大学英语六级(2013年12月考试改革适用)-试卷199

1、 大学英语六级（2013年 12月考试改革适用）-试卷 199(总分：118.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、 writing(总题数：2，分数：4.00)1.part i writing（分数：2.00）_解析：2.for this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on mark twains remarki can live for two months on a good compliment. you can cite examples to illustrate your pointof vie

2、w. you should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案： the importance of compliments mark twain once said, i can live for twomonths on a good compliment. what he was trying to convey is the importance of compliments.in fact, all human beings have a need to be seen, a

3、cknowledged and encouraged, and a greatcompliment is certainly one of the best ways to meet that need. there are many positive effectsof good genuine compliments. for one thing, exchanging compliments with strangers can keep youoff guard and warm your heart. saying things like you look wonderful tod

4、ay might seem ordinary,but these few words can turn a grey day into a sunny one. for another, to give praise costs thegiver nothing but a moments thought and a moments effort. it is such a small investment, andyet consider the results it may produce. last but not the least, recognition and praise ar

5、e positiveways of motivating people. praising the good behavior and complimenting the person can bring outhis best. in short, lets be alert to the small excellences around us and commend them. we willnot only bring joy into other peoples lives, but also, very often, add happiness into our owns.)解析：二

6、、 listening comprehension(总题数：11，分数：50.00)3.part ii listening comprehension_解析：4.section a_解析：（分数：8.00）a.australia. b.america.c.britain.d.austria.解析：a.approving.b.disapproving.c.cautious. d.uncertain.解析：a.give up his right to vote.b.vote randomly. c.support one party firmly.d.take politics seriously

7、. 解析：a.when they are in a hurry.b.when they are forced to vote.c.when they dislike all the listed parties. d.when they dont want to waste their votes.解析：（分数：8.00）a.to attend the orientation.b.to meet his professor.c.to find some books. d.to use the computer.解析：a.the name of the author.b.his student

8、id. c.the title of the book.d.his whereabouts.解析：a.on the second floor of the west wing.b.on the second floor of the east wing. c.on the first floor of the west wing.d.on the first floor of the east wing.解析：a.because the professor may need them from time to time.b.because they are very precious and

9、valuable.c.because the professor hopes they are available to all the students. d.because they are already reserved by some students.解析：5.section b_解析：（分数：6.00）a.she performed acting roles for tv shows. b.she sang for a local music group.c.she released her first music album.d.she joined a music tour

10、of america.解析：a.best-selling female artist.b.queen of pop.c.mtv video music awards. d.the star of hollywood.解析：a.she divorced her husband.b.she won a grammy award.c.she was engaged and married. d.she released her comeback album.解析：（分数：8.00）a.it has the highest water cleanliness standard in europe. b

11、.it has the best natural swimming pool in europe. c.it has the best purification specialist in europe.d.it has the cleanest river in europe.解析：a.whether the water is clean enough. b.if it can be used in various weather conditions.c.if it will lead to less visitors.d.whether the river traffic will be

12、 affected.解析：a.to separate the changing rooms from the pool.b.to provide a path to the swimming area.c.to make the pool shallow enough for children.d.to protect people from waves caused by river traffic. 解析：a.environment agencies.b.the city of london.c.the state government.d.public donation. 解析：6.se

13、ction c_解析：（分数：6.00）a.the us governments monthly employment report. b.the us governments monthly tax report.c.the us governments monthly budget report.d.the us governments monthly deficit report.解析：a.its entirely the fault of europes leaders.b.its entirely the fault of the us politicians.c.its not e

14、ntirely the fault of europes leaders. d.its not entirely the fault of the us politicians.解析：a.introducing tax incentives for businesses.b.cutting budgets on medicare.c.pumping more dollars into the economy. d.coming to an agreement on a deficit cutting plan.解析：（分数：8.00）a.living in areas with noise p

15、ollution.b.living in areas with light pollution.c.living in areas with water pollution.d.living in areas with air pollution. 解析：a.heart disease caused by high blood pressure.b.health problems associated with pollution. c.leading risk factors for heart disease.d.blood-pressure lowering drugs.解析：a.it

16、usually happens in urban areas. b.it is known as a deadly disease for humans.c.it could be prevented in many cases. d.it can be cured in five to eight years.解析：a.slightly polluted areas. b.heavily polluted areas.c.urban areas.d.rural areas.解析：（分数：6.00）a.the impact of smoking lasts less than 30 years

17、.b.smoking has a long-term impact on our molecular machinery. c.damages caused by smoking can never be cured.d.ailments are mainly caused by damage to the dna.解析：a.they checked the lungs of 16,000 people.b.they examined the heartbeats of 16,000 smokers.c.they measured the blood pressure of 16,000 sm

