓语动 词用单数；主语表示集体中的个体成员时视为复数，谓语动词用复数。这类集体名词常见的有： army, audie nee, cattle, class, club, committee, crowd, family, gover nmen group, majority, mi no rity, part, people, police, public, staff, team 等等，其中 cattle, people

11、, police 一般看 成复数形式。例如：The family are all fond of football.那一家人都喜欢足球。The family is the tiniest cell of the society.家庭是社会的最小的细胞。The public now come to know the whole story.人们现在越来越清楚那是怎么回事了。三、就近原则这一原则是指，谓语动词的人称和数常常与最近作主语的词语保持一致。常出现在这类句子中的连词有： or, either or ，-neither nor , -not only but also 等。例如：Either

12、 I or they are resp on sible for the result of the matter.不是我，就是他们要对那件事的结局负责任。Neither the unkind words nor the unfriendly attitude has caused me any distress.既不是那些不友好的话，也不是那不友好的态度让我沮丧。Not only he but also all his family are kee n on con certs.不仅仅是他，而且是他全家人都很热衷于音乐会。Neither his family nor he knows any

13、thing about it.他全家人和他都不知道那件事。注意：在there be句型中，be动词的单复数也采用就近原则。例如:There is a book on the desk.There are three bottles on the desk.There is a book and three bottles on the desk.There are three bottles and a book on the desk.【典型例题讲解】1. Either Jane or Steve nwatch ing TV now.A. wereB. isC. wasD. are2. Tw

14、o dayseno ugh for me to finish the work, I n eed a third day.A. isn t B. isC. are t D. are3. How many less ons do you usually haver a day?Six less ons a day. And each of the n45 minu tes.A. lastB. lastsC. haveD. are4. Neither Lip ing nor Ia basketball player.A. amB. isC. beD. are5. Theremany new wor

15、ds in less on on e. It is very easy.A. isB. aren t C. isn t D. are6. The nu mber of the stude nts in our school1200.A. is B. are C. has D. have7. Mathsmy favourite subject.A. be B. is C. am D. are8. The boy with the two dogswhen the earthquake rocked the city.A. were sleep ingB. is sleep ingC. was s

16、leep ing D. are asle9. Every one except Tom and Joh nthere whe n the meeti ng bega n.A. areB. isC. wereD. was10. That place is not in terest ing at all,of us wants to go there.A. NeitherB. BothC. AllD. Some11. Nobody but Janethe secret.A. know B. knows C. have know D. is12. What s on the plate? some

17、 eggs and cakes on it?Theresome eggs and cakes on it.A. is B. are C. was D. were13. This pair of glassesmine.A. are B. be C. is D. will be14. Both Lily and Lucyto the party yesterday.A. i nvitedB. was in vited C. had in vitedD. were in virted15. Two mon thsquite a long time.Yes, I m afraid that he w

18、ill miss lots of his lessons.A. is B. are C. was D. were(1).B(2). A (3). B (4). A (5).B(6) A .B (8). C (9). D (10). A (11).B(12).B (13).C(14). D (15).A【随堂练习巩固】一、请用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。1. The scie ntist and engin eer(have) inven ted a new machi ne.2. Alice, together with her frie nds,(be) puni shed for hav

19、ing broke n the school rules.3. Every girl and every boy(have) the right to join the club.4. (be) either she or you to go and atte nd the meeti ng?Neither she nor I(be).5. An cie nt and moder n history(be) the subjects we are study ing.6. Many a scie ntist(have) devoted their lives to scie nee.7. Th

20、e old(be) respected in our coun try.二、下列各句均有一处错误，请改正。1. Many a pers on have read the no vel.2. What appear to be discipli nary problems are easily solved by very eleme ntary applied psychology.3. Just outside the ruins are a castle surrounded by high walls and huge trees.4. Perhaps surprisingly the

21、main difficulties to realize this dream is neither technical nor commercial.5. On each side of the highway was hundreds of billboards advertising everything from modern motels to roadside sta nds that sell fresh fruit and vegetables.6. It is the com muni cati on betwee n people, rather tha n the eve

22、 nts that occur in their lives, that promote their un dersta nding of each other.三、单项选择。1. Marx bega n to lear n Russia n by himself in.A. the fifty B. the fifties C. his fifties D. his fifty2. The life he was used togreatly since 1992.A. cha nge B has cha ngedC. cha ngingD have cha nged3. Many a ma

23、ncome to help us.A. have B. has C. is D. are4. Alice, together with two boys,for having broken the rule in the class.A. was puni shedB. puni shedC. were puni shed D. being puni shed5. No bird and no beastin the Ion ely isla nd.A. are see n B. is see n C. seeD. Sees6. In the city the old.A. take good

24、 care ofB. are take n good care ofC. is take n good care ofD. are bee n take n good care of7. His familyall very ki nd and frien dly, His familya happy one.A. are, isB. is, isC. are,areD. is,are8. The sin ger and the dan cercome to Beiji ng.A. hasB. haveC. areD. is9. The childre n in this class each

25、new school bag.A. haveB. has C. has gotD. are hav ing10. All but onehere just now.A. isB. was C. has bee nD. were1-5 CBBAB (16).B(17).A (18).B(19).A(20) D【课后强化练习】1. The n ews of victories spreadi ng far and wide.A. isB. are C. have bee n D. were2. Herea new pair of shoes for you.A. isB. are C. haveD

26、. has3. When and where to go for the on-salary holidayyet.A. are not decidedB. have not bee n decidedC. is not being decidedD. has not bee n decided4. Films,the one you told me about yesterday or the one that will be on,not worth seeing.A. in cludi ng; is B. as well as; are C. besides; is D. such as

27、; are5. of the land in that districtcovered with trees and grass.A. Two-fifth; is B. Two fifth; are C. Two fifths; is D. Two fifths; are6. It was very com mon that inchildre n inwere ofte n see n tosurf the In ternet.A. the late 1990s; their tee nsB.late1990 s; their tee nC. the late 1990 ; their ie

28、e nD.late1990s;their tee ns7. Your atte ntio n, please? Flight BOE 132 to New York is now boardi ng at.A. 10th GateB. Gate 10 C. the Gate 10 D. 10 Gate8. Twodied of cold in that country last win ter.A. hun dreds old peopleB. hun dreds of old peopleC. hun dred old peopleD. hun dred of old people9. -W

29、hat can I do for you ?T d like to takethese tomatoes.A. two doze n ofB. two doze nC. two doze nsD. two doze ns of10. I wonder what if feels like to have many children.Hayes already have three and they arepla nning to havefourth.A. The; theB. The; / C. /; theD. The; a11. Many sheep alwaysgrass here.A. eat B. eatsC. eat ingD. is eati ng12. No sou