18、okers.d.they looked at blood samples from 16,000 people. 解析：a.the effects of smoking on their dna still exists. b.the damage to their dna will be cured one year later.c.the function of their dna has been changed.d.the chance of having cancer is still high.解析：三、 reading comprehension(总题数：8，分数：60.00)7

19、.part iii reading comprehension_解析：8.section a_解析：when the job market worsens, many students figure they cant indulge沉( 溺于)in an english or ahistory major. they have to study something that will lead 1to a job. so it is almost inevitablethat over the next few years,as labor markets struggle, thehuma

20、nities will continuetheir long2. the labs are more glamorous(迷人的)than the libraries. however, let me stand up for the history,english and art classes, even in the face of todays economic realities. studying the humanitiesimproves your ability to read and write. you will have 3power if you are the pe

21、rson in the officewho can write a clear and concise memo. studying the humanities will give you a familiarity withthe language of emotion. in an information economy, many people havethe ability to 4a technicalinnovation: a new mp3 player. very few people have the ability to create a great brand: the

22、 ipod.branding involves the location and arousal(觉醒，激励)of 5, and you cant do it unless you areconversant(精通的)in the language of romance. finally, and most importantly, studying thehumanities helps you 6the big shaggy. over the past century or so, people have built 7systemsto help them understand hum

23、an behavior: economics, political science, game theory and evolutionarypsychology. but none completely explain behavior because deep down people have passions and 8thatdont lend themselves to systemic modeling. they have yearnings and fears that 9in an inner beastyou could call the big shaggy. if yo

24、ure 10about the big shaggy , youll probably get eatenby it.a)affection i)enormousb)aware j)murderc)befriend k)observed)blindly l)producee)directly m)sensef)drives n)slideg)dumb o)various h)dwell（分数：20.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：e）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：n）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：i）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：l）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：a）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：c）

25、填空项 1:_ （正确答案：o）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：f）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：h）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：g）解析：解析：根据句子结构可知，空格处需要填入一个形容词作表语。备选形容词中只有b)aware，g)dumb能和 about搭配，但 b)aware不符合此处句意表达，故排除；g)dumb符合上下文语境，故为正确答案。10.section b_解析：why depression needs a new definitionamany psychiatrists believe that a new approach todiagnosing and treating d

26、epressionlinking individual symptoms to their underlyingmechanismsis needed for research to move forward. in his aphorisms, hippocrates definedmelancholia(忧郁症), an early understanding of depression, as a state of fears and losing courage,if they last a long time. it was caused, he believed, by an ex

27、cess of bile(胆汁)in the body(theword melancholia is ancient greek for black bile).bever since then, doctors have struggledto create a more precise and accurate definition of the illness that still isnt well understood.in the 1920s, the german psychiatrist kurt schneider argued that depression could b

28、e divided intotwo separate conditions, each requiring a different form of treatment: depression that resultedfrom changes in mood, which he called inner depression , and depression resulting from reactionsto outside events, or reactive depression. his theory was challenged in 1926, when the britishp

29、sychologist edward mapother argued in the british medical journal that there was no evidencefor two distinct types of depression, and that the apparent differences between depressionpatients were just differences in the severity of the condition.ctoday, schneiders subtypeshave largely fallen out of

30、favor, but over the years, many more definitions were offered in theirplace. in 1969, the american psychologist rollo may wrote in his book love and will that depression is the inability to construct a future, while the cognitive psychologist albert ellisargued in 1987 that depression, unlike approp

31、riate sadness , stemmed from irrational beliefsthat left sufferers ill-equipped to deal with even mild setbacks.din 1952, the americanpsychiatric association tried to standardize the definitions of mental illnesses, includingdepression, by creating a taxonomy(分类法)of mental illnesses. in the first ed

32、ition of thediagnostic and statistical manual, depression was listed under the broad category of disorderswithout clearly defined physical cause. the dsm-iii, published in 1980, was the apas firstattempt to clarify the definitions of specific disorders by listing their symptoms: the new editioninclu

33、ded guidelines for differentiating depression from other disorders, and outlined eightsymptoms of depression, included poor appetite or significant weight loss and complaints orevidence of diminished ability to think or concentrate. if an adult met four of the eight symptoms,the manual counseled, he

34、 or she would meet the criteria for clinical depression. in the dsm-v,published in 2013, depressive disorders were finally allocated their own chapter. the diagnosticcriteria were mostly unchanged, with the exception of one additional symptom: depressed moodmost of the day, nearly every day, as indi

35、cated by either subjective report(e. g. , feels sador empty)or observation made by others(e. g. , appears tearful). esome scientists believe that the dsm-v definition is still too vague. as the psychiatrist daniel goldberg noted in the journalworld psychiatry in 2011, many of the dsm symptoms are op

36、posites, which can make it difficultfor researchers working to develop a more precise understanding of the condition. a patientwho has psychomotor retardation(精神运动性阻滞), hypersomnia(嗜睡), and gaining weight is scoredas having identical symptoms as another who is agitated, sleeping badly, and has weigh

37、t loss,goldberg wrote.fmany recent studies have verified goldbergs concerns. in 2000, for example,a group of researchers at johns hopkins university attempted to identify subtypes of depressionby studying the symptoms of nearly 2,000 patients. however, the researchers were unable to findmuch of a pa

38、ttern connecting gender, family history, symptoms, and the degree of the condition(mildto severe). depression is of different kind, they concluded, adding that the severity of anepisode appears to be more informative than the pattern of symptoms. and in 2010, researchersin germany testing the validi

39、ty of the dsm-iv definition found that the criteria captured a hugepopulation of patients with widely varying associations with the pattern of co-morbidity(共病), personality traits, features of the depressive episode and demographic characteristics. the results, they argued, challenge our understandi

40、ng of major depression as a similarcategorical entity. gpart of the problem, said scott monroe, a professor of psychology at theuniversity of notre dame, is that in medical term, depression is considered a syndrome ratherthan a disease. while a disease is a specific condition characterized by a comm

41、on underlying causeand consistent physical traits, a syndrome is a collection of signs and symptoms known tofrequently appear together, but without a single known cause. in a paper published in june inthe journal current directions in psychological science, monroe called for scientists to begindefin

42、ing depression with more precision. it is in this vague and imprecise realm that problemscan arise, he wrote, and vague insights based on imperfect similarities and differenceseventually may prove to be clear oversights. hpart of the reason that scientists are stillworking in the vague and imprecise

43、 realm , as monroe put it, is because they still dont havea clear answer for what causes depression. in the 1960s, the dominant hypothesis was that it stemmedfrom a chemical imbalance in the brain, specifically from lower levels of the neurotransmitterserotonin(血清素). as a result, drug companies pour

44、ed resources into developing selectiveserotonin reuptake inhibitors(ssris), drugs that increased the amount of serotonin in the brain.ssris are still the most commonly prescribed type of antidepressantdespite the fact thatresearch has shown that lower levels of serotonin do not necessarily cause dep

45、ression for allindividuals. and in 2010, a review of three decades worth of studies on antidepressants foundthat while ssris can be helpful for severely depressed people, their effectiveness may be minimalor nonexistent in those with mild or moderate depression.ibruce cuthbert, the director of adult

46、translational(平动)research and treatment development at the national institute of mentalhealth(nimh), thinks that part of the problem is that researchers have largely focused theirattention on finding a one-size-fits-all treatment that doesnt exist. when you do a clinicaltrial, youre getting a bunch

47、of people who are depressed , but theyre actually very different,he said. its like comparingapples, pears, and oranges. youre not going to see a significanteffect. youre not going to be able to say, this treatment works for fruits. trying to createa singular treatment for depression, cuthbert said,

48、is liketrying to create one for cancer:toounspecific to actually be helpful. our current diagnostic system is running out of steam forresearch. while dsm has been described as a bible for the field, it is, at best, a dictionary,creating a set of labels and defining each, the nimh director tom insel

49、wrote in 2013.jin 2010,insel invited cuthbert, who was then working as a psychology professor at the university ofminnesota, to help the nimh develop a new framework for defining mental illness. the result,unveiled in 2013, was the research domain criteria(rdoc), a system created to flip the wayrese

50、archers think about mental disorders. unlike the dsm, rdoc isnt organized by disorder:instead, its organized around specific symptoms, like fear, anhedonia(the inability to feel pleasure), and willingness or unwillingness to work. the system also lists the genes, neuralcircuits, physical response, a

51、nd self-reported behavior associated with each symptom.kthetheory behind this rdoc system is that treating a specific symptom will produce better resultsthan treating a broad category of illness. many depression patients exhibit anhedonia, for example,but many others dont. but if researchers took a

52、group of patients who all displayed anhedonia,regardless of their diagnosis(its also a common symptom of schizophrenia)and tested treatmentsfor that very specific symptom, they would get better results for treating anhedonia.lthecurrent definition of depression, cuthbert explains, has largely stemme

53、d from scientistsobserving patients and then developing lists of symptoms based on what they saw. the beliefwas that if you described the disorder well enough, you would be able to define it, he said.but its becoming increasingly clear, he said, that by relying on describing the disorder,scientists are only slamming the surface in terms of understanding it. cuthbert hopes that therdoc system will challenge researchers to look at the mechanics of each symptom more closely,and in the process, come up with more well-informed ideasaround how to diagnose me